2. The objectives of Occupational health are
:
know about :
*Concept of Occupational health , occupational
environment , ergonomic..
* occupational hazards and related
occupational diseases
*difference between work related illness and
occupational diseases.
* measures for health protection of workers
*measures for prevention of occupational
diseases
3. Definition :
Occupational health is an area of work in public health to
promote and maintain highest degree of physical, mental and
social well-being of workers in all occupations.
According to Black (2014), the occupational environment can
be defined as “the workplace surroundings that encompass
the physical and social environment,”. The social environment
can be seen as social relationships, immediate physical
surroundings and cultural setting in which groups of people
function and interact.
Ergonomics can roughly be defined as the study of people in
their working environment. The goal is to eliminate
discomfort and risk of injury due to work. In other words, the
employee is our first priority in analyzing a workstation
4. 1. Physical hazards
2. Chemical
3. Biological
4. Psychosocial : Its hazards are
a.Psychological and behavioral
changes.
b. Psychosomatic ill-health
5. OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
1. Physical hazards
Heat – Direct & indirect effect of high temperature, radiant
heat, heat stagnation.
Cold – General & local cold injury
Light – Acute & chronic effect of bright & dim light & glare.
Radiation
a. Ionizing - X-rays,gamma rays,beta particles, alpha
particles
b. Non-ionizing - microwaves, infrared, and ultra-
violet light
Noise – Auditory & non auditory effect.
Vibration – hazardous in the frequency range of 10- 500Hz
11. Diseases due to Biological Agents
Hepatitis B Virus
Hepatitis C Virus
Tuberculosis – particularly among Healthcare
Workers
Asthma – among persons exposed to organic
dust
Blood-borne Diseases – HIV/AIDS
Anthrax
Brucellosis
Tetanus
Leptospirosis
12. OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
4. Psychosocial hazards
Work-related stress – excessive working time
and overwork
Violence – from outside the organization
Bullying – emotional and verbal abuse
Sexual Harassment
Mobbing
Burnout
Exposure to unhealthy elements – tobacco,
uncontrolled alcohol
13. Disorders due to Psychosocial Agents
MSDs and work-related psychosocial factors such as high
workload/demands, high perceived stress levels, low social
support, low job control, low job satisfaction and
monotonous work.
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs(
•can affect the body’s muscles, joints, tendons,
ligaments and nerves. As well as the back, neck,
shoulders and upper limbs; less often they affect the
lower limbs. develop over time and are caused either by
the work itself or by the employees' working
environment.
14. Psychosocial Hazards
Psychological hazards
basically causing stress to a worker. This kind
of hazard troubles an individual very much
to an extent that his general well-being is
affected.
Psychological reactions
the individual may feel frustrated, impatient,
anxious or irritable. If the situation is not
addressed, the individual may become
unmotivated, depressed and apathetic.
15. Psychosocial Hazards
Psychological causes
Directly related to the job itself: overwork, poor
work organization, poor opportunity for
promotion, low job responsibility and boring
work.
Outside pressures: financial problems, family
difficulties, transport difficulties.
Problems with work colleagues: conflict or
bullying.
16. Disorders due to Psychological
Agents
Psychological Hazards resulting from stress & strain:
Depression ,
Discouragement
Boredom
Anxiety
Memory loss
Dissatisfaction
Frustration
Irritability
Discouragement
Pessimism
17.
18. Agricultural Worker’s Diseases
Farmer’s Lung
• a hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by
inhalation of biological dusts
• could progress into a potentially dangerous
chronic condition.
• Fluid, protein and cells accumulate in the
alveolar wall, slows blood-gas interchange and
compromises the function of the lung.
Silo filler's disease (SFD)
pulmonary exposure to oxides of nitrogen – could
manifest into pulmonary oedema
19. CT scan of a 44-year-old man with chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Farmer’s Lung
20. Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder
Persistent/recurring pattern of sleep disruption
resulting either from an altered sleep-wake
schedule or an inequality between a person's
natural sleep-wake cycle and the sleep-related
demands placed on him/her
Extrinsic: Jet Lag, Shift Work Sleep Disorder
Intrinsic: Delayed
sleep phase syndrome,
advanced sleep phase
syndrome
21. Hand-arm vibration syndrome
• Repeated and
frequent use
vibrating
tools/vibrating
drills, chainsaws,
pneumaticdrills)
• Raynaud's phenomenon (“white
finger”) nerve symptoms, aches and
pains
23. Occupational Dermatitis
Inflammation of the skin caused by exposure to a
substance in the workplace. Exposure usually
occurs from direct contact but may, in rare
circumstances, occur through the airborne route
•Allergic contact dermatitis - when a person
becomes sensitized to a substance (allergen)
•Irritant contact dermatitis when the skin is
exposed to a mild irritant (such as detergent or
solvents) repeatedly over a long period of time or
to a strong irritant (such as acids, alkalis,
solvents, strong soaps, or cleansing compounds)
that can cause immediate skin damage
24. Pneumoconiosis
•
chronic lung disease caused due to the
inhalation of various forms of dust particles,
particularly in industrial workplaces, for an
extended period of time
•
Shortness of breath, wheezing and chronic
coughing are some of the symptoms
25.
26. • Asbestosis - inhalation of fibrous minerals of asbestos
• Bauxite fibrosis - exposure to bauxite fumes which
contain aluminium and silica particles.
• Berylliosis - exposure to beryllium and its compounds
• Siderosis, by deposition of iron in the tissue
• Byssinosis “brown lung disease”, caused by exposure
to cotton dust in inadequately ventilated working
environments
• Silicosiderosis, by mixed dust containing silica and iron
27. SOME OF THE MAJOR TYPES
of occupational cancer :-
1. SKIN CANCER.
2.LUNG CANCER.
3.CANCER BLADDER.
4.LEUKAEMIA.
30. The three levels of prevention
Primary
Prevention
Is designed to deter or avoid the
occurrence of disease or injury
Secondary
Prevention
Is designed to identify and
adequately treat a disease or injury
process as soon as possible, often
before any symptoms have
developed
Tertiary
Prevention
Is designed to treat a disorder when
it has advanced beyond its early
stages, to avoid complications &
limit disability, to address
rehabilitative and palliative needs
31. Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 -
Important Definitions & Questions
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32. PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES.
MEASURES FOR HEALTH PROTECTION OF
WORKERS.
1. Nutrition.
2. Communicable disease control.
3. Environmental sanitation.
– Water supply
– Food
– Toilet
– Proper garbage & waste disposal.
– General plant cleanliness.
– Sufficient space.
– Lighting.
– Ventilation.
– Protection against hazards.
33. PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES.
MEASURES FOR HEALTH PROTECTION OF WORKERS.
4. Mental health:
GOALS:
To promote health and happiness of workers.
To detect signs of stress and strain and take
necessary measures.
Treatment of employees suffering from mental
illnesses.
Rehabilitation of those who become ill.
5. Measures for women and children.
6. Family planning services
7. Health education.
34. Supervision of the working environment
•Hazard identification
•Monitoring
•Evaluation
•Engineering project review
•Control measures
•Development of personal protective devices
control and prevention of
occupational hazards.
35.
36. What are the main 3 criteria of
Hierarchy of control in Occupational
health ?
37. What are the Threshold Limit Values
(TLVs) in occupational health :
TLVs : are the maximum average
airborne concentration of a hazardous
material to which healthy adult workers can be
exposed during an 8-hour work /day and 40-
hour work/ week—over a working lifetime—
without experiencing significant adverse
health effects.
38. A TLV has three components:
Time-weighted Average (TWA) concentration
Ceiling value.
Short-term Exposure Limit (STEL) value
