The document discusses occupational health and diseases. It defines occupational health as promoting worker well-being through preventing health issues from jobs. Occupational diseases are caused by workplace exposures and can affect physical and mental health. The document outlines various occupational hazards like physical, chemical, biological and psychosocial factors. It also discusses the roles of nurses in occupational health like education, screening, prevention programs and record keeping to address occupational diseases.

1. SNEHA DERIA
B.SC ,PART-4
GCON ID AND
BG HOSPITAL

2. INTRODUCTION

3. Occupational Disease are disease caused by work or
work environment. Occupational disease occur among
workers exposed to specific hazards. Exposure to
physical, Chemical, biological or psychosocial factors in
the workplace. Occupational disease are adverse health
conditions in the human being, the occurrence on
severity of which is related to exposure to factors on the
job in the work environment. So this disease must be
handled with importance.

4. DEFINITION OF
OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH

5. ◦ According to the ILO/ WHO, “ Occupational health is the
promotion and maintenance of the heigh degree of physical,
mental, and social wellbeing of workers in all occupations by
preventing departure from health, controlling risks and the
adaptation of work to people, and people to their jobs.
◦ Occupational health is a specialist branch of medicine that
focuses on physical and mental well being of employees in
the work place

6. COMPONENTS OF
OCCUPATIONAL
ENVIRONMENT

7. Occupational environment is meant the sum of external
conditions and influence which prevail at the place of work and
which have bearing on health on the health of the working
population. Basically there are three types of interaction or
components in a working environment.
1. Man and physical, chemical and biological agents
2. Man and machine
3. Man and man

8. For man and physical, chemical and
biological agent-
◦ PHYSICAL AGENT - The physical factor in working environment which
may adverse to health are ~ heat, cold, humidity, air movement, heat,
radiation, light, noise, vibration, Ionizing radiation, the amount of
working and breathing space, toilet, washing and bathing facilities etc.
◦ CHEMICAL AGENT ~ These comprise a large number of chemical, toxic
agent and gases.
◦ BIOLOGICAL AGENT ~ The workers may be exposed to viral, rickettsial,
bacterial, parasitic agents, which are hazardous.

10. For Man and Machine
◦ An industry or factory implies the use of machine driven by
power with emphasis or mass production. The unguarded
machines, producing and moving parts, poor installation, lack
of safety measures. Working long hours in unphysiological
postures.

11. For Man and Man
◦ These are the human relationships amongst workers
themselves on the one hand, and those in authority over
them on the other. Eg. – Psychosocial factors include rhythm
and type of work, work stability, service conditions, job
satisfaction, leadership style, security, work participation,
communication, system of payment, welfare condition,
degree of responsibility, trade union activities etc.

12. DIFFERENT
OCCUPATIONAL
HAZARDS

13. 1.PHYSICAL HAZARDS
2.CHEMICAL HAZARDS
3.BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
4.MECHANICAL HAZARDS
5.PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS
◦ Psychosocial and behavioural changes
◦ Psychosomatic Ill health.

15. Physical Hazards
1. Heat - Direct, Indirect effect of temperature , Radiant heat , heat stagnation
2. Cold – General and cold injury
3. Light – Acute and chronic effect of bright a d dim light and glare
4. Radiation –
a. IONIZING – x ray, gamma rays, beta particles, alpha particles.
b. NON- IONIZING – Micro waves, infra – red and ultra – violet light
5. Noise – auditory and non auditory effect
6. Vibration – hazardous in the frequency range of 10-500 Hz

16. Chemical Hazards
◦Acids, Bases, Heavy metals
,Particular fumes, Highly
reactive metals

17. Biological Hazards
◦Bacteria, virus, fungi
moulds ,insects –mosquito
,hazardous plants –poison
Ivy, birds animals
,bloodborne pathogens.

18. Mechanical Hazards
◦ It Refers to mechanical
agents as unprotected
machines , their moving
parts, lack of safety
measures etc

20. Psychosocial Hazards
◦ Work related stress
,violence, bullying
,sexual harassment
,exposure to unhealthy
elements etc

22. OCCUPATIONAL
DISEASE

23. Diseases due to Physical agents
1. Heat - Heat hyperpyrexia, heat exhaustion ,heat syncope
,heat cramps , burns and local effects
2. Cold – Trench foot, First bite
3. Light – occupational cataract
4. Noise - Occupational deafness
5. Mechanical – injuries, accident
6. Electricity – burns

25. Diseases due to chemical
agents
1.Gases – CO2, CO, HCN, NH3, N2, H2S, HCL etc
2.Dusts ( pneumoconiosis) – cold dust – Anthracosis,
Silica- Silicosis, Asbestos – Asbestosis, cancer of lung,
Iron – Siderosis
3.Organic - Siderosis

26. Diseases due to biological
agents
◦Anthrax, Tetanus, Encephalitis, Fungal Infection etc.

27. Occupational cancers

28. Diseases of psychological origin
◦Hypertension,
peptic ulcer
etc.

29. DISEASES AND IT’S
PREVENTION AND
CONTROL

31. Due to physical agents
Heat Exhaustion It is a condition due to heat exposure,
including symptoms like heavy sweating,
repeat pulse etc
Heat cramps Painful, involuntary muscle spasms that
usually occur due to heavy exercise in hot
environments.
Heat stroke When body becomes unable to control its
temperature, bodies temperature rises,
sweating mechanism fails.
Frost bite Damage to skin or underline tissues due to
extreme cold.

32. Prevention
1. Avoid staying in heat for long period..
2. Wear cool, loose fitting, light weight clothing.
3. Use air conditioning, take rest between works avoid
strainous activity during hot or humid weather.
4. Drink plenty of fluids.
5. Avoid smoking, drinking before venturing out into extremely
cold.

33. Due to chemical agents
◦ POISONING - Poison is anything that kills Or injures through its chemical
actions. Poisoning is caused by swallowing, injecting, breathing in or
otherwise being exposed to harmful substances.
◦ Types – lead poisoning, carbon monoxide poisoning, ammonia etc
◦Prevention-
1. Eat balanced diet that provides enough calcium, iron, protein and Zinc .
2. read instructions before use of fungi sides
3. Test the Water resources.
4. If a person inhale something chemical immediately by move to fresh air and refer to
hospital as soon as possible.

35. Occupational lung disease
◦ Pneumoconiosis is a restrictive lung disease caused by certain dust
particles (less than 5 micron) that are most often found in work
environment.
◦ Types –
1. Coal worker pneumoconiosis – Coal dust
2. Asbestosis – asbestos dust
3. Byssinosis – Silica dust
4. Anthracosis – carbon dust
5. Bauxite fibrosis – Bauxite dust

36. Prevention
1. Adequately suppressing cold ask at a work side
2. good ventilation system
3. face pieces that filter and purify Air
4. pulmonary rehabilitation
5. Industries using substances that can cause asthma must
have dust and Vapor control measure

37. Due to biological agents
Diseases Causative agent
Brucellosis Genus Brucella
Leptospirosis Spirochete
Anthrax Bacillus anthracosis
Tetanus Infection of nervous system by clostridium
tetani
Actinomycosis Chronic Infection caused by Actinomyses,
anaerobic bacteria
Psittacosis Chlamydia psittaci

38. Prevention
1. People who handle made should wear protective glasses and clothes
2. vaccination of cattles should be done
3. active immunization of neonates and adults should be done
4. if diseases occurred immediate antibiotic should be started
5. for contagious disease contact with disease one should be avoided

39. Psychological Hazard Prevention

40. PROTECTION AT WORK
SITE

41. 1. Administrative measures
In this all measures taken by management or administration
E.g. - proper wages for workers, effective implementations of
labour welfare programs, proper surveillance, proper
supervision ,sufficient member of safety personnel, proper
occupational health services

42. 2.Engineering measures
◦Proper lighting arrangement , air circulation
◦ heat, humidity control
◦ providing safety alarm
◦proper waste disposal etc

43. 3. Medical measure
◦Medical check-ups before giving appointment
◦periodic check up of labours
◦ providing health services, health survey
◦counselling and health education

44. 4.Personal protective measures
◦Use of masks, gloves ,safety belts, glasses and
helmets
◦use of respirator
◦ use of barriers skin creams
◦ wearing radiation suits etc

46. 5. Legal measures
◦ Management get guidance for protective measures and the
workers rights against exploitation. According to Indian
factory act (1976) and employees State Insurance Scheme (
1975 ) the workers receive a lot of legal protection.

48. NURSES ROLE IN
PREVENTION

49. ◦ The nurse appointed for occupational health nursing has to play the
roles of nurse practitioner, health educator health administrator or
manager Counsellor etc.

50. Primary prevention
◦ The aim of primary prevention is to see that the problem does not arise at all . the
functions are
1. Assessment of personal health
2. Identify probable health hazards related to work
3. use of safety measures
4. Health Insurance Scheme for benefit of workers
5. motivate the workers to have small families
6. providing health education
7. giving different health information to the management
8. implementation of immunization programs
9. keeping the information about probable health hazards
10. adopting measures to prevent them are some of other functions

51. Secondary prevention
◦ This is done to detect the problem as early as possible. The rules are
survey, observation, periodic Medical Diagnostic test under these, With
cooperation with team and workers , problems should be identified and
appropriate technique should be adopted to solve it. The Occupational Health
nurse should inform the management about the problem, and she should keep
health records of each employees including health history ,health status ,
immunization ,occupational hazard, allergy treatment ,health examination etc
Tertiary prevention
It is the care enrichment of the present problem.

53. In short the roles are
◦ Identifying occupational dangers at workplace
◦ health survey and preparing program for health improvement.
◦ Health assessment and examination.
◦ In times of emergency or accident providing health facilities and first aid .
◦ providing health education and counselling to workers.
◦ Finding out community resources for health needs of workers and company.
◦ Developing workers assistance program.
◦ Organising training program and first aid health education.
◦ Informing the management or administration about health hazards and
diseases.
◦ Participating in the health management or Administration and help in
preparation of health policy statement.

54. Contd..
◦ Participating in referral services of workers.
◦ Teaching security committee about emergency Health Management.
◦ Keeping an up to date health record of workers.
◦ Working as a member of occupational health team.
◦ Cooperation and maintaining of healthy environment in industries.
◦ Evolution of occupational health programs.

56. CONCLUSION

57. ◦ Occupational health is the health science which is related to human workplace
and environment. The chief objective of these, is to give safety of workers from
all occupational injuries and diseases. Occupational health nursing is a special
branch of nursing by which nurses are engaged to take care of employees and
disorder are treated.
◦ Occupational health disorders are one of the most important disorders
affecting health of common people, specially workers and create demolish in
health ,economical and social status of country. So measures should be taken
to prevent those diseases effectively by anticipation and early recognition,
three level of prevention and awareness is very much required with everyone’s
participation.

58. BIBLIOGRAPHY

59. ◦ Park K. Park’s textbook of Preventive and social medicine. 23rd edition.
1167, Prem Nagar, Jabalpur-482001; m/s Bansari Das Bhanot Publishers
; 2013 -748-63
Ansari Javed. Medical Surgical Nursing .11th edition. PV
Books;2020.Part-B.1177-1828
Swarnkar Keshav. Community Health Nursing. 4th edition. M.Y.
Hospital Road, Indore ; N.R.Brothers ; 2019.859-65