Wi-Fi Opportunities In A 4G World
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As presented at the 4G Wireless Evolution conference in Miami, January 22, 2010. WiFI has been at the heart of the change to OFDM and MIMO solutions. It is not suprising that WiFi is a hotbed of innovation in today’s marketplace. This discussion looks at the current and future opportunities associated with WIFI and the implications for new kinds of deployment and adaptation by the LTE and WiMAX community.
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Wi-Fi Opportunities In A 4G World
- 1. Current & Future Opportuni.es for Wi-‐Fi in a 4G World Brough Turner rbt@ashtonbrooke.com broughturner@gmail.com 1
- 2. ITU Vision for 3G Global Satellite Suburban Urban In-Building Picocell Microcell Macrocell Basic Terminal PDA Terminal Audio/Visual Terminal 2
- 3. “3G” Services • 3G-‐324M Video telephony • Loca.on-‐based services • Push-‐to-‐Talk (VoIP w/o QoS) • Rich presence (instant messaging) • Fixed-‐mobile convergence (FMC) • IP Mul.media Services (w/ QoS) – Video sharing (conversa.onal video on IP) • Converged “All IP” networks – the Vision 3
- 4. “3G” Services • 3G-‐324M Video telephony Limited adoption • Loca.on-‐based services • Push-‐to-‐Talk (VoIP w/o QoS) Limited adoption • Rich presence (instant messaging) • Fixed-‐mobile convergence (FMC) Limited adoption • IP Mul.media Services (w/ QoS) Limited adoption – Video sharing (conversa.onal video on IP) • Converged “All IP” networks – the Vision 4
- 5. “3G” Services • 3G-‐324M Video telephony Limited adoption • Loca.on-‐based services Bypassed ! • Push-‐to-‐Talk (VoIP w/o QoS) Limited adoption • Rich presence (instant messaging) No traction • Fixed-‐mobile convergence (FMC) Limited adoption • IP Mul.media Services (w/ QoS) Limited adoption – Video sharing (conversa.onal video on IP) • Converged “All IP” networks – the Vision Too late … 5
- 6. The Internet is the killer pla[orm • Mobile Internet access drives 3G data usage • Future business models an open ques.on – Walled garden – too late ! – Adver.sing ? – Other 2-‐sided business models ? 6
- 7. Mobile Internet Access • For PC’s under restric.ve terms of service, e.g. no servers, no P2P, no subs.tu.on for private lines or frame relay • AT&T: 5GB @ $60/mo • Verizon: dieo • Sprint: dieo • No US operator offers flat rate unlimited plans 7
- 8. iPhone glimmer of what’s possible • Controlled eco-‐system – Apps must meet unpublished Apple & AT&T requirements, e.g., VoIP over Wi-‐Fi, not 3G • Explosive growth in mobile broadband usage 8
- 9. iPhone traffic 9
- 10. US data traffic 10
- 11. US 3G performance • Novarum Inc. (1/2010) – Measurements in 36 ci.es (Anaheim, …, Boston, …, Philly, …, Raleigh, …, Tempe) – 8-‐2007: 507/195 Kbps & 340 ms delay – 12-‐2009: 1.5 Mbps down • Doubling < 24 months 11
- 12. Increasing capacity 5 Wi-Fi 4 2 Femtocell Internet 1 Operator Services 3 1. Add Cellsites ($$$) 2. Newer radios ($$) 4. Femtocells ($$) 3. More backhaul ($$$) 5. Wi-Fi ($) 12
- 13. Spectrum history • 1920: Primi.ve radio receivers – Needed to restrict who transmits 13
- 14. Spectrum history • 1920: Primi.ve radio receivers – Needed to restrict who transmits • 1927-‐ 1934: Origin of FCC, spectrum licensing – Ensuing decades -‐ almost all spectrum assigned – Three bands reserved for “junk” uses 14
- 15. Spectrum history • 1920: Primi.ve radio receivers – Needed to restrict who transmits • 1927-‐ 1934: Origin of FCC, spectrum licensing – Ensuing decades -‐ almost all spectrum assigned – Three bands reserved for “junk” uses • 1985: FCC authorizes spread spectrum communica.ons in the ISM, or “junk” bands, i.e. – 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz 15
- 16. Wi-‐Fi History 1985 FCC permits communica.ons in “junk bands” at 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz & 5.8 GHz IEEE bodies iterate; eventually publish first 802.11 spec 1988 -‐ 1997 Three alternate solu.ons for 1 Mbps opera.on with a 2 Mbps op.on 1999 802.11a – 54 Mbps at 5.8 GHz using OFDM modula.on 1999 802.11b – 11 Mbps at 2.4 GHz using DSSS modula.on Wireless Ethernet Compa.bility Alliance (WECA) formed 1999 – Focuses on interoperability and a cer.fica.on program 2001 802.11d – extends the spec for other regulatory domains (EU, Japan, etc.) 2003 802.11g – 54 Mbps at 2.4 GHz using OFDM modula.on 2003 WECA adopts new name: Wi-‐Fi Alliance 16
- 17. 2004 view of Wi-‐Fi market 17
- 18. 2004 view of Wi-‐Fi market • Rampant growth however… • Ar.cle in ‘ The Economist’ warns Wi-‐Fi under threat: • WiMAX in wide area • WiMedia in home 18
- 19. Addi.onal highlights • 1997: FCC authorizes Unlicensed Na.onal Informa.on Infrastructure (U-‐NII) radio band providing 200 MHz more spectrum in 5 GHz band • 2003: FCC adds 255 MHz to 5 GHZ bringing total spectrum to 555 MHz 19
- 20. Addi.onal highlights • 1997: FCC authorizes Unlicensed Na.onal Informa.on Infrastructure (U-‐NII) radio band providing 200 MHz more spectrum in 5 GHz band • 2003: FCC adds 255 MHz to 5 GHZ bringing total spectrum to 555 MHz • 2003-‐2009: Task Group n works to drama.cally improve Wi-‐Fi performance, in part via MIMO and Beamforming • 2007: 802.11n dray 2 products cer.fied by the Wi-‐Fi Alliance • 2009: 802.11n specifica.on approved 20
- 21. Addi.onal highlights • 1997: FCC authorizes Unlicensed Na.onal Informa.on Infrastructure (U-‐NII) radio band providing 200 MHz more spectrum in 5 GHz band • 2003: FCC adds 255 MHz to 5 GHZ bringing total spectrum to 555 MHz • 2003-‐2009: Task Group n works to drama.cally improve Wi-‐Fi performance, in part via MIMO and Beamforming • 2007: 802.11n dray 2 products cer.fied by the Wi-‐Fi Alliance • 2009: 802.11n specifica.on approved 21
- 22. In-‐Stat (Nov 09) • Worldwide hotspots reach 245,000 venues in 2009 • Hotspot connects increased in 2009 by 47 percent, bringing total worldwide 1.2 billion connects • Wi-‐Fi handset shipments grew 50%, 2007 to 2008 • Wi-‐Fi-‐enabled entertainment device (cameras, gaming devices, and personal media players) shipments projected to increase from 108.8 million in 2009 to 177.3 million in 2013 22
- 23. ABI Research (August 2009) • ABI projects 1 billion Wi-‐Fi chips in 2011 • Global shipments of Wi-‐Fi-‐enabled cell phones to double between 2009 and 2011 – 144 million in 2009 to 300 million in 2011 • 90% of smart phones Wi-‐Fi capable by 2014 23
- 24. Increasing capacity 5 Wi-Fi 4 2 Femtocell Internet 1 Operator Services 3 1. Add Cellsites ($$$) 2. Newer radios ($$) 4. Femtocells ($$) 3. More backhaul ($$$) 5. Wi-Fi ($) 24
- 25. Femtocells: too liele, too late • Primary users of 3G/4G data also have Wi-‐Fi – Laptops, smart phones • Corporate IT prefers Wi-‐Fi they control • Consumers deploying Wi-‐Fi anyway – For PCs, for gaming, for home media – Pay extra to help carrier improve their network? • Femtocell’s only value may be voice coverage 25
- 26. What’s next? • Wireless .pping point – 5 GHz becomes as valuable as 2.4 GHz or 700 MHz – Spa.al reuse → incredible density increments • Wi-‐Fi leads the way – Leveraging Moore’s law and exis.ng 802.11n spec. – Task Grp ac – Very high throughput <6GHz (2012?) New biz ops! 26
- 27. Spectrum Myth TV Spectrum is “beach front” spectrum 27
- 28. Spectrum Myth TV Spectrum is “beach front” spectrum • Based on legacy technology, not physics! – Travels farther thru the air – No! – Thru windows – roughly the same – Goes thru masonry – yes, this is beeer … 28
- 29. Free space path loss Seems to say more , more loss 29
- 30. Free space path loss Seems to say more , more loss But this equation encapsulates two effects: Actual path loss Receiving antenna aperture (assumed to be ½ wavelength) 30
- 31. Free space path loss Seems to say more , more loss But this equation encapsulates two effects: Actual path loss Receiving antenna aperture (assumed to be ½ wavelength) 5 GHz photons go just as far as 700 MHz photons ! 31
- 32. Refrac.on and reflec.ons Shorter wavelength - more reflections, refraction “MultiPath” “Ghosts” if a single receiver 32
- 33. MIMO: Mul.ple Input Mul.ple Output • Mul.ple paths improve link reliability and increase spectral efficiency (bps/Hz), range & direc.onality 33
- 34. Rich Indoor MIMO Mul.path Source: Fanny Mlinarsky, Octoscope 34
- 35. Municipal Mul.path Environment Source: Fanny Mlinarsky, Octoscope 35
- 36. Mul.ple channels per chip Like CPU cores … Intel • 2x2 MIMO – 2008 • 4x4 MIMO – 2010-‐11 then • 8 radios, 16 radios?, … Fujitsu how to use silicon? Be$er and be$er beam-‐forming ! AMD 36
- 37. Beamforming • Select among mul.ple predefined antenna elements – Widely used with single radios (2G, 3G, Wi-‐Fi – Vivato, Ruckus Wireless) 37
- 38. Beamforming • Select among mul.ple predefined antenna elements – Widely used with single radios (2G, 3G, Wi-‐Fi – Vivato, Ruckus Wireless) • Adap.ve antenna arrays – Dynamically compute phase and amplitude for each antenna element – Adapts for desired signal while also reducing interference 38
- 39. Beamforming • Select among mul.ple predefined antenna elements – Widely used with single radios (2G, 3G, Wi-‐Fi – Vivato, Ruckus Wireless) • Adap.ve antenna arrays – Dynamically compute phase and amplitude for each antenna element – Adapts for desired signal while also reducing interference 8 antenna elements spread over 3.5 λs, i.e. ~18 cm, or < 7.5” at 5.8 GHz 39
- 40. Beamforming • Select among mul.ple predefined antenna elements – Widely used with single radios (2G, 3G, Wi-‐Fi – Vivato, Ruckus Wireless) • Adap.ve antenna arrays – Dynamically compute phase and amplitude for each antenna element – Adapts for desired signal while also reducing interference 8 antenna elements spread over 3.5 λs, i.e. ~18 cm, or < 7.5” at 5.8 GHz 40
- 41. Beamforming ~2014: >300 Mbps Wi-Fi to ~1 Km at mass market prices ? 4x4 MIMO with 8-12 antenna elements 41
- 42. Beamforming ~2014: >300 Mbps Wi-Fi to ~1 Km at mass market prices ? 4x4 MIMO with 8-12 antenna elements 42
- 43. Beamforming ~2014: >300 Mbps Wi-Fi to ~1 Km at mass market prices ? 4x4 MIMO with 8-12 antenna elements 43
- 44. Commercial beamforming Wi-‐Fi beams, before silicon support … • Vivato (’02-‐’06) – Technical success, but expensive – Connect with 11g clients up to 2 km – Vivato-‐to-‐Vivato up to 18 km 44
- 45. Commercial beamforming Wi-‐Fi beams, before silicon support … • Vivato (’02-‐’06) – Technical success, but expensive – Connect with 11g clients up to 2 km – Vivato-‐to-‐Vivato up to 18 km • Ruckus Wireless (today) – 12 elements – selec.vely switched to two channels on 2x2 silicon – Drama.cally outperforms conven.onal 2x2 systems 45
- 46. • 11n wireless networking solu.ons in silicon • Founded 2006; customers include Netgear • 4x4 MIMO with beamforming 46
- 47. TVWS – Beach-‐front Property? • MIMO antenna element separa.on >= ½ wavelength – 2.1 meters at 70 MHz – 21 cm at 700 MHz • But only – 2.5 cm for 5.8 GHz Wi-‐Fi Ruckus Wireless Wavion Networks D-Link DAP-2553 47
- 48. Wi-‐Fi 3G / 4G 48
- 49. Wi-‐Fi 3G / 4G • Sta.onary clients or • Supports mobile use pedestrian mo.on at auto speeds 49
- 50. Wi-‐Fi 3G / 4G • Sta.onary clients or • Supports mobile use pedestrian mo.on at auto speeds • Data centric (VoIP an • Voice centric (voice ayerthought) revenues s.ll king) 50
- 51. Wi-‐Fi 3G / 4G • Sta.onary clients or • Supports mobile use pedestrian mo.on at auto speeds • Data centric (VoIP an • Voice centric (voice ayerthought) revenues s.ll king) • Wide-‐open market, • 4-‐6 vendors, many vendors, many 1 applica.on, market segments, <700 customers many customers 51
- 52. Wi-‐Fi markets evolving • Well established in enterprises and on campus • Mesh products emerge to fill coverage gaps – Aruba Networks, BelAir Networks, Bluesocket, Cisco, Clearsite Communica.ons, Fire.de, Locust World, Meraki, Mesh Dynamics, Motorola, Nortel, Open-‐Mesh, Packet Hop, Ruckus Wireless, SkyPilot Networks, Strix and Tropos • Mesh node as bridge from outdoor to indoor 52
- 53. Muni Wi-‐Fi • Wireless broadband access networks – Take 2; recovering from early Metro Wi-‐Fi – Dozens of US ci.es now succeeding • Ci.es bring real estate, look to save current $ – Communica.ons for police & other city services • But strong pressure for “free” in some form – 40% of APs are open (espc. Consumer APs) 53
- 54. Varia.ons on Free • Retail business giveaway – Coffee shops, restaurants, hotels, retail – Harvard Sq. Business Associa.on 54
- 55. Varia.ons on Free • Retail business giveaway – Coffee shops, restaurants, hotels, retail – Harvard Sq. Business Associa.on • Sponsorship – loca.ons, events By kumasawa 55
- 56. Varia.ons on Free • Retail business giveaway – Coffee shops, restaurants, hotels, retail – Harvard Sq. Business Associa.on • Sponsorship – loca.ons, events By kumasawa • Carrier supported – e.g. Cablevision’s Op.mum Wi-‐Fi 56
- 57. More free Ad supported • Didn’t work in 2005; working now… – Costs way down; usage and interest up • Freerunr in UK (& NL, RS, ZA) – Splash screens, limited dura.on free periods, … • JiWire in US – Ad pla[orm for free Wi-‐Fi – Used by Microsoy Bing na.onwide Wi-‐Fi offer • Sputnik in US – Ad supported model growing 57
- 58. 100x mesh performance coming • Wi-‐Fi mesh performance has been extremely limited – Mul.-‐path limited link capacity & favored 2.4 GHz – Single radios with omni antennas mean all links share one 20 MHz channel, so mesh capacity drops ~x2 per node 58
- 59. 100x mesh performance coming • Wi-‐Fi mesh performance has been extremely limited – Mul.-‐path limited link capacity & favored 2.4 GHz – Single radios with omni antennas mean all links share one 20 MHz channel, so mesh capacity drops ~x2 per node • Pt-‐to-‐pt links = drama.c increase in mesh capacity – Direc.onal antennas today; soyware beamforming soon • Mul.-‐radio mesh nodes – Separate channels for each link; note: there are eleven 40 MHz channels available at 5 GHz 59
- 60. Enterprise design adapted for BB 60
- 61. ILEC price umbrella • Cost of Internet transit @ urban IXPs – <$4 /Mbps /month (mul.-‐Gbps quan..es) – <$9 /Mbps /month (<=100 Mbps) • Elsewhere, even 1 block away, very expensive – T1 $299, 5Mbps $599, 10 Mbps $1299 /month – This is $120-‐$200 /Mbps /month 20x-‐50x markup • Fosters wireless bypass – WISPs opera.ng 20%-‐50% under ILEC price umbrella 61
- 62. Wireless ISPs • > 2000 WISPs, in fast growing segment – Most use license-‐ exempt spectrum – Mix of pre-‐WiMAX, WiMAX and, increasingly, Wi-‐Fi gear 62
- 63. Wi-‐Fi for wireless broadband • WISPs already use license-‐exempt spectrum – Some.mes with a few licensed microwave links • 11g & 11a, rapidly migra.ng to 11n technology – Performance advantage is significant • Drama.cally lower cost – 5x or more vs WiMAX or pre-‐WiMAX systems – Increasing reliability, similar performance 63
- 64. Ubiqui. targets Wireless ISPs 64
- 65. Ubiqui. targets Wireless ISPs Point-to-point $180-$600 65
- 66. Ubiqui. targets Wireless ISPs Point-to-point Point-to-multipoint $180-$600 ~$240 & $88 66
- 67. Example Wi-‐Fi Pt-‐2-‐Pt Link Ubiquiti BULLET-M5-HP With 28dbi Grid Antenna 802.11n Purchased through distribution: 67
- 68. Community WISP, Inc. 68
- 69. • Wireless broadband Internet access for all of Brevard County • Served from 4 locations • 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz & 5 GHz, i.e. all license-exempt spectrum • 30/10 Mbps in many areas • Expanding into Volusia and Seminole counties 69
- 70. Summary • Wi-‐Fi will dominate 3G/4G data offload – Triple play operators already bundling “free” Wi-‐Fi – 3G/4G service providers will follow • Eventually, high speed Wi-‐Fi will be the norm – 3G/4G coverage, merely a fallback 70
- 71. Summary • Wi-‐Fi will dominate 3G/4G data offload – Triple play operators already bundling “free” Wi-‐Fi – 3G/4G service providers will follow • Eventually, high speed Wi-‐Fi will be the norm – 3G/4G coverage, merely a fallback • Wi-‐Fi fosters resurgence in independent ISPs – Wireless ISPs offering wireless broadband access 71
- 72. Thank You Brough Turner broughturner@gmail.com rbt@ashtonbrooke.com
- 73. Credits, References • Image credits, beyond those noted in-‐line… – Office building facade: hep://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Beek100 – Laptop icon: hep://www.flickr.com/photos/ichibod/ – Microwave oven: hep://www.flickr.com/photos/code_mar.al/ • Other useful references – Novarum Inc. measurements: hep://www.novarum.com/publica.ons.php – NIST Electromagne.c Signal Aeenua.on in Construc.on Materials hep://fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build97/PDF/b97123.pdf 73
- 74. 802.11n in-‐the-‐field • Ken Biba: – The King is Dead, Long Live the King: 802.11n drama.cally improves Wi-‐ Fi outdoors – Real world measurements show muni Wi-‐Fi networks outperform WiMAX and cellular • Tom’s Hardware – Reviews Ruckus Wireless 11n access point with beamforming, hep://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/beamforming-‐wifi-‐ruckus, 2390.html • Net, net – it really works! 74