This document provides an overview of occupational health services. It defines key terms like occupational health, hazards, and diseases. It describes the aims of occupational health to promote worker well-being and prevent health issues from work. Various occupational hazards are outlined like physical, chemical, biological and mechanical hazards. Common occupational diseases and disorders are explained in relation to different hazards. The roles of an occupational health team and nurse are summarized.
Occupational Health is the promotion and maintenance of
the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being
of workers in all occupations by preventing departures from
health, controlling risks and the adaptation of work to
people, and people to their jobs
Occupational Health is the promotion and maintenance of
the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being
of workers in all occupations by preventing departures from
health, controlling risks and the adaptation of work to
people, and people to their jobs
Unit -I : Community Health IntroductionSMVDCoN ,J&K
Special field of nursing that combines the skill of nursing, public health and same phase of social assistance and function as part of the total public health program for the promotion of health, the improvement of the condition in the social & physical environment, rehabilitation of illness & Disability.
voluntary health agencies have its own administrative body or committee which raises fund through its membership or through private sources. It has staff either paid or on a voluntary basis. Works for health promotion, health education & health legislation, etc.
The orderly process defining national Health problems, identifying the unmeet needs, surveying the resources to meet them, and establishing the priority goals to accomplish the purpose of proposed Programme.
Waste management in the center and clinicsKrupa Mathew
community health nursing - Role of community health nurse in waste management in the center and clinics --- for bsc nursing students --- hospital waste management ---biomedical waste management
Unit -I : Community Health IntroductionSMVDCoN ,J&K
Special field of nursing that combines the skill of nursing, public health and same phase of social assistance and function as part of the total public health program for the promotion of health, the improvement of the condition in the social & physical environment, rehabilitation of illness & Disability.
voluntary health agencies have its own administrative body or committee which raises fund through its membership or through private sources. It has staff either paid or on a voluntary basis. Works for health promotion, health education & health legislation, etc.
The orderly process defining national Health problems, identifying the unmeet needs, surveying the resources to meet them, and establishing the priority goals to accomplish the purpose of proposed Programme.
Waste management in the center and clinicsKrupa Mathew
community health nursing - Role of community health nurse in waste management in the center and clinics --- for bsc nursing students --- hospital waste management ---biomedical waste management
Occupational health & Toxicology deals with occupational related diseases such as silicosis, siderosis, asbestosis and poising by lead, Manganese, Nickel, Chromium and Magnesium
Occupational health and occupational hazards by Dr. Sonam AggarwalDr. Sonam Aggarwal
• "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations;
• the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions;
• the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health;
• the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and,
• to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job.”
The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health,1995
An occupational hazard is a hazard experienced in the workplace. Occupational hazards can encompass many types of hazards, including chemical hazards, biological hazards (biohazards), psychosocial hazards, and physical hazards. In the United States, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conduct workplace investigations and research addressing workplace health and safety hazards resulting in guidelines. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) establishes enforceable standards to prevent workplace injuries and illnesses.
Injury prevention is an effort to prevent or reduce the severity of bodily injuries caused by external mechanisms, such as accidents, before they occur. ... Researchers use the term "unintentional injury" to refer to injuries that are non volitional but preventable.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
2. INTRODUCTION
• Occupational health is the health science which is related to human work,
work-place and work environment.
• Occupational health is entirely preventive medicine.
• The main objectives of occupational health is safety of workers in all
occupations from injuries and diseases and improve their health status.
• Occupational health science gives priority to the welfare of workers
Terminology:
• Occupational health
refers to the potential risks to health and safety for those who work
outside the home
• Hazard
something that can cause harm if not controlled.
3. Conti.
• Occupational disease
Disease directly caused by a person‟s occupation.
DEFINITION OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH:
“Occupational health is the promotion & maintenance of the highest
degree of physical, mental & social wellbeing of the workers in all
occupations”
According to joint committee of WHO and ILO(1950), Occupational
health in all occupations should be:
i) care and improve the physical, mental and social well-being of workers
ii) Prevent hindrances to health including those which occur due to work place.
4. Conti.
iii) Protect the workers engaged in occupation
iv) Provide them a healthy environment
Ergonomics or human engineering:
• It is derived from Greek term-
a. Ergon means „work‟
b. Nomos means „law‟
• It simply means-
• ‘ fitting the job to the worker
5. Conti.
• Ergonomics is a well established and important aspects of occupational
health.
• The science of ergonomics deals with layout design of work places, work
environment, methods of work, designing equipment's, machines etc. with
an aim to prevent and control accidents, disabilities etc. and to improve
efficiency and well-being of workers.
• The application of science of ergonomics resulted in improvements in
working condition by detecting existing's health hazards and designing the
work place and activities according to workers, physical and psychological
abilities and requirements.
6. Conti.
Aims and objectives of occupational services
• The maintenance and promotion of workers‟ health and working capacity
• The improvement of working environment and work to become conducive
to safety and health
• Development of work organizations and working cultures in a direction
which supports health and safety at work and in doing so also promotes a
positive social climate and smooth operation and may enhance productivity
of the undertakings.
—Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health
7. OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
There are variety of hazards to which workers may be exposed and which may
cause various diseases. These are briefly here:
1. PHYSICAL HAZARDS
2. CHEMICAL HAZARDS
3. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
4. MECHANICALHAZARDS
5. PYSCHO_SOCIAL HAZARDS
8. Conti.
1. Physical Hazards :
• Heat and cold
Heat :
The workers may be exposed to high temp. either by working in the sun as farmers, road
builders in building construction or working in factories or inside rooms such as bakeries,
metal works, asbestos factory, engine room
Cold :
Many workers may be exposed to low temp. like those working in high attitudes, ice
factories, cold storages, cold laboratories
• Light: (poor light or glaring or bright light cause many problems)
• Noise:(Noise is hazard in many industries like steel, oil, textile, automobile factories
• Vibration:(occurs while working on machine like grinding, cutting, drilling, boring
machines
• Ultraviolet radiation :(sunburn also seen in road builders, sailors, shepherds and farmers)
• Ionizing radiation:(X-ray and radioactive isotopes is very hazardous)1
10. Conti.
I)Local Action :
• Dermatitis
• Eczema
• Ulcers
• Cancer by primary irritant action
II) Inhalation :
• Dusts
• Gases
• Metals and their compounds
11. Conti.
Dusts
• Dusts are finely divided solid particles with size ranging from
• 0.1 to 150 microns
• Dust particles larger than 10 microns settle down from the air rapidly,
• Indefinitely Particles smaller than 5 microns are directly inhaled into
the lungs and are retained there and is mainly responsible for
pneumoconiosis.
16. Conti.
4.Mechanical hazards
• Mechanical hazards refers to mechanical agents such as unprotected machines,
their protruding moving parts, lacks of safety measures these may causes
variety of accidents which may result in partial or permanent disabilities
5.Psycho-social hazards
Factors affect health
• Frustration
• Lack of job satisfaction,
• Insecurity
• Poor human relationships,
• Emotional tension
17. Conti.
The health effects can be classified in two:
(a) Psychological and behavioral changes
(b) Psychosomatic ill health
18. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
Classification of occupational Diseases:
I. Classification of occupational Diseases
according to the technical report of WHO
• According to the 1975 report of WHO at Geneva, “Early recognition of
occupational Hazards‟‟ are classified into the following 4 groups
I. Such diseases which occur primarily due to occupation only.
E.g. Pneumoconiosis
II. Diseases for which occupation is one of the causes.
E.g. Bronchogenic carcinoma
19. Conti.
iii. Diseases in which occupation is a factor in
complicating the situation.
E.g. Chronic Bronchitis
IV. Diseases which become more severe due to
occupation
E.g. Bronchial Asthma
20. II) Classification according to occupational
Hazards or Factors
I)DISEASE DUE TO PHYSICALAGENT:
HEAT
The direct effects are
• Burns
• Heat exhaustion
• Heat stroke
• Heat cramps
The indirect effects are
• Decreased efficiency,
• Increased fatigue
• Enhanced accident rates.
22. Conti.
LIGHT
The acute effects of poor illumination are
• Eye strain,
• Headache,
• Eye pain,
• Lacrimation,
• Congestion around the cornea
• Eye fatigue.
• The chronic effects on health include "miner's Nystagmus"
23. Conti.
• NOISE
i) Auditory effects
• Temporary or permanent hearing loss
(ii) Non auditory effects
• Nervousness,
• Fatigue,
• Interference with communication by speech,
• Decreased efficiency
24. Conti.
VIBRATIONS:
Exposure to vibration may also produce injuries of the joints of the hands
elbows and shoulders.
Ultraviolet radiation
• Conjunctivitis
• Keratitis (welder's flash)
25. Conti.
Ionizing radiation:
The radiation hazards comprise:
•Genetic changes
•Malformation
•Cancer
•Leukaemia
•Depilation
•Ulceration
•Sterility in extreme cases death
26. II)DISEASE DUE TO CHEMICALAGENT
Gases: (Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide,
hydrochloric, ammonia, sulphur dioxide) produces gas toxicity and
respiratory diseases.
Dust(Pneumoconiosis):
• Organic and inorganic dust(Particles of Asbestos, cotton, tobacco, coal,
silica, metal) causes many diseases
Metals and their compounds: lead ,mercury, cadmium, manganese,
beryllium, arsenic,chromium.
Chemicals: acids, alkalies, pesticides
Solvents: carbon disulphide, chloroform , benzene
Causes several dosorders
27. PNEUMOCONIOSIS
• Dusts within the range of 0.5 micron to 3 micron is a health hazard
producing, after a variable period of exposure, a lung disease known as
pneumoconiosis, which may gradually cripple a man by reducing his work
capacity due to lung fibrosis and other complications .Pneumoconiosis is
the group of disorder produce by variety of dusts.
These are:
• Silicosis
• Anthracosis
• Byssinosis
• Bagassosis
• Asbestosis
• Farmers lungs
28. Silicosis
• Caused by inhalation of dust containing
free silica or silicon dioxide
• Snow storm appearance in X ray
29. Anthracosis
• It is caused by inhalation of dust containing coal miners.
• First phase is called simple pneumoconiosis which is
associated with little impairment.
• Second phase is characterized by Progressive massive fibrosis
30. Byssinosis
• Inhalation of cotton fiber dust over long periods of, time. Also called
Monday fever.
The symptoms are:
• Chronic cough
• Progressive dyspnea,
• Chronic bronchitis
• Emphysema
31. Bagassosis
• Caused by inhalation of bagasse or sugar-cane dust. It‟s a air bone
diseases.
The symptoms are:
• Breathlessness
• Cough
• Hemoptysis
Preventive measures:
• Dust control ,Personal protection
• Medical control
• Bagasse control
32. Asbestosis
• Asbestos is of two types- serpentine or chrysolite variety and
amphibole type.
Symptoms are :
• dyspnea.
• Clubbing of fingers,
• Cardiac distress and cyanosis.
• The sputum shows "asbestos bodies"
• An X-ray of the chest shows a ground-glass appearance in the lower two
thirds of the lung fields
33. Conti.
• PREVENTIVE MEASURES
• Use of safer types of asbestos (chrysolite and amosite)
• Substitution of other insulates: glass fiber, mineral wool, calcium silicate,
plastic foams, etc.
• Rigorous dust control
• Periodic examination of workers; biological monitoring (clinical, X-ray,
lung function)
Farmer's lung
• Farmer's lung is due to the inhalation of mouldy hay or grain dust
34. Occupational Cancer
• Bladder cancer: dye stuff, dyeing industries, rubber, gas and electrical
cable industry.
• Leukaemia: benzoyl, roengent rays and radioactive substance.
Preventive measures:
• Elimination or control of industrial carcinogens.
• Medical examination Inspection of factories, Notification, Licensing of
establishments,
• Personal hygiene measures,
• Education of workers and management, research.
36. Conti.
III. DISEASE DUE TO BIOLOGICALAGENT
• Brucellosis, leptospirosis, anthrax, tetanus, encephalitis, fungal infection.
IV. OCCUPATIONAL CANCER
• Cancer of the skin, lungs, bladder
V. OCCUPATIONAL DERMATOSIS
• Dermatitis, eczema
VI. DISEASE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ORIGIN
• Industrial neurosis, hypertension, peptic ulcer.
37. MEASURES FOR HEALTH PROMOTION
OF WORKERS
Nutrition
Communicable disease control
Environmental sanitation
Mental health
Measures for women and children
Health education
Family planning
Measures to prevent occupational Diseases
38. Conti.
Nutrition
• Malnutrition is the major problem among worker.
• There need to be a canteen if the number of employees exceeds 250
• Provide diet and snacks at reasonable rates
• Dining room
Communicable disease control
• Early diagnosis and treatment.
• Isolate the cases from working environment
• Protective measures
• Immunization against specific diseases-TB, Typhoid, Hepatitis
• Anthrax, undulant fever,Q-fever diseases have occupational origin
39. Conti.
Environmental sanitation:
• Avoid common glass tumbler to drink water and install drinking water
fountains.
• Food hygiene and Education to food handlers
• Sufficient number of toilets and urinals separately for males and females.
• One sanitary convenience for 25 employees till 100;thereafter one for every
50
• General cleanliness to be maintained
• Adequate lighting
• Protection from dust, fumes, and toxic hazards
• Housing facility near to work area desirable
40. Conti.
Mental health:
• Mental health facilitates good physical health. We cannot separate mind
and body
• Promotion of health and happiness
• Detection of any signs of emotional stress
• Rehabilitation of the ill.
Measures for women and children:
• Maternity leave for 12 weeks with cash benefit under ESI Act.
• Ante/intra/postnatal services.
• Provision of crèches for children
• Prohibition of employing women and children in certain dangerous
occupation
41. Conti.
• Prohibition of night work between 6 PM and 7 AM
• Prohibition of work-underground
• No child below 14 shall be employed
Health education:
Health education is encouraged in all levels of planning to promote employees
health and to protect them from occupational hazards and other communicable
,non-communicable diseases.
Family planning:
Employees are encouraged to adopt „‟small family norm”& lead physically and
economically health family.
42. Conti.
Measures to prevent occupational Diseases:
The various measures to prevent occupational diseases are classified into-
Medical
Engineering
Legislative
Medical Measures
Pre-placement examination:
• This refers to the medical examination carried out to placement in order to
place right man in right in job.
• Preplacement examination of employees will function as yardstick to make
future comparisons.
43. Conti.
Periodical Examination:
• Periodical examination will help in diagnosing the disease since
occupational disease take very slow process of development.
• Usually, the workers are examined once in a year, again it also depends
upon the kind of occupational exposure. Like as lead, toxic dyes needs
monthly examination.
Medical Health care services:
• In India, Employees State Insurance (ESI)scheme provides medical
services to the employee and his family, prompt first aid & vaccination
services rendered to protect the worker and the family
Visit to working Environment:
• Physician takes all the efforts to visit the work environment periodically.
• He Assess for adequate light, ventilation, noise level, fatigue also
SU2NJU4
44. Conti.
Engineering measures:
• Design of building
• Good housekeeping
• General ventilation
• Mechanization
• Substitution
• Dusts
• Enclosure
• Isolation
• Local Exhaust ventilation
• Protective devices
45. Conti.
Legislative measures: It may include
• The factories Act,1948
• The ESI Act,1948
• Mine and Mineral Act,(Development & Regulation act,1957)
• Noise Pollution(Regulation and control) Rules,2000
• The child Labor (Prohibition and regulation) Act,1986
• The Air (prevention and control of pollution ) Act,1981
• Maternity Benefit Act(1961)
• Minimum Wages Act(1948)
46. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH TEAM
• Occupational nurse
• Physiotherapist
• Specialist doctor
• Industrial manager
• Supervisor
• Shift in-chare
• Rehabilitation specialist
• Labour welfare officer
• Labour union reprentative
• Reprentative of voluntary organization
47. ROLE AND FUNCTION OF
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSE
Roles of occupational health nurse:
• Nurse as a practitioner
• Health educator
• Health administrator/manager
• Counsellor
Function of occupational health nurse:
• Identify occupational dangers at work place
• Health survey and preparing programme for health improvement
• Health assessment and examination
• In times of emergency or accident providing health facilities and first aid to
workers as per the need
• Provide health education
48. • Finding out community resources for health needs of worker and company.
• Developing workers assistance programme
• Organising resuscitation training programme and first aid health education.
• Informing the management /administration about health hazards
• Participation in referral services of the workers
• Keeping up to date health record of the worker
• Working as a occupation health team member
• Evaluation of occupational programme.
