The document provides an overview of occupational health, including: 1. It defines occupational health as promoting and maintaining workers' physical, mental, and social well-being, and preventing work-related health issues. 2. Occupational health aims to identify workplace hazards, implement controls, ensure job demands match individual abilities, and provide services for vulnerable/incapacitated workers. 3. Common occupational hazards include physical (noise, vibration), chemical, biological, psychosocial, and diseases like silicosis. 4. Legislation like the Factories Act and Employees' State Insurance Act aim to protect worker health and provide medical benefits for work-related issues.

1. Class Presentation on Occupational
Health

2. Introduction
The health and efficiency of workers working in any
organization get influenced in large measures by
conditions prevailing work environment. The
prevailing conditions related to physical,
biological, chemical and social their agents . A
worker usually exposed to these agents for out 6-8
hours daily. It is, therefore, essential that this
environment should be wholesome and free from
any kind of harmful agents as far as possible. So
the occupational health is to provide a safe
occupational environment to promote and
preserve the health of workers and to step up their
efficiency and productivity.

3. Definition
Occupational health should aim at the promotion
and maintenance of the highest degree of
physical, mental and social well-being of workers
in all occupations; the prevention among workers
of departures from health caused by their working
conditions; the protection o workers in their
employment from risks resulting from actors
adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of
the worker in an occupational environment
adapted his physiological and psychological
equipment, an summarize, the adaptation of work
to man and of each man to his job'.

4. Occupational Health Nursing
The application of nursing principles in
conserving the health of worker in all
occupations. It involve preventions,
recognition and treatment of illness an injury,
and requires special skills and knowledge in
the field of health, education and counseling
environment health, rehabilitation and human
relations'. -(American Association of
Occupational Health Nurse )

5. Aims of Occupational Health
The joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health, in
1950, gave the following general aims:
• Promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical,
mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations.
• Prevention among workers, of departures from health, caused
by their working conditions.
• Protection of workers in their employment from risks
resulting from factors adverse to health.
• Placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational
environment adapted to his physiological and psychological
equipment, and to summarize, the adaptation of work to man
and of each man to his job.

6. Objectives of Occupational Health
• Identify all the hazardous conditions which might be there in work place.
• Plan and implement protective and control measures to deal with identified
hazardous conditions in work place.
• Ensure that the physical and psychological demands imposed on workers
by their respective jobs are properly matched with their individual
anatomical, physical and psychological needs, capabilities and limitations.
• Provide effective services to protect those who are especially vulnerable to
adverse working conditions.
• Provide effective services to workers who are incapacitated for any reason
to rehabilitate them as soon as possible.
• Using resources effectively and efficiently and protecting the natural
environment and creating health supportive environment.
• Improving societal communication and literacy on health, environment and
social cohesion.

7. Basic Principles of Occupational Health
WHO has identified three basic principles for the development of
an occupational health service
1. It must be ensured that occupational health services are
provided through the existing national health services by a
process of integration.
2. The service must provide for the total health of the workers
and if necessary their families. The primary health care
approach must be the chosen system for the delivery of such
services.
3. The occupational health problems of working women,
especially those in the unorganized sector are a matter of
urgent concern .

8. Occupational environment
By Occupational environment is meant the sum
of external conditions and which prevail at the
place of work and which have a bearing on the
health of the working population. Basically,
there are three types of interaction in a
working environment.
• Man and physical, chemical and biological
agents
• Man and machine
• Man and man

9. Occupational Hazard
Physical Hazard
Biological Hazard
Psychological
Hazard
Mechanical
Hazard
Chemical Hazard

10. Physical hazard
• Heat and cold
• Light
• Noise
• Vibration
• Ultraviolet radiation
• Ionizing radiation

11. Heat and Cold
Direct effect of heat
Burn, heat exhaustion, heat cramps.
Indirect effect of heat
Decreased efficiency, increased fatigue,
enhanced accident rates.
Cold effect
Chilblains, erythrocyanosis,frost bite

12. Light
• Poor illumination of eye
• Headache
• Eye pain
• Lachrymation

13. Noise
• Auditory effect
Temporary or permanent hearing loss.
• Non auditory effect
Nervousness, fatigue, interference with
communication by speech.

14. Vibration
• Spasm of blood vessels
• Injuries to joint elbow ,shoulder
and hand

15. Ultraviolet radiation
• Effects on eye
• Intense conjunctivitis
• Eye pain
• Redness

16. Ionizing radiation
• Genetic changes
• Leukemia
• Cancer
• Sterility
• Death

17. Chemical Hazard
Dermatitis, eczema, cancer
Pneumoconiosis, silicosis
Lead ,mercury ingestion
Local action
Inhalation
Ingestion

18. Biological hazards:
Brucellosis, leptospirosis, anthrax, hydatidosis,
psittacosis, tetanus, encephalitis, fungal infection,
Mechanical hazards:
The mechanical hazards industry center round
machinery, protruding moving parts and the like.
About 10 percent of accidents in industry are said to
be due to mechanical causes.

19. Psychosocial hazards
Frustration, lack of job satisfaction, insecurity, poor human
relationships, emotional tension
The health effects can be classified in two main categories:
1. Psychological and behavioral changes: Including hostility,
aggressiveness, anxiety, depression, tardiness, alcoholism,
drug abuse, sickness, absenteeism .
2. Psychosomatic ill health: Including fatigue, head- ache, pain
in the shoulders, neck and back; propensity to peptic ulcer,
hypertension, heart disease and rapid aging.

20. Occupational Diseases
Pneumoconiosis
Dust within the size range of 0.5 to 3 micron, is a
health hazard producing, after a variable period of
exposure, a lung disease known as pneumoconiosis,
which may gradually cripple a man by reducing his
working capacity due to lung fibrosis and other
complications. The important dust diseases are
silicosis, anthracosis, byssinosis, bagassosis,
asbestosis and farmer's lung.

21. Silicosis
Among the occupational diseases, silicosis is the major
cause of permanent disability and mortality. It is
caused by inhalation of dust containing free silica or
silicon dioxide 50). It was first reported in India from
the Kolar Gold Mines (Mysore) in 1947. Ever since,
its occurrence has been uncovered in various other
industries, e.g., mining industry al, mica, gold, silver,
lead, zinc, manganese and other metals), pottery and
ceramic industry, sand blasting, metal grinding,
building and construction work, rock mining, iron
and steel industry and several others.

22. Anthracosis
Previously it was thought that pulmonary "anthracosis"
was inert. Studies indicate that there are two general
phases in coal miners pneumoconiosis (1) the first
phase is 's labeled simple pneumoconiosis which is
associated with little ventilatory impairment. This
phase may require about 12 years of work exposure
for its development (2) the second phase is
characterized by progressive massive fibrosis (PMF):
this causes severe respiratory disability and
frequently results in premature death.

23. Byssinosis
Byssinosis is due to inhalation of cotton fiber dust over a long
periods of time. The symptoms are chronic cough and
progressive dyspnoea, ending in chronic bronchitis and
emphysema. India has a large textile industry employing
nearly 35 per cent of the factory workers.
Bagassosis
Bagassosis is the given to an occupational disease of the lung
caused by inhalation of bagasse or sugarcane dust. It was first
reported in India by Ganguli and Pal in 1955 in a cardboard
manufacturing firm near Kolkata India has a large cane sugar
industry.

24. Asbestosis
Asbestos enters the body by inhalation, and fine dust
may be deposited in the alveoli. The fibers are
insoluble The dust deposited in the lungs causes
pulmonary fibrosis leading to respiratory
insufficiency and death: carcinoma of the bronchus;
mesothelioma of the pleura or peritoneum; and cancer
of the gastro-intestinal tract.
Farmer's lung
Farmer's lung is due to the inhalation of mouldy hay or
grain dust .

25. Lead poisoning
More industrial workers are exposed to lead
than to any other toxic metal. Lead is used
widely in a variety of industries because of its
properties: (1) low boiling point (2) mixes with
other metals easily to form alloys (3) easily
oxidized and (4) anticorrosive. All lead
compounds are toxic-lead arsenate, lead oxide
and lead carbonate are the most dangerous;
lead sulphide is the least toxic.

26. Clinical feature
Loss of appetite
Abdominal colic
Obstinate constipation

27. Occupational cancer
• Skin cancer
• Lung cancer
• Bladder cancer
• Leukemia

28. Occupational Dermatitis
Occupational dermatitis is a big health problem
in many industries. The causes may be:
Physical heat, cold ,moisture, friction,
pressure, X-rays and other rays: Chemical
acids, alkalis, dyes, solvents, grease, tar, pitch,
chlorinated phenols etc. Biological living
agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and
other parasites. Plant products- leaves,
vegetables, fruits, flowers, vegetable dust.

29. Radiation hazards
A number of industries use radium and other
radioactive substances, e.g., painting of luminous
dials for watches and other instruments,
manufacture of radio-active paints. Exposure to
radium also occurs in mining of radio-active ores,
monazite sand workers and handling of their
products. X-rays are used both in medicine and
industry. Exposure to ultraviolet rays occurs in
electric welding processes, Infrared rays are
produced in welding blowing, foundry work and
other processes where metal and glass are heated
to the molten state, and in heating drying of
painted and lacquered objects.

30. Occupational hazard of agricultural worker
• Zoonotic disease
• Accidents
• Physical hazard
• Respiratory disease

31. Sickness absenteeism
Sickness absence is an important health problem
in industry. It may seriously impede
production with serious cost repercussions,
both direct as well as indirect. Absenteeism is
a useful index in industry to assess the state of
health of workers, and their physical, mental
and social well-being.

32. Health problem due to industrialization
• Environmental sanitation
• Communicable diseases
• Food sanitation
• Mental health
• Accidents

33. Measures for health protection of worker
• Nutrition
• Communicable disease control
• Environmental sanitation
• Mental health
• Measures for women and children
• Health education
• Family planning

34. Occupational health team
• Occupational health nurse
• Physiotherapist
• Specialist doctor
• Industrial manager
• Supervisor
• Shift in charge
• Rehabilitation specialist
• Labor welfare officer
• Labor union representative
• Representative of voluntary organization
• Other invited member as per the need

35. Prevention of occupational disease
Medical measures
• Pre Placement examination
• Periodical check up
• Medical and health care services
• Notification
• Supervision of working environment
• Maintenance and analysis of records
• Health education and counseling

36. Engineering measures
• Design and building
• Good house keeping
• General ventilation
• Mechanization
• Substitution
• Dusts
• Enclosure
• Isolation

37. Cont…
• Local exhaust ventilation
• Protective devices
• Environmental monitoring
• Statistical monitoring
• Research

38. Legislation
The society has an obligation to protect the health of the
worker engaged in diverse occupations. It has grown
out of the realization that the worker is more important
than the machine which he operates. The worker cannot
be permitted to endanger his life and limb in an
occupation, while the employer makes a fortune.
Factory laws, therefore, have been framed in every
country to govern the conditions in industry and to
safeguard the health and welfare of the worker. The
most important factory laws in India today are
• (1) The Factories Act, 1948
• (2) The Employees' State Insurance Act

39. Factories Act, 1948
The first Indian Factories Act dates as far back
as 1881. The Act was revised and amended
several times, the latest being the Factories
(Amendment) Act, 1987.

40. 1948 Factory act
• Scope
• Health ,safety and welfare
• Employment of young persons
• Hours of work
• Leave with wages
• Occupational diseases
• Employment in hazardous processes.

41. The Employees State Insurance Act. 1948
The ESI Act passed in 1948 (amended in 1975, 1984, 2010 and
2019) is an important measure of social county and health
insurance in this country, It provides for certain cash and
medical benefits to industrial employees in case of sickness,
maternity and employment injury.
SCOPE The Act extends to the whole of India. The ESI Act of 95
covered all power-using factories other than seasonal cones
wherein 10 or more persons were employed including mines
railways and defense establishments) The provisions of ESI
(Amendment) Act of 1975 were extended to the following
new classes of establishments

42. Benefits to employees
The Act has made provision for the following benefits to
insured persons or, to other dependants as the case may
be
• Medical benefit
• Sickness benefit.
• Maternity benefit
• Disablement benefit
• Dependant's benefit
• Funeral expenses
• Rehabilitation allowance.

43. Benefits to employers
• Exemption from the applicability of Workmen's
Compensation Act 1923.
• Exemption from Maternity Benefit Act 1961.
• Exemption from payment of Medical allowance to
employees and their dependants or arranging for their
medical care.
• Rebate under the Income Tax Act on contribution
deposited in the ESI Account.
• Healthy work-force.

44. RAJIB GANDHI SHRAMIK KALYAN YOJNA
The ESI Corporation has launched a new Yojna for the
employees covered under the ESI scheme. This
scheme provides an unemployment allowance for the
employees covered under ESI scheme who are
rendered unemployed involuntarily due to
retrenchment closure of factory etc. her fulfilling
certain eligibility conditions. The scheme came into
effect from 1st April, 2005.

45. Occupational health in India
The trend in India is towards industrialization. As industries develop
both in size and complexity occupational health will pose new and
more difficult problems. The National Government have recognized
the need for protecting the health of the workers. The Directive
Principles of State Policy, in the Indian Constitution are important in
this context. The relevant portions are:
(a) The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing that
the health and strength of the workers man, woman, and the sender
age of the children are not abused, and that citizens are not forced by
economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their strength
(b) The State shall make provisions for securing just and humane
conditions of work,

46. Role of occupational health nurse
• Work place surveillance
• Comprehensive intervention
• Health surveillance
• Reduction of work place injury
• Health promotion and protection
• Enhancement of employee wellbeing
• Primary care
• Appropriate treatment
• Counseling
• Rehabilitation

47. Thank You