This document discusses one time and longitudinal research. One time research involves studying a sample at a single point in time, such as population surveys. Longitudinal research studies the same sample at multiple points over an extended period. It allows observation of changes in individuals or groups. Cross-sectional studies collect data from a population sample once, while longitudinal studies revisit the same sample multiple times, making longitudinal research better for understanding causation. The document also defines descriptive research and different types of longitudinal research designs like cohort and panel studies.

1. ONE TIME RESEARCH AND
LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH
BY,
A. POOJA SHUKLA
M. Tech (NANO)
1821310006

2. Research is an ORGANIZED
and SYSTEMATIC way of
FINDING ANSWERS to
QUESTIONS.
WHAT IS RESEARCH…??

3.  Research must be systematic and follow a series of
steps and a rigid standard protocol.
 These rules are broadly similar but may vary
slightly between the different fields of science.
DEFINING RESEARCH

4.  Basis of knowledge
RESEARCH IS USED AS….

5. o Purpose of gaining knowledge
o It advanced understanding about social world
o Help in supporting & rejecting existing hypothesis &
theories
BASIC OF RESEARCH

6. • Descriptive research is undertaken to provide answers to
questions of who, what, where, when, and how – but not
why.
• Two basic classifications:
• Cross-sectional studies
• Longitudinal studies
RESEARCH DESIGN –
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

7.  One time research is a kind of research that is carried
out over a single time period.
 e.g. Population Researches
ONE TIME RESEARCH

8. • Cross-sectional studies measure units from a sample
of the population at only one point in time.
• Sample surveys are cross-sectional studies whose samples
are drawn in such a way as to be representative of a
specific population.
• On-line survey research is being used to collect data for
cross-sectional surveys at a faster rate of speed.
CROSS – SECTIONAL RESEARCH

9.  Cross-sectional surveys can thus be contrasted with panel
surveys, for which the individual respondents are followed over
time.
 Cross-sectional surveys can be conducted using any mode of data
collection, including telephone interviews, face-to-face
interviews, mailed questionnaires.
CROSS – SECTIONAL RESEARCH

10.  Takes place at a single point in time
 Does not involve manipulating variables
 Allows researchers to look at numerous things at once (age,
income, gender)
 Often used to look at the prevalence of something in a given
population
DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS

11.  It involves study of sample at more than one point in
time or occasion.
 e.g. Trend studies, Panel studies
LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH

12. • Longitudinal studies repeatedly draw sample units of a
population over time.
• One method is to draw different units from the same
sampling frame.
• A second method is to use a “panel” where the same
people are asked to respond periodically.
• On-line survey research firms recruit panel members to
respond to online queries.
LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH

13. • Longitudinal data used for:
• Market tracking
• Brand-switching
• Attitude and image checks
LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH

14.  Longitudinal Study - Any social or developmental research
involving collection of data from the same individuals (or
groups) across time.
 Observing change in these individuals gives a better basis
for causal inference than a cross-sectional study, because of
the temporal sequencing involved. In this sense the
longitudinal study is a form of „quasi-experimental design‟.
LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH

15. TYPES
 COHORT RESEARCH / STUDY
 PANEL RESEARCH / STUDY

16. COHORT RESEARCH
 Cohort studies, defined as a group experiencing
some event in a selected time period, and studying
them at intervals through time.

17. PANEL RESEARCH
 It is also called as CROSS
– SECTIONAL RESEARCH
 It involves study of many
cases at one point in time or
occasion
 Taken at regular intervals

18. • Two types of panels:
• Continuous panels ask panel members the same
questions on each panel measurement.
• Discontinuous (Omnibus) panels vary questions
from one time to the next
PANEL RESEARCH

19. ADVANTAGES
 Ideas and data available
 Lot of observations available
 Lot of results available
 Research is made easy to study and
understand

20. DISADVANTAGES
 Long term process
 Requires lot of time
 Very expensive
 Not very convenient

21. THANK YOU…!!