Topic: Classification of research Student Name: Reena Class: M.Ed. Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)" "Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan

1. Topic of Assignment
“CLASSIFICATION OF THE RESEARCH”
By
REENA LOHANA
M.Ed Morning
Roll No. 17
SUBJECT: EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
Submitted to
SIR DR.AMJAD ALI ARAIN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Dept. of Psychological Testing Guidance & Research
Faculty of Education Hyderabad, University of Sindh, Pakistan

2. Pure Research
The term pure research refers to study and research that is meant to increase our scientific
knowledge base.
This type of research is often purely theoretical with the intent of increasing our
understanding of certain phenomena.
For example; pure science investigations probe for answers to questions such as: How did the
universe begin? What are protons, neutrons, and electrons composed of?
Features of pure Research
 Increases understanding of fundamental principles,
 Builds new knowledge
 Often purely theoretical in nature
 Usually a source of new scientific ideas or new perspectives about the world
 Lays down the foundation of science
 Supports theories that explain how the world operates
continue………..

3.  Increases man’s scientific knowledge base or understanding of phenomenon
 Does not seek to solve problems
 Generates new ideas, principles and theories or simply expand man’s knowledge
 No immediate practical use
 Expands knowledge about things
 It is not intended to create or invent something
Pure research steps
 Define research problem
 Review of literature
 Formulate hypotheses
 Preparing the research design
 Data collection Data analysis Interpretation and report writing

4. Action Research
Action research is either research initiated to solve an immediate problem or a reflective process
of progressive problem solving led by individuals working with others in teams or as part of a
"community of practice" to improve the way they address issues and solve problems.
Dunscomb (2010, p. 6) writes that an action research strategy's purpose is to solve a particular
problem and to produce guidelines for effective practices.
There are two types of action research: participatory and practical
Action research involves actively participating in a change situation, often via an existing
organization, whilst simultaneously conducting research.
Action research can also be undertaken by larger organizations or institutions, assisted or guided by
professional researchers, with the aim of improving their strategies, practices and knowledge of
the environments within which they practice.
As designers and stakeholders, researchers work with others to propose a new course of action to
help their community improve its work practices.

5. Action research is depicted as a cyclical process of change.
The cycle begins with a series of planning actions initiated by the client and the change agent
working together.
The principal elements of this stage include a preliminary diagnosis, data gathering, feedback of
results, and joint action planning.
In the language of systems theory, this is the input phase, in which the client system becomes
aware of problems as yet unidentified, realizes it may need outside help to effect changes, and
shares with the consultant the process of problem diagnosis.
The second stage of action research is the action, or transformation, phase.
The third stage of action research is the output or results phase.

6. CROSS SECTIONAL RESEARCH
A cross-sectional study (also known as a cross-sectional analysis, transversal
study, prevalence study) is a type of observational study that analyses data
collected from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point
in time.
Cross-sectional surveys have been described as snapshots of the populations
about which they gather data.
Cross Sectional Research Cross-sectional surveys may be repeated
periodically In a repeated cross- sectional survey, respondents to the survey
at one point in time are not intentionally sampled again.
Cross-sectional surveys can thus be contrasted with panel surveys, for
which the individual respondents are followed over time. “Cross Sectional
Research is time efficient.”

7. Example Involves using different groups of people who differ in the variable of interest but share
other characteristics, such as socio economic status, educational background & ethnicity.
This method is used to gather information only It is a type of observational study that analyses data
collected from the population
These studies are easier to carry out “Individual changes are not assessed in Cross Sectional
Research” Does the % of women diagnosed with cancer increase with age? Let us look at similar
women of different age groups Calculate % of women diagnosed with cancer in each group
Cross Sectional Research requires no long term co- operation ”
Uses of Cross Sectional Research
It is inefficient for studying highly fatal disease
Further errors would be because of error in recall of exposure and possible outcome.
Cofounding factors may not be equally distributed between the groups being compared. “It is
relatively feasible as there is no follow up”

8. Longitudinal research
A most common type of Longitudinal Study in mass media Research.
Trend Study samples different groups of people at different times from the same population.
Trend Studies are common around presidential election time.
A cohort is any group of individuals who are linked in some way or who have experienced the same
significant life event within a given period.
Any study in which some characteristic of one or more cohorts is measured at two or more points
in time is a Cohort Analysis.

9. Panel Studies measure the same sample of respondents at different points in time.
Unlike Trend Studies, panel studies can reveal information about both net change and gross change
in the dependent Variable.
Combining Qualitative & Quantitative Data in Longitudinal Research
Advantages:
The qualitative data can aid in the interpretation of the quantitative data and provide insights that
might have been missed.
Qualitative data might suggest new hypotheses that could be examined in subsequent waves of data
collection.
Longitudinal Research on the Internet:
An internet survey panel consists of individuals who have been prerecruited to participate in a
number of surveys over time.
A large number of individuals can be recruited to serve as potential panel members.
This makes it easier for researchers to target and collect data from low-incidence groups.
Disadvantages: Internet panels may not be representative of the entire population. Not everyone is
skilled at completing online surveys.

10. THANK YOU SO MUCH