The document outlines the principles of occupational health, emphasizing the promotion of worker well-being through the prevention of occupational diseases caused by various hazards such as physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychosocial factors. It details the objectives of occupational health services, including reducing accidents, maintaining health, and providing a safe working environment through medical and engineering measures. Moreover, it highlights the importance of ergonomics in job design to improve worker efficiency and health.

1. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE

2. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
 “Occupational Health aims at the promotion and maintenance
of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well being
of the workers in all occupations by preventing departures from
health, controlling risks and the adaptation of work to people,
and people to their job.”
- ILO/WHO
• Occupational Health is the highest degree of physical, mental and
social well-being of workers in all occupations.
• It represents a dynamic equilibrium between the worker and his
occupational environment.

3. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE
• Occupational disease
is usually defined as disease
arising out of or in the course of employment.
Occupational Safety
• It is the condition of being safe or free from danger and risk from occupational
hazards.
Occupational Hazards
• Those hazards that the workers will encounter during working hour are known
as occupational hazards. They are five different types depending on the type of
occupation ie. Physical, mechanical, chemical, biological and psychological
hazards.

5. In the past occupational health implies
factories, mines and industries but the modern
concept of occupational health includes all
types of employment including commercial,
agriculture services, industrial
occupational accident,
forestry,
hygiene,
industrial rehabilitation,
toxicology,
occupational
psychology.
Occupational health is the application of
preventive medicine in all places employment.

6. OBJECTIVES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
1. To reduce industrial or occupational accidents
2. To prevent occupational hazards
3. To maintain and promote the physical, mental and social
well beings of workers
4. To reduce sick absenteeism
5. To achieve maximum human and machine efficiency
6. To adopt the workplace and work environment to the need
of the worker

7. OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD AND DISEASE
ASSOCIATED WITH IT
Type of occupational
Hazard
Hazard Disease
1. Physical Hazard
The factor within the
environment that can
harm the body with
or without
necessarily touching
it
a. Heat Heat hyperpyrexia, heat exhaustion, heat syncope,
heat cramps, burns and local effects such as prickly
heat
b. Cold Trench foot, frost bite, chilblains
c. Light Occupational Cataract
d. Pressure Caisson disease, air embolism, blast
e. Noise Occupational deafness
f. Radiation Cancer, leukemia, aplastic anaemia
g. Mechanical
Factor
Injuries, accidents
h. Electricity Burns

8. Type of occupational
Hazard
Hazard Disease
2. Chemical Hazard
It is the release of toxic agents
into the atmosphere and
environment
a. Gases CO2, CO, HCN, ammonia, etc
causes gas poisoning
b. Dusts Pneumoconiosis
A. Inorganic dust
1. Coal dust Anthracosis
2. Silica Silicosis
3. Asbestos Asbestosis, lung cancer
4. Iron Siderosis
B. Organic dust
1. Cotton dust Byssinosis
2. Cane fiber Bagassosis
3. Tobacco Tobacossis
4. Hay or grain dust Farmers’ lung

9. Type of occupational Hazard Hazard Disease
2. Chemical hazard
C. Metal and
their compound
Toxic hazard from lead,
mercury, cadmium, arsenic etc
D. Chemical Acid, alkalis, pesticide
E. Solvents Carbon bisulphide, benzene,
chloroform, etc
3. Biological Hazard
substance which consists
of microorganism or non
viable product of living
matter
Brucellosis, leptospirosis,
anthrax, actinomycosis,
hydatidosis, tetanus,
encephalitis, etc
4. Mechanical Hazard Accident, injuries
5. Psychosocial hazard Industrial neurosis,
hypertension, peptic ulcer,
headache, shoulder pain, back
and neck pain, heart diseases,
etc.

10. OTHER OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE
1. Occupational cancer
 Cancer of skin, lungs, bladder
2. Occupational dermatotis
 Dermatitis, eczema

11. Toxicity Hazard Risk
It a harmful effect It is the condition of It is the condition of
that occurs when imbalance of any imbalance of any
unallowable drugs are thing thing
administered
The toxicity of a The hazard of a A determinant which
substance is the chemical is the is significantly
potential of that particle likelihood associated with
substance to cause that the chemical will disease.
harm, and is only one cause harm.
factor in determining
whether a hazard
exists
The toxicity of a The different types of Risk factors play a
substance is its ability hazards are vital role in the
to cause harmful responsible to cause production of disease
Effects. Ill health effect. or health problem.

12. Toxicity Hazard Risk
The toxicity of a substance
depends on three factors: its
chemical structure, the
extend to which the
substance is absorbed by the
body and body’s ability to
detoxify the substance
(change it into less toxic
substances) and eliminate it
from the body.
The severity of hazard
is determined by the
nature and quantities
of various factors
The chance of
risk is
dependent on
the toxic and
hazardous
agents
Toxic materials can take the
form of solids, liquids, gases,
vapors, dusts, fumes, fibers
and mists
The hazards can be
categorized into
physical, chemical,
biological,
mechanical and
psychological
The risk factor
may be visible or
invisible

13. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE
Occupational health services are essentially
preventable in nature and responsible for advising
employers and representatives for establishing and
maintaining a safe and healthy working environment,
which will facilitate optimum physical and mental
health in relation to work.

14. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES INCLUDE:
1. pre-employment medical examination
2. First aid and emergency services
3. Periodic medical examination
4. Supervision of work environment
5. Health education and counseling
6. Sanitation, hygiene, safe water supply, provision of sanitary
latrine, canteen facilities etc
7. Stress management
8. Hazard identification research
9. Provisions of personal protective equipments
10. Others health programmes like family planning, nutrition,
immunization

15. Ergonomics:(ergon-work, nomas-law = greek word ) “fitting the job
to the worker”
Ergonomics is the area of scientific research and application
concerned with the design of engineering system and environment
to be compatible with the human capacities and limitation
Ergonomics is the study of human abilities and characteristics which
affects the design of equipment, machines, system, jobs with the aim of
improving efficiency, safety and well being
The objective of ergonomics is to achieve mutual adjustment of
man and his workers

16. OCCUPATION ENVIRONMENT
• The health of the workers in a large measures is influenced by condition
prevailing in their work place. The aim of occupational health is to
provided a safe occupational environment. In order to safegurd the health
of the workers.
• Occupational environment is the some of external condition and
influences at the work place which have a bearing on the health of
working population
• Basically there are 3 types interaction in working environment
– Man and physical, chemical , biological agent
– Man and machine
– Man and man

17. 1. MAN AND PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL,
BIOLOGICALAGENT:
a. Physical agents: heat, cold, humidity, air movement, light,
noise, vibration, ionizing radiation etc are the factors which
may be adverse to health in the working environment. The
amount of working and breathing space, water supply toilets,
bathing facilities etc
b. Chemical agent: dusts gaseous, acid, alkalis, solvents, metals
and their compounds etc
c. Biological agent: virus, bacteria, parasites, rickettsia etc

18. 2. Man and machines:
Unguarded machine, protruding and moving parts, poor installation of
machines, lack of safety measures are the cause of accidents, working
for long hours in un- physiological postures is the cause of
backhache, fatigue, joint disease
3. Man and man
• Humans relationship among workers themselves and those in higher
authority work stability, jobs satisfaction, security leadership style,
service condition trade union activities , bonus, incentives etc
• Hopes and fears attitudes towards their job and other workers etc are
the example of psychological factors arising in occupational
environment

19. PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE
A. MEDICAL MEASURES
1. Preplacement examination
 Include worker’s medical, family occupational and social history through
physical examination and biological and radiological examination. Eg: X-
ray, ECG, vision test, urine and blood test, etc
2. Periodical examination
 Periodical medical check up of workers when they handle toxic or
poisonous substances.
 Generally, workers are examined once a year but in certain occupational
exposure ( lead, radium, toxic dyes) monthly examination is indicated.
3. Medical and health care services
 First aid services should be made available. Immunization is another
accepted function of and occupational health services.

20. 4. Notification
 Some disease require to be notified to the national and international
for the worker compensation. It helps to initiate measures for the
prevention and protection and investigate the working condition
which have caused or suspected to cause occupational disease.
5. Supervision of working environment
 Periodic examination of working environment such as temperature,
lighting, ventilation, humidity, noise, air pollution and sanitation,
etc.
6. Maintenance and analysis of records
 Proper record are essential for the planning, development and
efficient operation of an occupational health services.
7. Health education and counseling
 It help to assist the worker in his process of adjustment to the
working, home and community environment.

21. B. ENGINEERING MEASURE
1. Design of building
 The type of floor, wall, height, ceiling, roof, door and windows,
cubic space are all considered while constructing the building.
2. Good house keeping
 It covers general cleanliness, ventilation, lighting, washing, food
arrangement and general maintenance.
3. General ventilation
 Decreases airborne hazard of worker, especially hazard from dust and
gases.
4. Mechanization
 Dermatitis can be prevented if hand mixing is replaced by
mechanical devices.Acid can be conveyed from one place to another
through pipe.

22. 5. Substitution
 Replacement of a harmful materials by a harmless one or one of lesser toxicity.
6. Dust
 Dusts can be controlled at the point of origin by water spray.
7. Enclosure
 Enclosing harmful materials and processes will prevent the escape of dust and
fumes into the atmosphere.
8. Isolation
 Isolation of offensive process in a separate building so that workers are not
exposed to hazard.
9. Local exhaust ventilation
 By providing local exhaust ventilation; dusts, fumes and injurious substance can
be trapped before they escape into the factory atmosphere.

23.  10. Protective Devices
 Use of protective devices such as respirators, mask, ear plugs, ear
muffs, helmet, safety shoes, aprons, gloves, gum boot, barrier cream,
etc.
11. Environmental monitoring
 Include environmental survey, especially sampling the factory
atmosphere to determine whether dusts and gases are within the
permissible limit.
12. Statistical monitoring
 evaluate the adequacy of preventive measure and occupational
health criteria, including permissible exposure level.
13. Research
 Research in occupational health can provide better understanding
of industrial health problems.

24. C. LEGISLATION
Factory law have been framed in every country to
govern the condition in industry and to safeguard the
health and welfare of the worker.