Occupational health: Promotion & Maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental & social wellbeing of workers in all occupations (WHO & ILO, 1950 & revised in 1995).
Occupational medicine: A branch of preventive medicine with some therapeutic function (Royal College of Physicians, 1978).
Occupational Health and Safety Powerpoint PresentationJoLowe72
This is a Powerpoint Presentation I have been asked to prepare as part of my assessment for the Certificate 3 in Multimedia at Tastafe, Alanvale, Launceston.
An occupational hazard is a hazard experienced in the workplace. Occupational hazards can encompass many types of hazards, including chemical hazards, biological hazards (biohazards), psychosocial hazards, and physical hazards. In the United States, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conduct workplace investigations and research addressing workplace health and safety hazards resulting in guidelines. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) establishes enforceable standards to prevent workplace injuries and illnesses.
Surveillance is the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice, which is closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know. To be effective, surveillance must be directly linked to preventive action.
In the case of occupational health, the actions prompted by the surveillance system should be directed not only at the individual case or the affected group, but also at the responsible workplace factors.
Surveillance programs (i.e., 2ry prevention) should be designed to support programs intended to control workplace hazards (i.e., 1ry prevention).
In OSH, surveillance programs should:
• Identify cases of occupational illness or injury; and/or
• Monitor trends of occupational illness or injury.
Occupational safety and health (OSH) is generally defined as the science of the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of hazards arising in or from the workplace that could impair the health and well-being of workers, taking into account the possible impact on the surrounding communities and the general environment. This domain is necessarily vast, encompassing a large number of disciplines and numerous workplace and environmental hazards. A wide range of structures, skills, knowledge and analytical capacities are needed to coordinate and implement all of the “building blocks” that make up national OSH systems so that protection is extended to both workers and the environment.
Occupational Health and Safety Powerpoint PresentationJoLowe72
This is a Powerpoint Presentation I have been asked to prepare as part of my assessment for the Certificate 3 in Multimedia at Tastafe, Alanvale, Launceston.
An occupational hazard is a hazard experienced in the workplace. Occupational hazards can encompass many types of hazards, including chemical hazards, biological hazards (biohazards), psychosocial hazards, and physical hazards. In the United States, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conduct workplace investigations and research addressing workplace health and safety hazards resulting in guidelines. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) establishes enforceable standards to prevent workplace injuries and illnesses.
Surveillance is the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice, which is closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know. To be effective, surveillance must be directly linked to preventive action.
In the case of occupational health, the actions prompted by the surveillance system should be directed not only at the individual case or the affected group, but also at the responsible workplace factors.
Surveillance programs (i.e., 2ry prevention) should be designed to support programs intended to control workplace hazards (i.e., 1ry prevention).
In OSH, surveillance programs should:
• Identify cases of occupational illness or injury; and/or
• Monitor trends of occupational illness or injury.
Occupational safety and health (OSH) is generally defined as the science of the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of hazards arising in or from the workplace that could impair the health and well-being of workers, taking into account the possible impact on the surrounding communities and the general environment. This domain is necessarily vast, encompassing a large number of disciplines and numerous workplace and environmental hazards. A wide range of structures, skills, knowledge and analytical capacities are needed to coordinate and implement all of the “building blocks” that make up national OSH systems so that protection is extended to both workers and the environment.
Occupational hazards, occupational health
Occupational safety and health should not be sidelined as a service delivery issue. Health worker health and well-being is an important aspect of workers’ motivation and job satisfaction, which influence productivity as well as retention. Health worker safety also affects the quality of care; caring for the caregiver should be a priority area of concern for the health system’s performance.
This lecture begins by defining OHS, its epidemiology, functions, the different sources of occupational hazards-broadly and in details, as well as the principles of OHS management.
Healthcare organizations including hospitals were founded to give care to those who need it and to keep patients safe.
It is generally agreed upon that the definition of patient safety is…
"DO NO HARM"
Diet does not substitute drugs but it is considered a complementary therapy.
The goals of dietary advice are:
To prevent or manage some medical conditions
To maintain or improve health through the use of appropriate and healthy food choices
To achieve and maintain optimal metabolic and physiological outcome
Malnutrition is poor nutrition due to an insufficient, poorly balanced diet, faulty digestion or poor utilization of foods. (This can result in the inability to absorb foods).
Malnutrition is not only insufficient intake of nutrients. It can occur when an individual is getting excessive nutrients as well.
Adequate diet:
A mixture of food stuffs selected to satisfy the nutritional requirements of the body in quality and quantity. It should be safe and of good taste and smell. It should be suitable for weather age, effort and physiological status of every one.
Nutrition: it is the dynamic processes by which the body can utilize the consumed food for energy production, growth, tissue maintenance and regulation of body functions.
Is the ability to access, assess and apply the best evidence from systematic research information to daily clinical problems after integrating them with the physician's experience and patient's value.
Sample is Group of individuals or things selected from the entire population to be representative to this population.
Each member of the population is called the sampling unit.
Workplace Mental Health (WMH) is a sub-discipline concerned with psychological illness, injury and disability and the role of work as a causal or contributing factor. But, unfortunately, WHO announced that WMH is a ‘Cinderella’ subject. So, it is one of the most urgent demands facing the occupational health services (OHS).
Environment
Any things surrounding us & can affect health
Environmental sanitation
Properties & requisites of clean environment.
Environmental health
Protection of human health from hazards of unsanitary environment.
A training workshop that assists researchers in dealing with statistics throughout the research.
It is the science of dealing with numbers.
It is used for collection, summarization, presentation & analysis of data.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
2. 1) To define occupational health, occupational medicine, occupational
disease, and work-related disease.
2) To demonstrate the difference between occupational medicine and
clinical medicine.
3) To demonstrate occupational health services and the duties of
occupational health professionals.
4) To enumerate and identify occupational hazards.
5) To recognize and diagnose different occupational diseases.
3. Promotion & Maintenance of the highest degree of physical,
mental & social wellbeing of workers in all occupations
(WHO & ILO, 1950 & revised in 1995).
4. A branch of preventive medicine with some therapeutic
function (Royal College of Physicians, 1978).
Industrial Medicine Occupational Medicine
Occupational &
Environmental
Medicine
6. More than 2,000,000 people die from work-related
accidents or disease every year, equivalent to 1 death
every 15 seconds.
Progress in bringing occupational health to the
industrializing countries is painfully slow. In the poorest
countries, there has been no progress at all.
7.
8. It is a disease arising out of or during the course of employment and
its cause present in the occupation (e.g. silicosis).
Worker has the right
to receive medical
care at the expense
of the employer.
Worker has the right
for paid sick leave.
If disability occurs,
the worker has the
right for
compensation.
Why its diagnosis is very critical?
9. Some diseases are not specially caused by exposures on job, but
they are aggravated by occupational stressors.
so it can be found in the general population (e.g. HPN).
Work-related disease
10. Occupational health is concerned with physical, mental & social
conditions of a worker in relation to his/her work & working
environment as well as his/her adjustment to work & the
adjustment of work to the worker.
12. Occupational physician
Designs & implements
OH program
Conducts medical exam.
& biological monitoring
Provides 1st aid &
emergency ttt.
Supervises the
rehabilitative program
for disabled workers
Team leader
13. Assists the physician in
providing medical
services
Assists in supervising the
work environment
Educates workers Keeps medical records
15. Health
Promotion
Improvement of
the health &
working capacity
of workers
Improvement of
work
environment
Hazard
Prevention
Medical
Engineering
Hygienic
Hazard
Control
Medical
examinations
“pre-placement
& periodic”
ttt
1st aid
Rehabilitation
&
Compensation
16.
17. Adequate
nutrition
• Nutrition
education &
support
• Prevention &
control of
parasitic
diseases.
Socioeconomic
development
• Improving
workers' income
• Proper expending
of this income.
Social welfare
• Management of
family problems.
• Making good
social relations at
work.
• Encouragement
of sport
activities.
Health
education &
keeping good
medical
records
20. Pre-employment medical
exam. “PEME”
Pre-placement exam.
Periodic medical exam.
“PME”
Health education
Immunization &
chemoprophylaxis
• Choose suitable worker.
• Put the suitable worker in the
suitable process.
• Early detection of any health
hazards arises from workplace.
• Early symptoms & signs of
occup. diseases
• To combat any infectious
disease.
21. Law specifies the periodicity of the PME for workers in each work or job “48
Occupational diseases”.
It is either every 6 Ms or every 2 Ys depending on duration of exposure needed to
develop the occupational disease.
Workers may be temporally or permanently removed from further exposure or may
be advised to continue work.
22. Mechanization of heavy
work process to lighten
the physical strain.
Enclosure & segregation
of hazardous process.
Good ventilation, lighting
& control of other
physical hazards at
workplace.
23. Providing good
sanitary facilities
as washing,
changing clothes
Supplying PPE as
respirators,
protective clothes,
and ear muffs or
plugs
Work
environment
monitoring for
detection &
evaluation of
environmental
pollutants
Ensuring that
work legislations
are applied &
investigation of
workers'
absenteeism
24.
25. Provides base line data about
workers' health status
Detection of any deviation from these
data on subsequent PME.
26. OD can be identified in its early stage to prevent progression of the abnormal
physiologic condition It includes:
Survey “history
of exposure &
any abnormal
symptoms or
complains”.
Clinical
examination.
Laboratory
investigations
Biologic
monitoring for
early detection of
any disturbed
physiologic
function
27. Early ttt of diagnosed
occupational diseases.
1st aid ttt of any occupational
injuries.
28.
29. Minimize or prevent the
disability.
Retraining the disabled
worker for a new job
suitable for his new
physical & mental
capacities.
Compensation of
disabled workers after
evaluation of the
disability resulted from
occupational disease or
accident & giving him
some privileges.
30.
31. To diagnose an OD, the nature of the worker's occupation & the cause of
it must present in the occupation.
So, if a worker in a factory of batteries suffered from exposure to lead
toxicity (OD), but he works as driver away from exposure to lead, he will
not be diagnosed as having an OD as John Stone reported in his book on
occupational health.
48 ODs in the Egyptian law.
38. Excessive sweating & water intake without salt replacement causing
hyponatremia.
C/P:
ttt:
- Prevention by adequate salt intake
- Supplementation with salts “oral or I.V. infusion”.
- Control of hot environment to eliminate or minimize heat hazards.
Severe painful cramps
in muscles of limbs
during work.
Severe spasm at
intestinal smooth
muscles
Headache, dizziness
Body temperature
“normal or slightly ↑”.
39.
40. Excessive sweating, salt & water depletion without replacement causing heamo-
concentration & hypovolemia & circulatory failure.
C/P:
ttt:
- Removal of the patient to cool place.
- Water & salt replacement.
- ttt of shock.
Headache, weakness,
fatigue.
Anorexia, vomiting.
↑ body temperature (<40
°C) & excessive
sweating.
Peripheral circulatory
failure (Pallor, Cold
moist skin, HPN, Weak
rapid pulse).
41. Disturbance of heat regulating center at brain → heat retention → hyperpyrexia.
C/P:
ttt:
- Rapid cooling of body by all possible means.
- Removal of patient from the hot environment.
- Symptomatic “sedatives or stimulants, I.V. saline, O2 inhalation, bed rest”
Abrupt ↑ of body
temperature (≥40°C).
Flushed hot dry skin.
Delirium, convulsion Coma & death
42.
43.
44.
45. Blocking of sweat gland ducts → sweat retention & inflammatory reactions.
C/P:
ttt:
- Removal to cooler environment.
- Skin cleanliness to prevent infections.
- Cool showers.
- Mild drying & soothing lotions.
Raised red vesicles
on the affected skin.
Prickling & itchy
sensation on
exposure to heat.
46.
47. Noise is any unwanted or undesirable sound.
Auditory field lies between 20-20000 hertz (Hz) or cycles/second. If noise is below
the lower level of normal hearing (<20Hz) it is called infra sound but if the noise
above the upper limit of normal hearing (>20kHz) it is called ultrasound.
49. Duration of
exposure
Intensity of the
sound
Frequency of
sound waves
Type of noise
“continuous or
impact which
is more
dangerous”
Personal
susceptibility
50.
51. NIHL
Auditory effect
• HR: ↑ or ↓ “type of noise”.
• RR: often ↑.
• Performance of psycho-motor
tasks “↓or ↑”.
• ↑ community mental illness.
Non-auditory effects
52. Reduction of noise at
source.
Limit exposure with or
without ear protectors.
Routine monitoring of the
place for noise level &
the population at work for
hearing ability “PME”.
53.
54. Radiation is the straight line transport of energy through space or matter
Electromagnetic or particulate
radiation capable of producing ions,
directly or indirectly when passing
through matter.
Ionizing radiation
“IR”
Electromagnetic radiation with a
wave length not sufficient for
ionization.
Non ionizing radiation
“NIR”
55.
56. Mechanism of action:
a) Ionization: is to ripe electrons away from atoms & molecules.
b) Excitation of molecules.
Electromagnetic radiation
“EMR”
• X- ray
• Gama “γ”ray
Corpuscular radiation
• Alpha “α” particles “low power
of penetration & great power of
ionization”.
• Beta “β” particles “greater
power of penetration”.
• Neutrons
• Protons
• Electrons.
59. Alpha Particles
Stopped by a sheet of paper
Beta Particles
Stopped by a layer of clothing
or less than an inch of a substance (e.g.
plastic)
Gamma Rays
Stopped by inches to feet of concrete
or less than an inch of lead
Radiation
Source
Neutrons
Stopped by a few feet of concrete::
1:100:10,000
62. Whole body irradiation
Exposure to doses > 1Gy →
acute radiation syndrome
“Prodromal symptoms (nausea,
vomiting) & bone marrow
depression (leukaemia,
anaemia, thrombocytopenia)”.
Local irradiation
Skin reactions according to the
dose “mild erythema → tissue
necrosis & ulceration”.
63.
64.
65. Chronic radiation
sickness.
Chronic radio-
dermatitis: disturbed
sensation, focal
hyperkeratosis,
congestive
hyperaemia, painful
cracks & ulceration
with malignant
changes.
Eye cataract: starts at
posterior pole of lens
capsule.
Carcinogenic &
hereditary harm.
Chronic effect
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71. Working in compressed
air that is too rapidly
decompressed (Caisson
disease).
Divers who surface too
rapidly from depths >10
m.
Crew or paratroopers in
aircraft who ascend too
rapidly from sea level to
heights >5487 m.
72.
73. Manifestations of DSI are due to formation of nitrogen bubbles in body
fluids & tissues.
Site in which bubbles are
formed
• Site of symptoms
Size & Rate of growth of
bubbles
• Severity of symptoms
74. Type I
• Mild or severe limb pain.
• Skin mottling or skin irritation.
Type II
• Paralysis or weakness, Tingling or
numbness of the limbs,
• Vertigo, Headache, coma
• Dyspnea, chest pain, Hypotension.
75. Aseptic necrosis of the bones
“dysbaric osteonecrosis”.
Neurological or psychological
symptoms.
76. Gradual
decompression
according to the
well known
standards
Use of
pressurized
airplanes.
Inhalation of
helium/oxygen
mixture instead
of air by divers
to avoid
nitrogen
narcosis.
PEME:
“exclude
chronic
sinusitis, otitis
media, lung
cysts or
emphysema”.
PME
77. ttt: recompressing the patient & reducing pressure in accordance
with a protocol laid down in set of tables.
78.
79.
80.
81. Pneumoconiosis or dusty lung = dust collection in the lung &
the lung reaction to its presence.
86. 1- Occupational history.
2- Clinical picture:
a- Symptoms:
-The most important is progressive dyspnea.
-Melanoptysis in CWP.
b- Signs:
Cyanosis Clubbing Crepitations
87. (a) Chest X- ray: shows lung opacities,
ILO classification of lung opacities include:
* Small opacities: < 1cm
Rounded Irregular
P
Q
R
Up to 1.5mm
From 1.5 – 3mm
From 3- 10mm
S
T
U
Fine opacities
Medium sized opacities
Coarse opacities
88. * Large opacities > 1cm
A: area of opacity from 1-5 cm2
B: combined area of opacity < area of Rt. upper lobe.
C: combined area of opacity > area of Rt. upper lobe.
(b) Pulmonary function: restrictive or obstructive or mixed pattern.
(c) Autopsy or biopsy:
- Nature of the dust.
- The pathological reaction in the lung.
89.
90.
91. Fibrotic lung disease due to inhalation of dust containing crystalline silicon
dioxide (free silica)
Miners or
workers in
tunnels
Sand blasters Quarry
workers
Glass
workers
Ceramic
workers
92. • Repeated exposure of low level of silica for >20 years.
• Lung: Discrete fibrotic nodules of 2-3mm, mainly in upper lobes with whorled
pattern. These nodules may coalesce together → Progressive massive fibrosis
“PMF” → central ischemic necrosis with cavitation.
• Pleura: thickening, fixed, hard with fibrotic nodules.
Chronic classic silicosis
• As classic but progress more rapidly.
Accelerated silicosis
• Inhaled high level of recently fractured quartz → immediate damage of the
alveoli → acute alveolitis → fibrosis.
Acute silicosis
93.
94.
95. • It needs 20 years to develop:
• Early stages asymptomatic discovered accidentally by chest X-ray.
• Progressive dyspnea.
• Cough & sputum due to bronchitis.
Chronic or Classic silicosis
• As chronic silicosis but progress within shorter period.
Accelerated
• It is fatal. It develops in few weeks & progress in 1-3 years only.
• Progressive dyspnea.
• Massive proteinuria with renal failure.
• Respiratory failure & death.
Acute silicosis
103. Medical measures
• PEME & PME.
Engineering measures
•Substitution of silica by
safer material.
•Enclosure of dusty
processes.
•Proper ventilation of the
work place.
Hygienic measures
• Work place monitoring
for keeping dust level ˂
threshold limit value
(TLV).
• Use of respiratory
protective devices.
• Avoid smoking.
104.
105.
106. Asbestos ore Asbestos fibers
Naturally
occurring
fibrous minerals
Good tensile
strength
Flexible Good insulation
Heat resistant
Electrical
resistance
Chemical
resistant
107. - Chrysotile - “White asbestos”
- Amosite - “Brown asbestos”
- Crocidolite - “Blue asbestos”
Most
commonly
used
108. Greatly ↑ during & after World War II in ship insulation.
Use has greatly declined since the late 1970’s
Pipe insulation Surfacing
insulating
materials
Reinforcement
of materials
Fireproofing Acoustic &
decorative
plaster
Textiles
113. Clinical picture:
Symptoms: progressive Dyspnea.
Signs:
Diagnosis:
1- History of exposure.
2- Clinical picture.
Clubbing Cyanosis
Crepitations
“Bilateral basal”
Limitation of the
movement of the
lower chest wall
117. Developed after 10
years.
Non-malignant Bilateral yellowish
well demarcated
raised areas of
hyaline fibrosis.
X-ray: bilateral
linear opacities
parallel to ribs.
118. Latent period about 40
years.
Most commonly
affecting pleura >
peritoneum
Crocidolite “most
involved type”.
119. Dose dependent Smoking is risk
factor
Long thin fibers
(crocidolite)
Adenocarcinoma
type
120. Lung cancer causes the largest number of deaths from asbestos
exposure. The risk greatly increases in workers who smoke.
141. Acute toxicity: depends on concentration of COHb in blood.
Chronic toxicity:
<10% No symptoms
At 10% Headache
10-20% Headache, tinnitus, dyspnea
20-30% As above + nausea, vomiting
30-45% As above + confusion, coma
> 50% Respiratory center depression & death
Sleep disturbance,
headache, memory loss.
Arrhythmias
Myocarditis
Impaired ANS
147. Uses:
1- Fumigant (rodenticide, insecticide).
2- Extraction of silver & gold.
Mechanism of action:
- HCN absorbed through the lung.
- Excreted in urine & feces as thiocyanates.
- It inhibits cytochrome oxidase enzymes.
155. Uses:
- Manufacture pipes, sheet metals and foil.
- In paints, enamels and glazes.
Inlet to the body:
Through inhalation of dust & fumes. Also, ingestion & absorption
through the skin (by organic compounds) may occur.
156.
157.
158. A- Distribution in the body:
- Bound to RBCs, membranes.
- Precipitate in bone, teeth.
- Exist in the plasma.
B- Excretion:
- Almost via the kidney.
- Small amount excreted through bile.
- Sweat & milk.
159. What are the Normal levels of lead??
Adults:
<20 micrograms/dL of lead in the blood
Children:
<5 micrograms/dL of lead in the blood
164. Treatment of lead poisoning:
Identification of source
of lead poisoning.
Removal from exposure Chelation therapy
• Symptomatic patient with
BLL >100 µg/dl.
• Ca EDTA and/ or oral
penicillamine.
165.
166.
167.
168. The term "ergonomics" is derived from 2 Greek words: "ergo
= work" & "nomi = natural laws”.
Ergonomists study human capabilities in relationship to work
demands.
It is the application of knowledge as regards human abilities &
limitations to the design of tools, machines, tasks etc.
169.
170. All work activities should
permit the worker to adopt
several different, but
equally healthy & safe
postures.
Where muscular force has
to be exerted it should be
done by the largest
appropriate muscle groups
available.
Work activities should be
performed with the joints
at about mid-point of their
range of movement. This
applies particularly to the
head, trunk, & upper
limbs.
171. Repeated exertions
Lack of balance
between rest &
activities
Awkward &
extreme postures
Psychosocial
stressors
Mechanical
stressors
Extreme
temperature
172. The following symptoms may be found:
• These symptoms may not appear immediately because they develop over weeks,
months, or years. By then, the damage may be serious.
Tingling Joint swelling ↓ ability to
move
↓ grip strength Pain from
movement,
pressure, or
exposure to
cold or
vibration