OCCUPATION HEALTH PRESENTATION

2. No work is completely risk free and all
health care professionals should have
some basic knowledge about workforce
populations, work and related hazards,
and methods to control hazards and
improve health.
INTRODUCTION

3. DEFINITION
“Occupational health is that branch of
community nursing which deals with the
study of Health Promotion, Health
Protection and maintenance of highest
degree of Physical, Mental and Social
wellbeing of workers in all occupations”

4. OBJECTIVES
To maintain and promote the physical,
mental and social well being of the workers.
To prevent occupational diseases and
injuries.
The improvement of working environment
and work to safety and health.

5. What is Occupational Health Nursing?
Application of nursing principles in
conserving the health of workers at
the workplace.
Based on principles of recognition,
prevention and treatment of illness,
injuries.
Formally known as ‘Industrial Nursing’

6. OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
An industrial worker
is exposed to 5 types
of hazards depending
upon the nature of the
occupation.

8. PHYSICAL
HAZARDS
Heat and cold
Light
Noise
Vibration
Ultraviolet radiation
Ionizing radiation

9. Heat
• Burns
• Heat exhaustion
• Heat stroke
• Heat cramps
• Decreased efficiency,
• Increased fatigue
• Enhanced accident rates.
The direct effects are The Indirect effects are

10. Cold
• Erythrocyanosis
• Immersion foot
• Frostbite as a result of
cutaneous vasoconstriction.
• General hypothermia

11.  Eye strain,
 Headache,
 Eye pain,
 Lachrymation,
 Congestion around the cornea
 Eye fatigue.
Light

12. (i) Auditory effects
 Temporary or permanent hearing
loss
(ii) Non auditory effects
 Nervousness,
 Fatigue,
 Interference with communication
by speech,
 Decreased efficiency
Noise

13. Vibration
 Exposure to vibration may
also produce injuries of
the joints of the hands
elbows and shoulders.

14. Ultraviolet Radiation
Conjunctivitis
Keratitis
(welder's flash).

15. Ionizing Radiation
 Genetic changes
 Malformation
 Cancer
 Leukemia
 Depilation
 Ulceration
 in extreme cases
death.

16. CHEMICAL HAZARDS

17. Local Action
 Dermatitis
 Eczema
 Ulcers
 Cancer by primary irritant action

18. Inhalation
 Dusts
 Gases
 Metals and their
compounds

19. DUST
Classification of dusts
Inorganic
and
organic
dusts
Soluble
and
insoluble
dusts

21. Dusts are finely divided solid particles with size
ranging from 0.1 to 150 microns
Dust particles larger than 10 microns settle down
from the air rapidly,
IndefinitelyParticles smaller than 5 microns are
directly inhaled into the lungs and are retained
there and is mainly responsible for pneumoconiosis.

22. Gases
 Simple gases (e.g., oxygen, hydrogen),
 Asphyxiating gases (e.g. carbon monoxide,
cyanide gas, sulphur dioxide, chlorine)
 Anaesthetic gases (e.g., chloroform,
ether, trichlorethylene).

23. Metals and their compounds
Lead, antimony, arsenic,
beryllium, cadmium, cobalt,
manganese, mercury,
phosphorus, chromium, zinc
and others

24. Ingestion
Occupational diseases may also
result from ingestion of chemical
substances such as lead, mercury,
arsenic, zinc, chromium, cadmium,
phosphorus etc.

25. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
FROM ANIMAL: zoonotic diseases like-
anthrax, bovine TB, rabies, plague,
Japanese encephalitis etc.
FROM SOIL: tetanus, gas gangrene,
malignant edema, anthrax, aspergillosis,
mycetoma etc.

27. Mechanical hazards
These are mainly accidents

28. Psychosocial hazards
Factors affect health
• Frustration
• Lack of job
satisfaction,
• Insecurity
• Poor human
relationships,
• Emotional tension

29. The health effects can be classified in two
(a)Psychological and behavioural changes
(b)Psychosomatic ill health

31. PNEUMOCONIOSIS
31
 Dusts within the range of 0.5 micron to 3 micron is
a health hazard producing, after a variable period
of exposure, a lung disease known as
pneumoconiosis, which may gradually cripple a man
by reducing his work capacity due to lung fibrosis
and other complications.

32. PNEUMOCONIOSIS
 Silicosis
 Anthracosis
 Byssinosis
 Bagassosis
 Asbestosis

33. Silicosis
• Caused by inhalation of dust
containing free silica or silicon
dioxide
• Snow storm appearance in X
ray

34. Anthracosis
 It is caused by inhalation of dust containing
coal miners.
 First phase is called simple pneumoconiasis
which is associated with little impairment.
 Second s characteried by Progressive massive
fibrosis

36. Byssinosis
Byssinosis is a rare lung disease.
Inhalation of cotton fibre dust over long periods of time.
The symptoms are
Chronic cough
Progressive dyspnoea,
Chronic bronchitis
 Emphysema 37

37. Bagassosis
 Caused by inhalation of bagasse or sugar-cane dust.
The symptoms
 Breathlessness
 Cough
 Hemoptysis
 Slight fever

38. Bagassosis
Preventive measures
 Dust control
 Personal protection
 Medical control
 Bagasse control

39. Asbestosis
 Asbestos is of two types- serpentine or chrysolite variety and
amphibole type.
 Clinically the disease is characterized by dyspnoea.
 Clubbing of fingers,
 Cardiac distress and cyanosis.
 The sputum shows "asbestos bodies"

40. Asbestosis
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
 Use of safer types of asbestos (chrysolite and amosite)
 Substitution of other insulants: glass fibre, mineral wool, calcium
silicate, plastic foams, etc.
 Rigorous dust control
 Periodic examination of workers; biological monitoring (clinical, X-ray,
lung function), and
 Continuing research

41.  Skin cancer:
gas workers, oil refiners, tar distillers, oven workers.
 Lung cancer:
gas industry, nickle and chromium work, mining of radio
active substance
50
OCCUPATIONAL CANCER

42. OCCUPATIONAL CANCER
 Bladder cancer: industries,
rubber, gas and electrical cable
industry.
 Leukemia: benzol, roengent rays
and radioactive substance.
51

43. OCCUPATIONAL CANCER
The control measures
 Elimination or control of industrial carcinogens.
 Medical examinations
 Inspection of factories,
 Notification
 Licensing of establishments
 Personal hygiene measures
 Education of workers and management, research.
52

44. OCCUPATIONAL DERMATITIS
Causes
 Physical
 Chemical
 Biological
 Plant products
53

45. OCCUPATIONAL DERMATITIS
PREVENTION
(1)Pre-selection
(2)Protection
(3)Personal hygiene
(4)Periodic inspection

46. Sickness Absenteeism
Causes
Economic
Social
Medical
Non occupational causes

47. Sickness Absenteeism
Prevention
Good factory management and practices
Adequate preplacement examination
Good human relations

48. Accidents
Causes
Human factors
Physical
Physiological
Psychological
Environmental factors

49. Accidents
Prevention
 Adequate preplacement examination
 Adequate job training
 Continuing education
 Ensure safe working conditions
 Establishing safety department in the organization
under a competent safety engineer.
 Periodic surveys for finding out hazards
 Careful reporting

51. Communicable disease control
 Adequate
immunization against
communicable
diseases

52. Environmental sanitation
 Water supply
 Food
 Toilet
 General cleanliness
 Space
 Lighting
 Ventilation/Temperature
 Protection from hazards
 Housing

53. Mental health
68
Promote health and happiness
Detect signs of emotional stress
Identify the cause
Treatment
Rehabilitation of the ill

54. Health education

56. PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE

57.  Pre-placement examination
 Periodical examination
 Medical and health care services
 Supervision of working environment
 Maintenance and analysis of records
 Health education and counseling
57
MEDICAL MEASURES

58.  Design of building
 Good housekeeping
 General ventilation
 Mechanization
 Substitution
ENGINEERING MEASURES

59.  Dust-enclosure and isolation
 Local exhaust ventilation
 Protection device
 Environmental monitoring
 Statistical monitoring and
research

60. LEGISLATION
The Factories Act, 1948
The Employees State Insurance Act, 1948
Mine & Mineral Act, (Development &
Regulation) Act, 1957
Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control )
Rules, 2000
The Child Labor (Prohibition & Regulation)
Act, 1986
The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution
) Act, 1981
Maternity Benefit Act (1961)

61.  Occupational health nurse
 Physiotherapist.
 Specialist doctor
 Industrial manager
 Supervisor
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH TEAM

62.  Shift in charge
 Rehabilitation specialist
 Labour welfare officer
 Labour union representative.
 Representative of voluntary
organizations
 Other invited members as per the
need

63. ROLE OF NURSE
 Specialist
 Manager
 Co-ordinator
 Advisor
 Health educator
 Counsellor
 Researcher

64. NURSE’S RESPONSIBILITIES
 Participate in health assessment program
 Provide nursing care to workers
 Counsel workers
 Plan participation in health programs
 Advise environmental sanitation
 Carry out nursing duties
 Work co-operatively
 Compile records
 Evaluate health programs & activities

65. FUNCTIONS OF NURSE
Physical & psychological assessment
Prevention of occupational & non-
occupational illness
Provision for treatment
Fostering a high level of wellness of the
workers

66. Thank You