This document discusses occupational health and toxicology. It defines occupational health as promoting worker well-being in all occupations. Occupational safety aims to control workplace hazards and their impact. The document outlines several occupational diseases caused by exposure to substances like asbestos, silica, coal dust, heavy metals and industrial chemicals. It describes symptoms, exposure sources and prevention methods for conditions like pneumoconiosis, asbestosis, silicosis, and poisonings from lead, nickel, manganese, chromium, carbon monoxide and ammonia. The objectives of occupational health services are to prevent diseases and injuries, adapt work environments, and promote worker efficiency and wellness.
The document discusses occupational poisonings from toxic substances like heavy metals, pesticides, and organic solvents. It describes the health effects of various heavy metals including arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, and nickel. Signs and symptoms of acute poisoning from organophosphate pesticides are also outlined, which develop rapidly from inhalation or skin exposure and involve excessive sweating, vomiting, and seizures.
This document discusses occupational hygiene and toxicology. It defines occupational hygiene as anticipating, recognizing, evaluating, controlling and preventing workplace hazards that can cause injury or illness. Toxicology is the study of adverse health effects from exposures to toxins. The document discusses measuring toxicity through various methods including LD50 tests on animals. It also covers classifying substances and toxins based on their health and environmental hazards.
Lead is a blue-gray, heavy, soft metallic element that occurs naturally in the earth’s crust. It is a malleable metal, so it can be easily worked - you can hammer it into protective sheets or make pipes and bend them easily. It is dense, and has good shielding protection against radiation, so it is used as ballast or to shield against penetrating forms of ionizing radiation. Metallic lead is tasteless and odorless, although some of the oxides and salts of lead taste sweet. (This sweet taste of lead salts is a source of problems for children!). Lead is insoluble in water, but some of the salts do dissolve, hence lead salts can be carried long distances in water supplies. Lead fumes will be easily formed when lead is heated. Although there is not a lot of lead in the earth’s crust – lead is ubiquitous, especially in modern industry.
This document provides an overview of occupational hygiene. It defines occupational hygiene as anticipating, recognizing, evaluating, controlling and preventing hazards from work that may result in injury or illness. It discusses the types of health hazards workers may face, including chemical, physical, biological and ergonomic hazards. The document also outlines the roles and responsibilities of occupational hygienists in protecting worker health through practices like hazard identification, exposure assessment, and implementing controls.
This document discusses human health risk assessment. It defines risk assessment as having two main types - quantitative risk assessment and environmental risk assessment. Environmental risk assessment includes human health risk assessment, where risk is defined as hazard times exposure. The document outlines the process of human health risk assessment, including determining exposure through intake calculations, establishing toxicity values from animal studies with uncertainty factors, and characterizing risk for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chemicals by calculating hazard quotients and risk levels. The goal of risk assessment is to properly assess and manage risks to avoid health effects.
Environmental and occupational disorders are an important aspect of clinical medicine. Physicians, employers, employees, and the general public need to be aware of epidemiological and clinical findings of these disorders and how to treat and prevent them. Environmental pulmonary diseases result from inhalation of various pollutants and the lungs are continually exposed. Pathologic processes can involve the airways, interstitium, and pleurae. Guidelines for diagnosing an occupational lung disorder include exposure to a known hazardous agent, appropriate latency between exposure and symptoms, symptoms consistent with the exposure-related disorder, and no other more likely explanation for signs and symptoms. Prevention focuses on reducing exposure through administrative controls, engineering controls, product substitution, and respiratory protection.
This document provides an introduction to occupational safety and health. It discusses how occupational health draws from multiple disciplines to protect worker health. It outlines common workplace safety hazards and resulting injuries or diseases. Finally, it describes key concepts in occupational safety including industrial hygiene, ergonomics, risk assessment, and risk management.
The document discusses occupational poisonings from toxic substances like heavy metals, pesticides, and organic solvents. It describes the health effects of various heavy metals including arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, and nickel. Signs and symptoms of acute poisoning from organophosphate pesticides are also outlined, which develop rapidly from inhalation or skin exposure and involve excessive sweating, vomiting, and seizures.
This document discusses occupational hygiene and toxicology. It defines occupational hygiene as anticipating, recognizing, evaluating, controlling and preventing workplace hazards that can cause injury or illness. Toxicology is the study of adverse health effects from exposures to toxins. The document discusses measuring toxicity through various methods including LD50 tests on animals. It also covers classifying substances and toxins based on their health and environmental hazards.
Lead is a blue-gray, heavy, soft metallic element that occurs naturally in the earth’s crust. It is a malleable metal, so it can be easily worked - you can hammer it into protective sheets or make pipes and bend them easily. It is dense, and has good shielding protection against radiation, so it is used as ballast or to shield against penetrating forms of ionizing radiation. Metallic lead is tasteless and odorless, although some of the oxides and salts of lead taste sweet. (This sweet taste of lead salts is a source of problems for children!). Lead is insoluble in water, but some of the salts do dissolve, hence lead salts can be carried long distances in water supplies. Lead fumes will be easily formed when lead is heated. Although there is not a lot of lead in the earth’s crust – lead is ubiquitous, especially in modern industry.
This document provides an overview of occupational hygiene. It defines occupational hygiene as anticipating, recognizing, evaluating, controlling and preventing hazards from work that may result in injury or illness. It discusses the types of health hazards workers may face, including chemical, physical, biological and ergonomic hazards. The document also outlines the roles and responsibilities of occupational hygienists in protecting worker health through practices like hazard identification, exposure assessment, and implementing controls.
This document discusses human health risk assessment. It defines risk assessment as having two main types - quantitative risk assessment and environmental risk assessment. Environmental risk assessment includes human health risk assessment, where risk is defined as hazard times exposure. The document outlines the process of human health risk assessment, including determining exposure through intake calculations, establishing toxicity values from animal studies with uncertainty factors, and characterizing risk for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chemicals by calculating hazard quotients and risk levels. The goal of risk assessment is to properly assess and manage risks to avoid health effects.
Environmental and occupational disorders are an important aspect of clinical medicine. Physicians, employers, employees, and the general public need to be aware of epidemiological and clinical findings of these disorders and how to treat and prevent them. Environmental pulmonary diseases result from inhalation of various pollutants and the lungs are continually exposed. Pathologic processes can involve the airways, interstitium, and pleurae. Guidelines for diagnosing an occupational lung disorder include exposure to a known hazardous agent, appropriate latency between exposure and symptoms, symptoms consistent with the exposure-related disorder, and no other more likely explanation for signs and symptoms. Prevention focuses on reducing exposure through administrative controls, engineering controls, product substitution, and respiratory protection.
This document provides an introduction to occupational safety and health. It discusses how occupational health draws from multiple disciplines to protect worker health. It outlines common workplace safety hazards and resulting injuries or diseases. Finally, it describes key concepts in occupational safety including industrial hygiene, ergonomics, risk assessment, and risk management.
Introduction to toxicology gases and metalsNITISH SHAH
Toxicology is the study of the harmful effects of chemicals on living organisms, with toxicologists studying these effects and assessing the probability of their occurrence. The document outlines the key aspects of toxicology including what it entails, common toxic agents, how toxicity is classified and measured, diagnostic evaluation of potential poisoning, and general management approaches for poisoning patients. Toxicology plays an important role in various fields including public health, forensics, occupational safety and environmental protection.
Toxic chemicals are substances that can cause harmful effects above a certain level of exposure. The toxicity of a substance refers to its ability to cause adverse effects in humans through skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion. Common measures of toxicity include the LD50, which indicates the lethal dose for 50% of a population. Toxic chemicals are metabolized and distributed throughout the body, and can cause manifestations of poisoning by interacting with organs and tissues. Environmental toxicology studies the harmful impacts of chemicals, biological agents, and physical pollutants on living organisms and ecosystems.
Presentation by Prof. George Gray, Director of the Centre for Risk Science and Public Health, George Washington University, at the Workshop on Risk Assessment in Regulatory Policy Analysis (RIA), Session 12, Mexico, 9-11 June 2014. Further information is available at http://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/
• History of Occupational Diseases (O.D) Listing
• Definition of O.D and Work-Related Diseases (WRD)
• Criteria for identification of O.D
• International List of O.D
• Prescribed Occupational Diseases
Biologist Louis Guillette found alligators at Lake Apopka, Florida with reproductive abnormalities. Research revealed that chemicals contaminating the lake were disrupting the alligators' reproductive hormones. The lake had been contaminated with pesticides that acted as endocrine disruptors.
Occupational diseases are chronic ailments that occur as a result of work or occupational activity. They can develop instantly upon exposure to hazards like gases, or gradually over weeks, months, or decades from exposures like heavy metals or carcinogens. Globally, there are millions of occupational disease cases and deaths annually, costing countries 2-14% of GDP. Occupational diseases are classified into categories like those from physical, chemical, or biological agents. Examples of specific occupational diseases discussed are pneumoconiosis like black lung from inhaling dusts, occupational dermatitis from skin exposures, and hand-arm vibration syndrome from using vibrating tools. Prevention strategies include engineering controls, protective equipment, health monitoring, and legislation.
Occupational hygiene aims to prevent illness caused by workplace hazards. It does this through recognizing, evaluating, and controlling hazardous agents via a multidisciplinary approach involving chemistry, toxicology, physics, biology, engineering, and law. Hazards include chemicals, physical agents like noise and vibration, biological agents, and ergonomic risks. Risk is determined by assessing the hazard and level of worker exposure. Controls follow a hierarchy starting with eliminating or substituting the hazard, then using engineering controls, administrative controls like safe work practices, and finally personal protective equipment. Occupational hygienists play a key role in anticipating hazards, conducting exposure assessments, and advising on prevention strategies to protect worker health.
This document discusses key concepts in toxicology including definitions of terms like toxicant, dose-response relationships, and threshold limit values. It explains that toxicology is the study of how toxicants enter and affect organisms, and are eliminated from the body. Toxicological studies aim to quantify the response of biological systems to toxicants, but have difficulties due to individual variability and ethical limitations of human studies.
Occupational diseases are diseases that are caused or aggravated by the work or work environment. Some key points:
- Occupational diseases can have varying time frames between exposure and symptoms, from immediate to decades later.
- Major causes of occupational diseases include physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial hazards. Common examples are respiratory diseases from dusts or fumes, musculoskeletal disorders, and work-related stress.
- Prevention of occupational diseases involves controlling exposures through substitution of hazardous materials, engineering controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment, and health monitoring programs. The goal is primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
Chemical hazards can occur when employees are exposed to chemicals in solid, liquid, or gas form through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion. Examples of chemical hazards include vapors, fumes, mists, gases, and liquids from cleaning products, solvents, carbon monoxide, gasoline, and other flammable materials. To prevent chemical hazards, employers should require protective equipment like gloves, masks, eye wear, and clothing for employees who come into contact with harmful chemicals, especially those working in manufacturing or laboratory settings.
This document provides an overview of occupational health and safety topics including accidents in industry, sickness absenteeism, health problems due to industrialization, and the prevention of occupational diseases. It discusses human and environmental factors that contribute to industrial accidents. It also outlines medical, engineering, and legislative measures that can be implemented to prevent occupational hazards. These include pre-placement exams, periodic health exams, ventilation improvements, protective equipment, and labor laws governing facilities and working hours. The document provides details on the Employees' State Insurance Act which provides medical and cash benefits for occupational injuries and illnesses.
This document summarizes various occupational health hazards. It discusses five main types of hazards: physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychosocial. Physical hazards include heat, cold, light, noise, vibration, ultraviolet radiation, and ionizing radiation. Chemical hazards include dusts, gases, and metals that can be inhaled or cause skin reactions. Biological hazards refer to infectious agents encountered in healthcare or agriculture. Mechanical hazards involve moving machinery parts. Psychosocial hazards arise from psychological stress at work and can cause psychological or psychosomatic health effects. The document provides examples of diseases associated with different occupational hazards.
Industrial toxicology deals with the toxic properties of substances that people are exposed to in occupational and non-occupational settings. Toxicity is the study of how the body responds to toxic substances. Toxic effects can be acute or chronic and result from inhalation, ingestion, skin/eye contact, or other routes of exposure. Setting workplace standards involves understanding chemical toxicity through methods like chemical analogy, animal experimentation, and establishing exposure limits based on a substance's toxic properties.
Applied toxicology chemical risk assessmentAsif Yahya
The document discusses risk assessment for toxicology. It begins with definitions of key terms from toxicology like hazard identification, hazard characterization, and risk characterization. It then explains the four main steps of risk assessment: hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Various data sources and approaches for each step are provided like using epidemiological, animal, and in vitro studies to identify hazards. The risk characterization step integrates the previous steps to provide advice for risk managers. The document provides several examples of chemicals and how their risks were assessed and characterized.
Dioxins are toxic, chlorinated chemicals that persist in the environment for long periods. They accumulate in the food chain and enter the human body primarily through consumption of animal products like meat and dairy. Major sources of dioxin contamination include waste incineration, industrial processes, and natural events like forest fires. Exposure to dioxins is linked to increased risks of cancer, skin conditions, diabetes, and damage to the immune system. Recommendations to reduce dioxin intake focus on choosing low-fat animal products and increasing consumption of plant-based foods.
presentation on Environmental and occupational healthNighatKanwal
The document discusses environmental and occupational health. It defines environmental health as concerning all natural and built aspects that affect population health. Most environmental health practitioners work to ensure safe water, food, air, and working conditions. Occupational health aims for workers' maximum physical, mental and social well-being. It works to reduce hazards and diseases at work. An occupational health service conducts pre-employment exams, emergency response, workplace monitoring, health education and rehabilitation to protect workers and make the workplace safer.
This document provides historical context on occupational health and discusses key figures and concepts. It summarizes that Bernardino Ramazzini in 1700 published the first study linking environmental hazards to specific occupations and diseases. In 1775, Sir Percivall Pott associated cancer with occupational exposure from chimney sweeping. Occupational health refers to risks and safety for work outside the home. Occupational diseases are directly caused by a person's occupation. The document outlines various occupational hazards like physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial factors and diseases they can cause. It also discusses prevention of occupational diseases through various medical and environmental measures.
Toxicology is the study of how poisons affect living organisms. Some key points:
- Toxicology has a long history dating back to the 15th century physician Paracelsus who said "the dose makes the poison."
- Toxicants can enter the body through various routes like skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion and cause local or systemic effects.
- Toxicants are classified into categories like heavy metals, solvents, radiation, pesticides, and plant/animal toxins. Each can have acute and chronic health effects depending on dose and route of exposure.
- Toxicokinetics refers to how the body absorbs, distributes, and eliminates toxins while
This document discusses metal toxicity and provides information about three heavy metals - arsenic, lead, and mercury. It notes that arsenic, lead, and mercury are numbers 1, 2, and 3, respectively, on the ATSDR's "Top 20 List" of hazardous substances. For each metal, it outlines common sources of exposure, symptoms of poisoning, and other key facts. The document emphasizes that heavy metals can accumulate in the body over time and cause both acute and chronic toxicity. It also stresses the importance of preventing environmental pollution to avoid health issues.
Occupational health is an important branch of community health that deals with promoting worker health and safety. It was originally focused on factories and mines but now covers all employment sectors. The goals of occupational health are to maintain high physical, mental, and social well-being for workers; prevent health issues from working conditions; and protect workers from risks in their employment. Common occupational hazards include physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, psychosocial, and radiation-related risks. Preventive measures include medical examinations, hazard controls, safety training, and legislative protections. Occupational health nursing plays a key role in prevention, treatment, education, management, coordination, advising, and research activities to support worker health.
Class Presentation on Occupational Health ppt.pptxGouri Das
The document provides an overview of occupational health, including:
1. It defines occupational health as promoting and maintaining workers' physical, mental, and social well-being, and preventing work-related health issues.
2. Occupational health aims to identify workplace hazards, implement controls, ensure job demands match individual abilities, and provide services for vulnerable/incapacitated workers.
3. Common occupational hazards include physical (noise, vibration), chemical, biological, psychosocial, and diseases like silicosis.
4. Legislation like the Factories Act and Employees' State Insurance Act aim to protect worker health and provide medical benefits for work-related issues.
Introduction to toxicology gases and metalsNITISH SHAH
Toxicology is the study of the harmful effects of chemicals on living organisms, with toxicologists studying these effects and assessing the probability of their occurrence. The document outlines the key aspects of toxicology including what it entails, common toxic agents, how toxicity is classified and measured, diagnostic evaluation of potential poisoning, and general management approaches for poisoning patients. Toxicology plays an important role in various fields including public health, forensics, occupational safety and environmental protection.
Toxic chemicals are substances that can cause harmful effects above a certain level of exposure. The toxicity of a substance refers to its ability to cause adverse effects in humans through skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion. Common measures of toxicity include the LD50, which indicates the lethal dose for 50% of a population. Toxic chemicals are metabolized and distributed throughout the body, and can cause manifestations of poisoning by interacting with organs and tissues. Environmental toxicology studies the harmful impacts of chemicals, biological agents, and physical pollutants on living organisms and ecosystems.
Presentation by Prof. George Gray, Director of the Centre for Risk Science and Public Health, George Washington University, at the Workshop on Risk Assessment in Regulatory Policy Analysis (RIA), Session 12, Mexico, 9-11 June 2014. Further information is available at http://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/
• History of Occupational Diseases (O.D) Listing
• Definition of O.D and Work-Related Diseases (WRD)
• Criteria for identification of O.D
• International List of O.D
• Prescribed Occupational Diseases
Biologist Louis Guillette found alligators at Lake Apopka, Florida with reproductive abnormalities. Research revealed that chemicals contaminating the lake were disrupting the alligators' reproductive hormones. The lake had been contaminated with pesticides that acted as endocrine disruptors.
Occupational diseases are chronic ailments that occur as a result of work or occupational activity. They can develop instantly upon exposure to hazards like gases, or gradually over weeks, months, or decades from exposures like heavy metals or carcinogens. Globally, there are millions of occupational disease cases and deaths annually, costing countries 2-14% of GDP. Occupational diseases are classified into categories like those from physical, chemical, or biological agents. Examples of specific occupational diseases discussed are pneumoconiosis like black lung from inhaling dusts, occupational dermatitis from skin exposures, and hand-arm vibration syndrome from using vibrating tools. Prevention strategies include engineering controls, protective equipment, health monitoring, and legislation.
Occupational hygiene aims to prevent illness caused by workplace hazards. It does this through recognizing, evaluating, and controlling hazardous agents via a multidisciplinary approach involving chemistry, toxicology, physics, biology, engineering, and law. Hazards include chemicals, physical agents like noise and vibration, biological agents, and ergonomic risks. Risk is determined by assessing the hazard and level of worker exposure. Controls follow a hierarchy starting with eliminating or substituting the hazard, then using engineering controls, administrative controls like safe work practices, and finally personal protective equipment. Occupational hygienists play a key role in anticipating hazards, conducting exposure assessments, and advising on prevention strategies to protect worker health.
This document discusses key concepts in toxicology including definitions of terms like toxicant, dose-response relationships, and threshold limit values. It explains that toxicology is the study of how toxicants enter and affect organisms, and are eliminated from the body. Toxicological studies aim to quantify the response of biological systems to toxicants, but have difficulties due to individual variability and ethical limitations of human studies.
Occupational diseases are diseases that are caused or aggravated by the work or work environment. Some key points:
- Occupational diseases can have varying time frames between exposure and symptoms, from immediate to decades later.
- Major causes of occupational diseases include physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial hazards. Common examples are respiratory diseases from dusts or fumes, musculoskeletal disorders, and work-related stress.
- Prevention of occupational diseases involves controlling exposures through substitution of hazardous materials, engineering controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment, and health monitoring programs. The goal is primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
Chemical hazards can occur when employees are exposed to chemicals in solid, liquid, or gas form through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion. Examples of chemical hazards include vapors, fumes, mists, gases, and liquids from cleaning products, solvents, carbon monoxide, gasoline, and other flammable materials. To prevent chemical hazards, employers should require protective equipment like gloves, masks, eye wear, and clothing for employees who come into contact with harmful chemicals, especially those working in manufacturing or laboratory settings.
This document provides an overview of occupational health and safety topics including accidents in industry, sickness absenteeism, health problems due to industrialization, and the prevention of occupational diseases. It discusses human and environmental factors that contribute to industrial accidents. It also outlines medical, engineering, and legislative measures that can be implemented to prevent occupational hazards. These include pre-placement exams, periodic health exams, ventilation improvements, protective equipment, and labor laws governing facilities and working hours. The document provides details on the Employees' State Insurance Act which provides medical and cash benefits for occupational injuries and illnesses.
This document summarizes various occupational health hazards. It discusses five main types of hazards: physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychosocial. Physical hazards include heat, cold, light, noise, vibration, ultraviolet radiation, and ionizing radiation. Chemical hazards include dusts, gases, and metals that can be inhaled or cause skin reactions. Biological hazards refer to infectious agents encountered in healthcare or agriculture. Mechanical hazards involve moving machinery parts. Psychosocial hazards arise from psychological stress at work and can cause psychological or psychosomatic health effects. The document provides examples of diseases associated with different occupational hazards.
Industrial toxicology deals with the toxic properties of substances that people are exposed to in occupational and non-occupational settings. Toxicity is the study of how the body responds to toxic substances. Toxic effects can be acute or chronic and result from inhalation, ingestion, skin/eye contact, or other routes of exposure. Setting workplace standards involves understanding chemical toxicity through methods like chemical analogy, animal experimentation, and establishing exposure limits based on a substance's toxic properties.
Applied toxicology chemical risk assessmentAsif Yahya
The document discusses risk assessment for toxicology. It begins with definitions of key terms from toxicology like hazard identification, hazard characterization, and risk characterization. It then explains the four main steps of risk assessment: hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Various data sources and approaches for each step are provided like using epidemiological, animal, and in vitro studies to identify hazards. The risk characterization step integrates the previous steps to provide advice for risk managers. The document provides several examples of chemicals and how their risks were assessed and characterized.
Dioxins are toxic, chlorinated chemicals that persist in the environment for long periods. They accumulate in the food chain and enter the human body primarily through consumption of animal products like meat and dairy. Major sources of dioxin contamination include waste incineration, industrial processes, and natural events like forest fires. Exposure to dioxins is linked to increased risks of cancer, skin conditions, diabetes, and damage to the immune system. Recommendations to reduce dioxin intake focus on choosing low-fat animal products and increasing consumption of plant-based foods.
presentation on Environmental and occupational healthNighatKanwal
The document discusses environmental and occupational health. It defines environmental health as concerning all natural and built aspects that affect population health. Most environmental health practitioners work to ensure safe water, food, air, and working conditions. Occupational health aims for workers' maximum physical, mental and social well-being. It works to reduce hazards and diseases at work. An occupational health service conducts pre-employment exams, emergency response, workplace monitoring, health education and rehabilitation to protect workers and make the workplace safer.
This document provides historical context on occupational health and discusses key figures and concepts. It summarizes that Bernardino Ramazzini in 1700 published the first study linking environmental hazards to specific occupations and diseases. In 1775, Sir Percivall Pott associated cancer with occupational exposure from chimney sweeping. Occupational health refers to risks and safety for work outside the home. Occupational diseases are directly caused by a person's occupation. The document outlines various occupational hazards like physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial factors and diseases they can cause. It also discusses prevention of occupational diseases through various medical and environmental measures.
Toxicology is the study of how poisons affect living organisms. Some key points:
- Toxicology has a long history dating back to the 15th century physician Paracelsus who said "the dose makes the poison."
- Toxicants can enter the body through various routes like skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion and cause local or systemic effects.
- Toxicants are classified into categories like heavy metals, solvents, radiation, pesticides, and plant/animal toxins. Each can have acute and chronic health effects depending on dose and route of exposure.
- Toxicokinetics refers to how the body absorbs, distributes, and eliminates toxins while
This document discusses metal toxicity and provides information about three heavy metals - arsenic, lead, and mercury. It notes that arsenic, lead, and mercury are numbers 1, 2, and 3, respectively, on the ATSDR's "Top 20 List" of hazardous substances. For each metal, it outlines common sources of exposure, symptoms of poisoning, and other key facts. The document emphasizes that heavy metals can accumulate in the body over time and cause both acute and chronic toxicity. It also stresses the importance of preventing environmental pollution to avoid health issues.
Occupational health is an important branch of community health that deals with promoting worker health and safety. It was originally focused on factories and mines but now covers all employment sectors. The goals of occupational health are to maintain high physical, mental, and social well-being for workers; prevent health issues from working conditions; and protect workers from risks in their employment. Common occupational hazards include physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, psychosocial, and radiation-related risks. Preventive measures include medical examinations, hazard controls, safety training, and legislative protections. Occupational health nursing plays a key role in prevention, treatment, education, management, coordination, advising, and research activities to support worker health.
Class Presentation on Occupational Health ppt.pptxGouri Das
The document provides an overview of occupational health, including:
1. It defines occupational health as promoting and maintaining workers' physical, mental, and social well-being, and preventing work-related health issues.
2. Occupational health aims to identify workplace hazards, implement controls, ensure job demands match individual abilities, and provide services for vulnerable/incapacitated workers.
3. Common occupational hazards include physical (noise, vibration), chemical, biological, psychosocial, and diseases like silicosis.
4. Legislation like the Factories Act and Employees' State Insurance Act aim to protect worker health and provide medical benefits for work-related issues.
Occupational health and occupational hazards by Dr. Sonam AggarwalDr. Sonam Aggarwal
• "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations;
• the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions;
• the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health;
• the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and,
• to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job.”
The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health,1995
Occupational health services or Industrial health servicesKunal Soni
This document provides an overview of occupational health services. It defines key terms like occupational health, hazards, and diseases. It describes the aims of occupational health to promote worker well-being and prevent health issues from work. Various occupational hazards are outlined like physical, chemical, biological and mechanical hazards. Common occupational diseases and disorders are explained in relation to different hazards. The roles of an occupational health team and nurse are summarized.
This document discusses occupational hazards and diseases. It begins by defining occupational environment and describing the three main types of interactions: between people and physical/chemical/biological agents, between people and machines, and between people. It then examines several specific occupational hazards and diseases in more detail, including: pneumoconiosis, silicosis, asbestosis, lead poisoning, occupational cancer, dermatitis, and radiation hazards. Prevention strategies are outlined for many of these conditions.
1. Infection control in dental practice aims to prevent transmission of diseases between patients and practitioners through various modes of transmission.
2. Standard precautions like sterilization, use of personal protective equipment, aseptic techniques and waste management help control infections.
3. Occupational hazards in dentistry include physical, chemical, biological, psychological and musculoskeletal risks that can be prevented through engineering controls, safe work practices and use of personal protective equipment.
Occupational Health , Occupational health HazardsShijinKelambeth1
Occupational health deals with the physical, mental and social well-being of workers in relation to their work and work environment. It involves preventing work-related sickness, injuries and diseases. The document discusses various occupational hazards like physical, chemical, biological, mechanical and psychosocial hazards. It also discusses occupational diseases caused by these hazards, and measures to prevent occupational health issues like administrative controls, engineering controls, ergonomics, and medical measures like pre-employment checks and periodic medical examinations.
This document defines and discusses occupational health and safety. It notes that occupational health concerns the physical, mental, and social well-being of workers in relation to their jobs and work environments. Occupational safety aims to protect employees from hazards at work. The document outlines various occupational hazards including physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychosocial hazards. It also discusses occupational diseases, preventive measures, and the roles of legislation, engineering controls, and medical professionals in promoting occupational health and safety.
The document discusses occupational diseases and hazards. It notes that there are over 100 million occupational injuries worldwide each year according to WHO, including 17 million non-fatal and 45,000 fatal injuries in India alone. It defines occupational health and lists factors that can affect worker health like physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial hazards. Common occupational diseases mentioned include pneumoconiosis, lead poisoning, and cancers. The document outlines preventive measures against occupational hazards including pre-placement exams, engineering controls, protective equipment, legislation, and the roles of health providers in prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation.
This document discusses occupational health and safety. It defines occupational health as promoting workers' physical, mental, and social well-being. Occupational health aims to prevent occupational diseases and injuries. It also aims to adapt workplaces and make them suitable for workers' needs. The document outlines various health hazards like physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial hazards. It discusses preventive methods like engineering controls and legislation. Finally, it mentions some employee benefits and the role of occupational health nurses.
This document discusses occupational health and defines it as promoting workers' physical, mental, and social well-being. It aims to prevent health issues caused by working conditions and protect workers from health risks. The objectives of occupational health are identifying hazards, controlling exposures, finding the causes of health problems, and providing a safe work environment. The tools used include epidemiology, health screening, education, and applying preventive medicine. Common occupational hazards are physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychological agents. The document outlines diseases associated with different hazard types and preventive measures.
Occupational health aims to promote workers' physical, mental, and social well-being. It focuses on preventing health issues, protecting workers, and maintaining their health and working capacity. Occupational health objectives include maintaining workers' health and capacity, improving the working environment and making it safer and more conducive to health, and enhancing productivity. Preventive measures include health promotion, specific protection, early diagnosis and treatment, disability limitation, and rehabilitation. Occupational health addresses physical, chemical, biological, psychosocial, and other workplace hazards that can impact worker health.
prevention and control of occupational diseasesPreetika Maurya
This document discusses the prevention and control of occupational diseases. It describes various diseases caused by physical, chemical, and biological agents in the workplace. It emphasizes the importance of pre-placement exams, periodic exams, and health services to monitor workers' health. Engineering controls like ventilation, enclosure, isolation, and protective devices can help reduce exposure to hazards. Both medical and engineering approaches are needed to prevent occupational diseases.
This document defines key terms and concepts related to occupational health and safety. It discusses occupational health as promoting worker health through prevention, protection, and rehabilitation. Ergonomics is defined as adapting work to humans. Common occupational hazards include physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial factors. Diseases and injuries can result from exposures to these hazards. The document emphasizes applying principles of prevention, health monitoring, and education to promote occupational safety and health.
This document discusses occupational health and occupational hazards. It defines occupational health as promoting worker health and preventing job-related illness. It describes how work should be adapted to fit workers physically and psychologically. Common occupational hazards include physical (noise, radiation, etc.), chemical (metals, dusts, gases), biological (infections), and psychological risks. Specific diseases and injuries from these exposures are outlined, such as pneumoconiosis from inhaling dusts, lead poisoning, cancer, and dermatitis. Prevention strategies include exposure control, protective equipment, training, and health monitoring of workers.
This document discusses occupational health and defines it as dealing with health promotion, protection, and maintenance of workers' physical, mental, and social well-being. It outlines objectives like maintaining worker health and preventing diseases and injuries. It also describes various occupational hazards like physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, and psychosocial hazards. It provides examples of diseases caused by these hazards and measures to prevent occupational diseases.
Here are the key points about physical hazards:
- Heat and cold exposure can cause direct effects like burns, heat stroke, frostbite or indirect effects like decreased work efficiency and increased fatigue and accident rates.
- Poor or excessive lighting can cause eye strain, headaches, fatigue and even long-term issues like miner's nystagmus. Glare risks blurry vision and accidents.
- Noise exposure risks both temporary and permanent hearing loss as well as non-auditory effects like stress, communication interference, decreased work efficiency and annoyance.
- Whole-body or hand-arm vibration from tools like drills and hammers may damage blood vessels over time, leading to conditions like vibration white finger.
This document discusses occupational health hazards and diseases. It defines occupational health as promoting worker well-being and preventing health issues caused by working conditions. Physical hazards from heat, cold, light, noise, vibration and radiation can cause injuries or indirect health effects. Chemical hazards include dusts, gases, metals and their compounds which can harm skin, be inhaled or ingested. Biological and psychosocial hazards are also discussed. Common occupational diseases are explained such as pneumoconiosis from dust inhalation and lead poisoning. Prevention strategies aim to eliminate hazards, use personal protective equipment and monitor worker health.
Similar to OHH 04 Occu Health & Toxicology.pptx (20)
This course covers accident and injury prevention. It is supported by a grant from OSHA and involves cooperation with the Tulalip Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The course introduces key concepts like proactive versus reactive approaches to safety, definitions of accidents, hazards, risks, and safety. It examines types of accidents and factors that can cause accidents, including management, environment, equipment, and human behavior issues. The course also discusses policy and procedures, compliance requirements, and the components and goals of an effective accident prevention program, including safety committees and their meetings.
This document discusses Rickettsia and Chlamydia, which are obligate intracellular organisms. It describes the genera of Rickettsia including Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Coxiella, and Bartonella. Key differences between Rickettsiae and Chlamydiae include Rickettsiae having cytochromes and aerobic metabolism while Chlamydiae lack cytochromes and have anaerobic metabolism. The document also discusses the structure, metabolism, growth, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and control of Rickettsia and Chlamydia.
This document discusses prion diseases, which are infectious neurological disorders caused by misfolded prion proteins. It summarizes that prion diseases include Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and mad cow disease. Prion diseases can be infectious, inherited, or sporadic in origin. The document outlines the differences between normal and misfolded prion proteins and reviews the mechanisms by which misfolded prions are able to induce normal prions to also misfold. It examines the cellular pathways involved in prion propagation and discusses factors that can prevent prion replication.
Radiations classified as ionizing and non-ionizing radiations. ionizing includes ultraviolet, alpha, gamma and x-ray radiations. non-ionizing consists of infrared, microwave, radio wave and power line electromagnetic radiations
Physical hazards consists of occupational noise, vibration, inappropriate illumination, ventilation, ionizing and non ionizing radiation etc. Our hearing sensory will cause serious defects by noise and vibration
The document discusses chemical hazards in the textile and garment industry. It outlines the basic principles for safe use of dangerous substances, which are: 1) Elimination or reduction of danger by using non hazardous substances, 2) Isolation of danger by selecting low emission work processes, 3) Extraction of hazardous substances at the source of emission, 4) Local exhaust ventilation in addition to extraction at the source, and 5) Use of personal protective equipment as a last resort. The document provides examples of unacceptable and acceptable safety situations and discusses routes of exposure and common hazardous chemicals in the textile industry.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
2. • Occupational health is defined as “The highest degree of
physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all
occupations.”
Definition:
Occupational safety and health (OSH) is commonly defined as
the science of the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control
of hazards arising in or from the workplace that could damage
the health and wellbeing of workers, taking into account the
possible impact on the surrounding populations and the
environment
3.
4. OBJECTIVES OF OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH:
• To maintain and promote the physical, mental and social well being of the
workers.
• To prevent occupational diseases and injuries.
• To adapt the work place and work environment to the needs of the workers i.e
application of ergonomics principle.
• To reduce industrial accidents.
• To achieve maximum human efficiency and machine efficiency.
• To reduce sick absenteeism.
• It should be preventive rather than curative.
5. Advantages of Occupational health
• Investigates and assesses load factors and hazards and gives expert assistance
for eliminating them
• Gives information and advice
• Estimates employees’ working ability and monitors their health condition
• Prevents occupational diseases and other work-related illnesses
• Reduces absenteeism due to sickness
• By its knowledge and skills supports action for maintaining working ability in the
development of individuals, working environment and working community
6. THE UNDERTAKINGS FOR THE NEED OF
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES:
1. Any undertakings, which employ more than the prescribed number.
2. Public sector undertakings
3. Atomic energy unit, explosive production unit, mining unit, and asbestos
production unit etc.,
4. A unit where workers are exposed to health hazards from toxic substances.
7. FUNCTIONS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE
1.Pre-employment medical examination.
2.First Aid and emergency service.
3.Supervision of the work environment for the control of dangerous substances in
the work environment.
4.Special periodic medical examination particularly for the workers in dangerous
operations.
5.Health education for on specific hazards and risks in the work environment.
6.Special examination and surveillance of health of women and children
8. 7. Advising the employer or management for improving working conditions, and
placement of hazards.
8. Monitoring of working environment for assessment and control of hazards.
9. Supervision over sanitation, hygiene and canteen facilities.
10. Maintenance of medical records for medical check-up and follow-up for
maintaining health standards and also for evaluation.
11.To carry out other parallel activities such as nutrition programme, family
planning, social services recreation etc., Concerning the health and welfare of the
workers.
9. THE FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVENESS OF
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES:
1. The nature of industry; small, medium or large and its
location.
2. Existing infrastructure of health services.
3. Trained manpower.
4. Workers involvement and employers commitment.
5. Surveillance of the working environment by means of
epidemiological studies and testing.
10.
11. 1. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND
TOXICOLOGY UNIT
• Air Quality Monitoring
• Air-borne particulate sampling
• Ambient noise measurement and control
• Ventilation testing
• Lighting evaluation
• Biological Monitoring of workers exposed to lead, Manganese, Chromium
and Nickel
12. 2. OCCUPATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY UNIT
• Evaluation of occupational work capacity
• Diagnosis of exercise induced cardio-pulmonary stress
• Disability Evaluation
• Evaluation of fitness for highly demanding jobs
13. 3. OCCUPATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY UNIT
• Stress Management
• Job enrichment
• Executive skill development
• Organizational development
• Safety awareness system development
• Absenteeism control
• Job satisfaction
• Mental health survey and human relation
14. 4. WORK PHYSIOLOGY &
ERGONOMICS UNIT
• Development of exercise program
• Study of vibration exposure
• Categorization of work load
• Determination of energy expenditure
• design ergonomics (machinery, equipment)
• Evaluation of occupational work capacity
• Ergonomics analysis of work systems
• Work station design
• Development of pre employment job fitness tests
16. Occupational diseases
•Occupational disease, any illness associated with a particular occupation or industry
•Diseases result from a variety of Biological, physical, chemical and physiological factors
that are present in the work environment.
•The control of occupational health hazards decreases work related diseases and
accidents
•It improves the health of the workforce, leading to decreased absenteeism and
increased worker efficiency.
18. 1. PNEUMOCONIOSIS
• It is an occupational lung disease and a restrictive lung disease caused by
the inhalation of dust, often in mines and from agriculture
• Symptoms: difficulty breathing and cough ,causes fibrosis
• Reason: inhalation of dust particle such as coal dust, asbestos and silica.
• In 2013, it resulted 260000 deaths globally
• Not curable
19. • The reaction of the lung to dusts depends on many factors such as size,
shape, solubility and reactivity
• Size 5 to 10 micrometer unlikely to reach lungs
• Size below 0.5 micrometer move in to and out of alveoli
• Size 1 to 5 micrometer are more dangerous
• Depending upon type of dust , disease is given different names.( Asbestosis,
silicosis, aluminosis)
20. • Coalworker's pneumoconiosis (also known as miner's lung, black
lung or anthracosis) — coal, carbon
• Aluminosis — Aluminium
• Asbestosis — asbestos
• Silicosis (also known as "grinder's disease" or Potter's rot, or
when related to silica inhaled from the ash of an erupting
volcano, Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis) —
crystalline silica dust
21. • Bauxite fibrosis — bauxite
• Berylliosis — beryllium
• Siderosis — iron
• Byssinosis — cotton
• Silicosiderosis — mixed dust containing silica and iron
22. 2. ASBESTOSIS
• Asbestos compounds are naturally of occurring metallic silicates which have
crystallized into long thin particle
• These inhaled particle are caught in the lung and they are carcinogenic after a
long latent period
• Exposure sites: Asbestos cement products, processing of asbestos fibre,
asbestos materials, insulation work of boilers, furnaces, changing of brake
linings, shipyards, construction works
23. • Symptoms: gradually increasing shortness of breath with chest tightness
• In non smokers there is no cough unless the disease is advanced.
• Leads to lung cancer
24. 3. SILICOSIS
• Disease resulting from the inhalation of silicon dioxide
• High exposures can occur in mining, Quarrying and tunneling of granite or rock
with a high quartz content
• Other industries include sandblasting, pottery making, brick works, foundry
works.
25. • Acute Silicosis
• High levels of exposure can produce immediate alveolar damage
due to death of alveolar cells as well as macrophages.
• Acute alveolitis with leakage of protein fluid may present within
weeks of the start of exposure and is followed by fibrotic
obliteration of the alveoli.
• Initial symptoms are of dry cough and shortness of breath
• Chronic Active Silicosis
• The disease is usually advanced before it becomes symptomatic.
• Shortness of breath is usually the presenting symptom by which
time the X-ray changes are widespread.
26. Chronic Inactive Silicosis :
• This condition may occur in workers only occasionally exposed to
silica dust or to workers exposed to mildly contaminated dust.
• The disease may only present after a long period of exposure.
Properties of silica
• The particles must be of respirable size (0.2 to 10 micron) to reach the distal
airspaces of lungs
• Particles of size 0.2 to 2 micron are the most dangerous
27. • High levels of exposure can produce immediate alveolar damage due to
death of alveolar cells as well as macrophages
• Initial symptoms: dry cough and shortness of breath
• Fall in gas transfer leads to cyanosis(bluish skin, eye, lips and nails)
• Condition is often fatal sometimes with in few months
• No effective treatment.
28. 4. SIDEROSIS
• Siderosis is the deposition of excess iron in body tissue
• Repeated inhalation of fine iron or rust dust that happens usually over a
number of years
• Exposure site: welding, grinding, foundry works, paint manufacture, iron
ore mining, Fine iron dust
• Welders disease
• Word sider means iron in Greek
29. • Symptoms: persistent breathlessness, coughing and decreased lung
function.
• Ocular siderosis: eye disease due to eye exposure to iron dust
• Leads to eye discoloration, cataract and eye blindness.
• Not curable. Damage is permanent. Symptoms can be treated.
30. 5. ANTHRACOSIS(COAL WORKERS’
PNEUMOCONIOSIS)
• Also known as Black Lung Disease/Black Lung
• It is caused by log term exposure to coal dust
• leads to inflammation, fibrosis(greater than 1 cm diameter) & in worse
case necrosis(Cells death due to lower blood circulation)
• Lungs may appear black and lungs function decreases
• Common in coal miners & other who work with coal
31.
32. 6. ALUMINOSIS
• Disease caused by the inhalation of fumes dust of aluminum metal and
its compounds
• Exposure site: production of aluminum, aircraft industry
• Symptoms: shortness of breath, chest pain, coughing, general weakness,
loss of appetite, stomache pain, nausea, tearing pain trough out body,
dermatitis.
• Test: X-Ray
• Treatment: exclude contact with aluminum, Oxygen therapy, breathing
exercise, take anti TB drugs
33. 7. ANTHRAX
• Infection caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis
• It can occur in 4 forms: skin, lungs, intestinal & injection
• Symptoms begin between 1 day & 2 months after the infection.
• Skin form: small blister with surrounding swelling that often turns in to a
painless ulcer with black center
• Inhalation form: fever, chest pain & shortness of breath
• Intestinal form: diarrhea with blood content & abdominal pain
• Injection form: fever and an abscess at the site of drug injection
34. • Anthrax is spread by contact with bacterium spores
• contact is by breathing, eating or through an area of broken skin
• Risk factors: people who work with animals and animal products,
travelers, postal workers & military people
• Diagnosis can be confirmed based o finding antibodies or the toxin in the
blood
• Prevention : anthrax vaccination & antibodies
• 20 – 80 % die without treatment
• More than 2000 cases per year
35. POISONING BY LEAD
• Cause: exposure of lead
• Uncommon in developed countries
• Sites: lead extraction from its ore, recycling of scrap lead(car batteries),
manufacturing of batteries, paint, colours, rubber product, glass, lead
compounds
• Symptoms: abdominal pain, colic, constipation, pallor, muscle weakness
• Treatment: avoiding further exposure, heavy metal toxicity medication
36. POISONING BY NICKEL
• Cause: exposure of Nickel
• Metal commonly used to make coins, magnets, jewelry, stainless steel,
electronics and industrial machines.
• Familiar nickel plating
• Nickel stored in body fat
• Carcinogenic metal
• Leads to lung cancer, heart diseases neurological deficits, developmental
deficits in childhood, high blood pressure
37. POISONING BY MANGANESE
• Cause: exposure of Manganese
• Hard white metal- mainly used in the production of toughened steel
• Compounds of manganese are also used in dry cell batteries, paints,
varnishes, inks, matches, fireworks, fertilisers and drugs
• Permanganate compounds are used in ceramics and glass industries
• Mainly absorbed via lungs (poorly via guts)
• It is bound to red cells in the blood
38. • Irritants to skin, eyes and mucous membrane
• Inhalation produces inflammatory reaction in lungs and leads to
pneumonia
• Cause Parkinson like syndrome
• Symptoms are tiredness, fatigue, apathy, headache, weakness of the legs,
joint pains, irritability, excessive salvation, organic psychosis, disturbances
of speech
• Treatment: avoid exposure, L-dopa treatment
• Patient with urine manganese level more than 50 microgram/liter should
be recommended for suspension for further exposure
39. POISONING BY CHROMIUM
• Chromium is used in three basic industries: metallurgical, chemical,
and refractory (heat-resistant applications)
• In the metallurgical industry: chromium is an important component of
stainless steels and various metal alloys
• In the chemical industry, chromium is used primarily in paint
pigments, chrome plating, leather tanning, and wood treatment.
• Refractory uses: magnesite-chrome firebrick for metallurgical furnace
linings and granular chromite for various other heat-resistant
applications.
40. ● The health effect of chromium are at least partially related to the
valance state of the metal at the time of exposure
● Chromium exist in a series of oxidation state from - 2 valance to + 6
● The most important stable states are 0, + 3 and + 6
● +3 is an essential dietary mineral in low doses whereas certain
compounds of +6 are Carcinogenic
● Excretion of chromium occurs via Urine, biliary excretion and through
hair, nails, milk and sweat.
● The target organ off inhaled chromium is the lung.
● The kidney liver skin and immune system may also be affected
41. ● They are Skin irritant and corrosive
● Chrome holes( Ulcer) seen in nail root, knuckle, finger web, back of the
hand, and forearms.
● Chromium +6 is respiratory track irritants
● May cause chronic tracheobronchitis, chronic pharyngitis and respiratory
Cancer
42. CARBON MONOXIDE(CO) POISONING
● CO- Coloureless odoureless and tasteless gas
● Carbon monoxide poisoning typically occurs from breathing in too much
carbon monoxide
● Symptoms are often described as “flu-like” , “Cherry red skin” and
commonly include headache, dizziness, weakness, vomiting, chest pain
and confusion
● Large exposure can result in loss of consiousness or even death
● CO is not toxic to all forms of life.
● Its harmful effects are due to binding with hemoglobin
● So it has no effect on photosynthesis plant
● It is easily absorbed through lungs
43. ● Different people or population may have different CO tolerance level
● Exposure at 100 ppm or more than is dangerous to human life
● Based on OSHA limits long term exposure levels to be less than 50 ppm
average over an 8 hour period
● Exposure may lead to a significantly shorter life span due to heart
problem
● Acute poisoning: headache, nausea, fatigue, fast heart rate, low blood
pressure and cardiac arrhythmia.
● Chronic poisoning: persistent headache, depression, confusion, memory
loss, hearing loss, vomiting
44. ● Prevention: remains a public health issue
● Avoid exposure
● Public education on the safe operation on appliances, heaters, fireplaces,
and internal combustion engines
● Installation of carbon monoxide detectors
● CO is Coloureless odoureless and tasteless gas, hence it cannot be
detected by visual cues or smell
45. AMMONIA POISONING
● Ammonia is a colorless, highly irritating gas with a pungent, suffocating
odor.
● It is lighter than air and flammable,
● It is easily compressed and forms a clear, colorless liquid under pressure.
● Dissolves readily in water to form ammonium hydroxide - an alkaline
solution.
● Exposure to ammonia is very irritating to the eyes.
● Possible injuries to the eye include conjunctivitis, lacrimation, photophobia,
corneal irritation and temporary blindness.
● Ammonia has a greater tendency to penetrate and damage the iris
46. ● Concentrated ammonia may produce necrosis and deep penetrating burns.
● Inhalation of even diluted ammonia is irritating to the upper respiratory
tract.
● Ammonia can cause bronchospasm, laryngitis, tracheitis, wheezing,
dyspnea and chest pain.
● Nausea and vomiting occur frequently following ingestion of ammonia
solutions.
● Swelling of the lips, mouth and larynx have occurred.
● Oral and esophageal burns may occur if the ingestion is of the
concentrated form.
● Seizures may occur if there is extensive absorption.
47. DUST POISONING
● These are solid particles generated by handling, crushing, grinding,
rapid impact, detonation, and decrepitation (breaking apart by heating)
of organic or inorganic materials, such as rock, ore, metal, coal, wood,
and grain.
● Dust is an airborne solid particles that range in size from 0.1–25 µm in
diameter
● Dust more than 5 µm in size usually do not remain airborne long
enough to present an inhalation problem.
● Dust sources: when a dusty material is handled
● Mechanical action of the grinding or shaking device supplies energy to
disperse the dust.
48. ● Evaluating dust exposures properly requires knowledge of the chemical
composition, particle size, dust concentration in air, how it is dispersed
● Dust particles penetrate to the alveoli or inner recess of the lungs and are
hazardous
● A person with normal eyesight can detect dust particles as small as 50
µm in diameter.
● Smaller airborne particles can be detected individually by the naked eye
only when strong light is reflected from them.
● Particles of the dust of respirable size (less than 10 µm) cannot be seen
without the aid of a microscope
49. INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY
● Industrial toxicology is the investigation of the toxicity of chemicals
found at the workplace
● It study the adverse effects of agents that may be encountered by
workers during the course of their employment.
● Occupational toxicologists assess the hazards and risks to health
posed by chemicals
● To evaluate the risks of adverse health effects from chemicals, one
must be aware of the routes of entry into the body, duration of
exposure, the toxicity of the chemical, exposure limits, and odour
threshold of the chemical.
50. ROUTES OF ENTRY
● Hazardous agents are enter in to human body via skin, lungs, nose,
mouth and the digestive, urinary, and genital tracts.
● The most common routes of entry are:
(a) Through the lungs (inhalation)
(b) Through the skin (absorption)
(c) Through the mouth (ingestion)
51. (A) THROUGH THE LUNGS (INHALATION)
● More hazardous agents get into your body by inhalation than by any
other route.
● Body's respiratory system has very effective mechanisms for filtering out
normal pollutants from the air you breathe. Filtering systems in the nose
and mouth (for example, the hairs in the nose, the mucus in the mouth
and lungs) prevent large foreign particles
● Small dust particles are difficult to eliminate & they can cause serious
local respiratory problems
● High concentrations of dust, toxic vapours, cigarette smoke, etc. the
filtering mechanisms can become overloaded and damaged. Once they
are damaged, various bacteria, viruses, etc. are more likely to grow in the
lungs, causing infections such as pneumonia. Workers in dusty
occupations are more susceptible to tuberculosis, bronchitis and other
respiratory diseases.
52. ● Some chemicals have damaging effects on the lungs, while others will
potentially damaging target organs.
● Target organs are those parts of the body that particular chemicals always
affect. (Eg. lead affects the central nervous system
● Other target organs for different chemicals are heart, lungs, kidneys and
liver.
● Your body has several built-in mechanisms which can act as warning
signals when hazards are present:
• smell
• sneezing
• coughing
• a runny nose
● These also will help you to remove a hazardous agent from your
respiratory system.
53. (B) THROUGH THE SKIN (ABSORPTION)
● Your skin is a major route of entry for hazardous agents in the workplace.
● Diseases can develop when chemicals and other materials come into
contact with your skin.
● Skin is an important protective cover for the body, but it cannot always
protect you against workplace hazards.
● Chemicals can be absorbed (taken in) directly into the body through the
healthy skin.
● Once they are in the body, chemicals can be absorbed into the
bloodstream and transported to target organs.
● There are many materials or conditions found in the workplace that can
cause occupational skin diseases and injuries.
54. ● Chemicals are a major source of occupational skin diseases
● Some chemicals can damage your skin, making it red, blistered, itchy or
flaky. This condition is called dermatitis.
● Some of the many chemicals that cause dermatitis are:
○ strong acids (such as sulphuric acid);
○ strong alkalis (such as caustic soda);
○ all forms of mineral oil, including diesel, lubricating and fuel oils, solvents,
thinners, turpentine and petroleum products;
○ Tars and other coal tar products
55. ● Contact dermatitis - a type of allergic reaction, just like asthma or hay
fever.
● A worker may be allergic to a particular chemical and, once he or she
becomes sensitized to that chemical, every time he or she comes into
contact with it, dermatitis will result.
● Contact dermatitis never occurs on the first exposure to a new chemical.
it takes time to develop. However, once it develops, even exposure to a
small amount can cause a severe skin reaction.
● Chemicals that cause contact dermatitis are:
Formaldehyde, nickel compounds, epoxy resins and catalysts used in
the plastics industry, germicidal agents used in soap and other
cleaners,
56. (C) THROUGH THE MOUTH (INGESTION)
● Hazardous agents can also get into the body by ingestion.
● Ingestion happens when a hazardous agent is swallowed.
● Some ingested agents pass into the digestive system where they can be
destroyed or neutralized by the acid in the stomach.
● However, some can be absorbed very quickly into the bloodstream
through the walls of the stomach and small intestines.
● Once in the bloodstream, they can travel to different target organs (such
as the kidneys and liver) where they can have damaging effects.
57. ● Workers can swallow hazardous agents by accident if they do not wash
their hands before eating, drinking or smoking at work, or if they keep
their food, drink and cigarettes in a contaminated (dirty) area.
● Eliminating hazardous chemical and biological agents is the best way to
prevent ingestion.
● Other important methods of prevention are personal hygiene (cleanliness)
and ensuring that workers have access to washing facilities, food storage
and eating areas that are away from their work areas.
● It is also important that workers are educated about the importance of
personal hygiene, and storing and eating food away from work areas.
58. ● Vomiting and diarrhoea are ways in which the body tries to remove
certain toxic substances from the digestive system.
● However, these response mechanisms cannot remove all ingested
hazardous agents from the body.
● Vomiting and diarrhoea can be signals of ingestion of chemical and
biological agents and must be investigated.
59. EFFECTS OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES
● It is important to understand the body's reaction to toxic materials.
● Toxic substances can cause four types of effects on the body:
❑ Local
❑ Systemic
❑ acute
❑ chronic
60. 1. LOCAL EFFECTS
● Some hazardous agent have only a localized effect on one part of the
body.
● Acid burn on the skin
● Ammonia, chlorine, welding fumes and exhaust fumes can cause local
irritation to the lungs when they are inhaled.
61. 2. SYSTEMIC EFFECTS
● Systemic effects are problems caused inside the body once a hazardous
agent has entered.
● When the substance is absorbed into the bloodstream, and in the
organs that either store the toxic material (such as the bones and the
brain), neutralize it (such as the liver), or remove it from the body (such
as the kidney and bladder).
● A typical systemic effect in the blood is anaemia (a shortage of red blood
cells) which can be caused by a number of chemicals, including lead,
beryllium, cadmium, mercury compounds and benzene.
● Benzene can damage the cells that form blood, leading to leukaemia.
62. ● The liver can be damaged by toxic substances because it tries to break
down many of them once they have entered the body.
● Some chemicals known to damage the liver are: benzene, DDT, dioxane,
phenol and trichloroethylene.
● The kidneys and bladder also can be affected by many toxic substances
because they are major routes of exit out of the body.
63. 3. ACUTE EFFECTS
● Exposure to many occupational hazards causes the body to produce an
immediate obvious response, called an acute effect.
● Acute effects often disappear soon after the exposure stops and are
often reversible.
● An example of an acute effect is nausea, headache or vomiting a worker
might experience after using a solvent to clean auto parts.
● Acute effects can be localized to one part of the body (such as a skin
reaction from a chemical), but they can also be systemic (if, for example,
that chemical also gets absorbed into the bloodstream, there can be
effects on target organs).
64. 4. CHRONIC EFFECTS
● Chronic effects, which usually appear a long time after the exposure
occurred and persist over time.
● It usually only appears after a long time because of the disease's latency
period (time between the exposure and the first sign of disease).
● Chronic conditions, such as many occupational cancers, may take 20 or
30 years to develop.
● Some chronic conditions develop after just a short exposure, whereas
other chronic conditions only develop after repeated contact with a
substance or work process.
● Like acute effects, chronic effects can be local effect and systemic
● Prevention is the only cure. With chronic diseases it is difficult
65. THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE - TLV
The TLV is the upper limit of a toxin concentration to which an
average healthy person may be repeatedly exposed on an all-
day, everyday basis without suffering adverse health effects.
TLV is Typically used for workplace exposure determinations.
• Gaseous substances in air, are usually express in:
parts per million (ppm).
• Fumes or mists in air, are expressed in:
milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3).
TLV values are set by the American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH).
66. TLV – TWA
“TLV-TWA The TWA concentration for a conventional
8-hour workday and a 40-hour work week, to which it is
believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly
exposed, day after day, for a working lifetime without
adverse effect.”
TWA (8-hr) = C1T1 + C2T2 +…..CnTn
8
67. CALCULATE 8-HOUR TWA
Working period mg/m3 Duration of sampling (h)
0800 - 1030 0.32 2.5
1045 - 1245 0.07 2
1330 0.2 2
1545 – 1715 0.1 1.5
Assume exposure is zero in rest breaks 1030–1045, 1245–1330 & 1530–1545
8-hr TWA = (0.32 x 2.5) + (0.07 x 2) + (0.2 x 2) + (0.1 x 1.5) + (0 x 1.25)
8
= 0.8 + 0.14 + 0.4 + 0.15 + 0
8
= 0.19 mg/m3
68. TLV – STEL
TLV-STEL is a 15 minute TWA exposure that
should not be exceeded at any time during a
workday, even if the TWA is within TLV- TWA
69. TLV – STEL (CONT)
Can be exposed continuously for a short period without
suffering from:
• Irritation
• Chronic or irreversible toxic effects
• Dose-rate dependent toxic effects or
• Narcosis sufficient to increase likelihood of accident,
impaired self rescue, or reduced work efficiency
70. TLV – STEL (CONT)
• Exposures above TLV-TWA up to TWA-STEL
< 15 minutes
≤ 4 times a day
60 minutes between successive exposures
71. TLV - C
TLV-C the concentration that should not be exceeded
during any part of the working exposure
• If instantaneous measurements are not available, sampling should be conducted
for the minimum period of time to detect exposures at or above ceiling value
72. (Continued)
INTRODUCTION TO TOXICOLOGY
Poison: “All substances are poisons; there is none which is
not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a
remedy.”
Toxicant: A toxicant can be a chemical or physical agent,
including dusts, fibers, noises and radiation.
Toxicity: Toxicity is the a property of the toxicant
describing its effects on biological organisms.
Toxicology: The qualitative and quantitative study of the
adverse effects of toxicants on biological organisms.
73. IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO
LIFE AND HEALTH - IDLH
An IDLH level represents a maximum concentration of any
toxic, corrosive or asphyxiant substance that poses an
immediate threat to life or would cause irreversible or
delayed adverse health effects or would interfere with an
individual’s ability to escape from a hazardous atmosphere.
IDLH levels are typically published by OSHA and NIOSH.
In practice, when the concentration of a toxic substance in a
given area is known, IDLH levels may be used for
determining which type of breathing apparatus is needed
when entering the area.
74. MUTAGENS, TERATOGENS AND CARCINOGENS
● Gen means birth or origin, as in the book of Genesis
● "Muta" means change
● "terato" means monster
● "carcino" means crab
● All three "gens"-are physical or chemical agents that cause or originate
malformations
● Mutagens cause changes (mutations) in the genetic material of cells
● Teratogens cause irreversible, deleterious structural malformations in
fetuses
● Carcinogens cause cancerous tumors
75. 1. MUTAGENS
● Potential to Cause Mutation in the Genetic Code
● Mutagen- substance or agent that causes an increase in the rate of change
in genes
● Mutations (changes)- passed along as the cell reproduces, sometimes
leading to defective cells or cancer.
● Examples of mutagens: certain biological and chemical agents as well
exposure to ultraviolet light or ionizing radiation.
● Mutagenesis is the formation of mutations.
● Mutations are harmful and have little or no effect on the body's function.
● Mutagens can be identified using the Ames test and other biochemical
testing methods.
76. ● Do not confuse a mutagen with a carcinogen (a substance that causes cancer).
● Mutagens may cause cancer, but not always.
● Do not confuse a mutagen with a teratogen (a substance that causes change
or harm to a foetus or embryo).
● Avoid working with mutagens whenever possible.
● If you must work with a mutagen be sure to wear personal protective
equipment (PPE) and utilize workplace controls such as a fume cupboard to
minimize your exposure.
● Ethidium bromide is a known mutagen
● Agents Shown to Cause Potential Mutagenic Effects
- Hydrogen Peroxide (a Bleaching Agent), Ethyleneimine (an Alkylating Agent)
Ethylene Oxide (Hospital Sterilant), Hydrazine (Used in Rocket Fuel), Ionizing
Radiation Exposure, Benzene
77. 2. TERATOGENS (LATIN - “THE STUDY OF MONSTERS”)
● It is the Study of Congenital Malformations, the causes of malformations
are
● A teratogen is an agent that can cause malformations of an embryo or unborn child
(foetus).
● This can be a chemical substance, a virus or ionizing radiation.
● Embryotoxin, an agent that causes poisoning effects on a developing foetus.
● Both embryotoxins and teratogens are reproductive toxins, substances which cause
damage to a pregnant women's reproductive and/or endocrine system and/or a
developing foetus.
● Pregnant women should avoid all contact with teratogens, particularly during the first
three months of pregnancy
- Heredity
- Maternal Diseases Like German Measles
- Maternal Viral Infections During Pregnancy
- Maternal Malnutrition
- Physical Injury
- Ionizing Radiation Exposure
- Chemical Exposure
78. ● Many drugs can also have an adverse effect on developing foetus (eg.thalidomide)
● This drug was used to control morning sickness but was withdrawn from the market
● There are few examples of transplacental carcinogens, substances which can cause
foetuses exposed during pregnancy to eventually develop cancer.
● The best-known example is DES, diethylstilbestrol
● Always minimize the use and release of teratogens (or believed teratogens) in the
workplace.
● Women who are of child-bearing age should pay particular attention to teratogenic
materials
● Cause severe damage during the first 3 months of pregnancy when many pregnancies
are not yet known.
● Many teratogens cause effects at very low exposure levels.
● The chemicals having potential teratogenic effects are;
● Agents having conclusive teratogenic effects are
- Quinine, Boric Acid, Insecticides, Pesticides, Chloroform,
Carbon Tetrachloride, Benzene, Xylene, Propylene Glycol
- Anesthetic Gases, Organic Mercury Compounds, Ionizing Radiation
German Measles, Thalidomide
79. 3. CARCINOGENS
● A carcinogen is a substance that causes cancer (or is believed to cause
cancer).
● A carcinogenic material is one that is known to cause cancer.
● The process of forming cancer cells from normal cells or carcinomas is
called carcinogenesis.
● A known human carcinogen means there is sufficient evidence of a cause
and effect relationship between exposure to the material and cancer in
humans.
● Such determination requires evidence from epidemiology, clinical, or
tissue/cell studies involving humans who were exposed to the substance
in question.
● Obviously, it is unethical to deliberately test potential carcinogens on
humans, so "proving" something to be a carcinogen in humans is a
difficult, demanding and lengthy task.
80. • Carcinogenicity
A carcinogen is an agent capable of inducing benign or malignant
neoplasms
A1 - Confirmed human carcinogen
A2 - Suspected human carcinogen
A3 - Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown
relevance to humans
A4 - Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
A5 - Not suspected as a human carcinogen
• Some Confirmed or Suspected Human Carcinogens
- Acrylimide - Beryllium - Nickel Sulfide
- Acrylonitrile - Calcium Chromate - Tetranitromethane
- 4-Aminodiphenyl - Chromium (Vi) - O-Tolidine
- Arsenic - Ethylene Dichloride - Vinyl Bromide
- Benzine - Ethylene Oxide - Xylidine
- Benzidine - Lead Chromate - Zinc Chromates
85. TOXICITY
• Toxicity is the degree to which a substance can damage an organism.
• Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal,
bacterium, or plant
• as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell
(cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity).
• T
oxicity is the capacity of a chemical compound to produce injury.
86. SOME POSSIBLE OUTCOMES OF TOXICANT:
- Death after a short period of time- Acute toxicity
- Cancer / mutation in DNA
- Skin / eye irritation
- Fertility problems
- Carcinogenicity / mutagenicity
- Reproduction effects
- Sudden heart failure and death
90. CONDITIONS OF STRONG POISONING
1. High temperature
2. Deep or rapid breathing
3. Long working hours
4.Combination of two or more poisonous
substance
93. Maximum allowable concentration (MAC) of toxic chemicals
It is the maximum concentration of toxic chemicals that healthy
male adults can breath for 8 hours a day over a period of years
without any harmful effects on his health
The lower the MAC value, the more poisonous is the
substance.
94. O
dourperceptionlim
it(Thresholdofs
m
ell)
Theconcentration of the substancein the air at whichthe smell of the substance
becomes noticeableiscalledodourperceptionlimit.It isnotdirectlyrelatedtoM
A
C
value.Somepoisons suchasC0hasnosmellatall.M
A
Cvalueoftoxicsubstances
maybehigheror lower thanthe odourperception limit of those substances. It is
obvious thatthe smell isnot only the condition ofatoxichazard.
MAC/odourperceptionlimitofsomechemicals:
Chemical MAC value (ppm) Odour perception
limit (ppm)
Ammonia 25 5
Benzene 10 100
Carbon
tetrachloride
10 70
T
oluene 100 50
95. HUMAN HEALTH AND HEAVY METAL EXPOSURE
• Metals, a major category of globally-distributed pollutants,
are natural elements that have been extracted from the
earth and harnessed for human industry and products for
millennia.
• Metals are notable for their wide environmental dispersion
from such activity; their tendency to accumulate in select
tissues of the human body; and their overall potential to be
toxic even at relatively minor levels of exposure.
96. Adverse health effects of metals are illustrated in following table:
Name of Metal Adverse Health Effects Metal Exposure
Arsenic, As Skin pigmentation, Hyper keratosis,
Nasal congestion, Abdominal pain,
Cancer- Skin, Lungs, Lump glands
Drinking water, inorganic arsenic
compounds formerly used in pesticide
sprays, Wood preservatives, arsenic
containing fossil fuels, leaching of mine
tailing, smelter runoff, paints and
Microelectronics industry.
Lead, Pb Hypertension, Anemia, Hemoglobin
Synthesis, Convulsion, Coma, Renal
failure, Death.
Combustion leaded gasoline,
Drinking water (lead pipe, lead solder.)
Solder used in food can, paint, ceramic
ware etc. Pigments, glaze solder,
automobile batteries, cable sheathing,
weights.
Cadmium, Cd Kidney damage, Painful bone, Joint
disease (Rice contaminated),Cancer-
Liver, Prostate
Contaminated in river by tannery
wastage. Smelting plants, Pigments,
metal plating, Cigarette, and some
plastic and batteries.
Chromium Dermatitis, Nasal cavity, Ulcers on
the hands and arms, Inflammation of
larynx, Liver and Bronchitis,
Lung cancer.
Contaminated in river by tannery
wastage, Dyeing, Paints industry.
Mercury Kidney damage, memory loss,
insomnia, timidity and delirium.
Manufacture of fluorescent lamps,
Dental amalgams, Building industries,
Chemical and metal processing