This document discusses obesity as a multi-factor condition influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. It provides an overview of factors such as the built environment, consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, limited physical activity, and motivational challenges that have contributed to rising obesity rates. While genetics play a role, the rapid increase in obesity over the past 20 years is largely due to changes in the environment and culture that have reduced physical activity and promoted unhealthy diets. Addressing obesity will require efforts across multiple areas to support healthier lifestyles.
As a chronic disease it is prevalent in both developed and developing countries, and affecting children(10-20%) as well as adults(20-40%).Excess weight gain invites many associated diseases.
They Point to More Effective Weight Loss Strategies!RENGAN SRINIVASAN
Overeating Isn't the Primary Cause of Obesity, According to Scientists - They Point to More Effective Weight Loss Strategies!
Obesity in Adults: Facts and Figures.
Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity.
The starch insulin model isn't new; it dates back to the mid-nineteenth century.
As a chronic disease it is prevalent in both developed and developing countries, and affecting children(10-20%) as well as adults(20-40%).Excess weight gain invites many associated diseases.
They Point to More Effective Weight Loss Strategies!RENGAN SRINIVASAN
Overeating Isn't the Primary Cause of Obesity, According to Scientists - They Point to More Effective Weight Loss Strategies!
Obesity in Adults: Facts and Figures.
Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity.
The starch insulin model isn't new; it dates back to the mid-nineteenth century.
The health hazards associated with obesity. Mortality morbidity
Complications related to obesity
type 2 diabetes.
high blood pressure.
heart disease and strokes.
certain types of cancer.
sleep apnea.
osteoarthritis.
fatty liver disease.
Obesity is a growing problem that became a global concern. It took the shape of an epidemic in most developed countries. It is associated with major health concerns like heart disease, diabetes etc. We here depicted the top OECD countries suffering from obesity.
Putting the Health in Healthcare: Partnerships with Hospitals
Hospitals and active transportation advocates are working together to make their communities healthier. Hear from health professionals in Ohio, Pennsylvania and Washington, DC who are linking the healthy lifestyle expertise of hospitals with active transportation facilities.
Presenters:
Presenter: David Pauer Cleveland Clinic
Co-Presenter: Bonnie Coyle St. Luke's University Health Network
Co-Presenter: Elissa Garofalo Delaware & Lehigh National Heritage Corridor
Co-Presenter: Elissa Southward Rails-to-Trails Conservancy
12 sedentary lifestyle statistics that will get you off your buttJon Muller
The “Sitting Disease” is real, and it can be deadly, Here are 12 of the latest statistics on sedentary lifestyle and sitting that will get you off of your chair and moving more.
Source: http://ergonomictrends.com/sedentary-lifestyle-sitting-statistics/
Obesity is defined as excessive unhealthy accumulation of body fat. India has the third largest obese population in the world after United States of America and China. Prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions in parts of India. In some urban areas, up to a third of the population is either overweight or obese. Childhood and adolescent obesity is also rising rapidly. If this trend continues, certain sections of Indian society may start seeing declining life expectancy in India after many decades of steady progress. Early diagnosis of overweight and obesity may prevent progression to more severe forms associated with complications. In this review, we examine the usefulness of Body Mass Index in diagnosis of obesity in Asian Indian population and the debate surrounding the call for a downward revision of “normal” range in this population.
Sedentary lifestyle is an issue of great concern because of its deleterious health implications in
developed and developing countries. It is associated with limited physical activity, prolonged sitting at work, in
cars, communities, work sites, schools, homes and public places have been restricted in ways that minimize
human movement and muscular activities. People sit more and move less. This shift from a physically
demanding life to reduced physical activities have exposed people to high risk of developing various health
conditions such as obesity, hypertension, cardiac disorders, vitamin deficiencies, cancers to mention but a few.
They are associated with unhealthy lifestyles which are preventable. This paper therefore discussed the concept
of sedentary lifestyle, factors that enhance it and the various health implications associated with this unhealthy
behaviour. The paper concluded that individuals, groups and communities should make concerted efforts to
engage in physical activities, modify their dietary habits and avoid other risky behaviours that affect their health
negatively. Suggestions made by the paper include among others that work/public places should be structured in
a way that enhance active movement and recreational activities
Presentation by Professor Alan White for the ESRC Seminar Series on Ageing and Physical Activity - "Men, ageing and physical activity: Critical reflections"
http://seminars.ecehh.org
It’s no secret that the state of health and wellness in much of the developed world is dismal – and getting worse. And while Australia is a relatively good place to be born in terms of health, it is not immune from the alarming obesity epidemic and related health concerns. A number of food and beverage manufacturers have recognised this, and are taking tangible, visible steps to address the issue. However, there is still a long way to go. Whilst consumers generally recognise health risks and issues, there are barriers that prevent them making smarter consumption choices. One key barrier is the lack of availability of product options that address their health concerns whilst still delivering against other core needs. Through a greater understanding of relevant consumer lifestyle tensions and unmet consumption needs, marketers can more successfully navigate health and wellness territory.
House of Kitch Communications is a strategic communications consultancy with a specialty in health and wellbeing.
We find novel and innovative ways to bring health and wellbeing issues to life - igniting conversations and inspiring people to be healthier.
This is how we work.
The health hazards associated with obesity. Mortality morbidity
Complications related to obesity
type 2 diabetes.
high blood pressure.
heart disease and strokes.
certain types of cancer.
sleep apnea.
osteoarthritis.
fatty liver disease.
Obesity is a growing problem that became a global concern. It took the shape of an epidemic in most developed countries. It is associated with major health concerns like heart disease, diabetes etc. We here depicted the top OECD countries suffering from obesity.
Putting the Health in Healthcare: Partnerships with Hospitals
Hospitals and active transportation advocates are working together to make their communities healthier. Hear from health professionals in Ohio, Pennsylvania and Washington, DC who are linking the healthy lifestyle expertise of hospitals with active transportation facilities.
Presenters:
Presenter: David Pauer Cleveland Clinic
Co-Presenter: Bonnie Coyle St. Luke's University Health Network
Co-Presenter: Elissa Garofalo Delaware & Lehigh National Heritage Corridor
Co-Presenter: Elissa Southward Rails-to-Trails Conservancy
12 sedentary lifestyle statistics that will get you off your buttJon Muller
The “Sitting Disease” is real, and it can be deadly, Here are 12 of the latest statistics on sedentary lifestyle and sitting that will get you off of your chair and moving more.
Source: http://ergonomictrends.com/sedentary-lifestyle-sitting-statistics/
Obesity is defined as excessive unhealthy accumulation of body fat. India has the third largest obese population in the world after United States of America and China. Prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions in parts of India. In some urban areas, up to a third of the population is either overweight or obese. Childhood and adolescent obesity is also rising rapidly. If this trend continues, certain sections of Indian society may start seeing declining life expectancy in India after many decades of steady progress. Early diagnosis of overweight and obesity may prevent progression to more severe forms associated with complications. In this review, we examine the usefulness of Body Mass Index in diagnosis of obesity in Asian Indian population and the debate surrounding the call for a downward revision of “normal” range in this population.
Sedentary lifestyle is an issue of great concern because of its deleterious health implications in
developed and developing countries. It is associated with limited physical activity, prolonged sitting at work, in
cars, communities, work sites, schools, homes and public places have been restricted in ways that minimize
human movement and muscular activities. People sit more and move less. This shift from a physically
demanding life to reduced physical activities have exposed people to high risk of developing various health
conditions such as obesity, hypertension, cardiac disorders, vitamin deficiencies, cancers to mention but a few.
They are associated with unhealthy lifestyles which are preventable. This paper therefore discussed the concept
of sedentary lifestyle, factors that enhance it and the various health implications associated with this unhealthy
behaviour. The paper concluded that individuals, groups and communities should make concerted efforts to
engage in physical activities, modify their dietary habits and avoid other risky behaviours that affect their health
negatively. Suggestions made by the paper include among others that work/public places should be structured in
a way that enhance active movement and recreational activities
Presentation by Professor Alan White for the ESRC Seminar Series on Ageing and Physical Activity - "Men, ageing and physical activity: Critical reflections"
http://seminars.ecehh.org
It’s no secret that the state of health and wellness in much of the developed world is dismal – and getting worse. And while Australia is a relatively good place to be born in terms of health, it is not immune from the alarming obesity epidemic and related health concerns. A number of food and beverage manufacturers have recognised this, and are taking tangible, visible steps to address the issue. However, there is still a long way to go. Whilst consumers generally recognise health risks and issues, there are barriers that prevent them making smarter consumption choices. One key barrier is the lack of availability of product options that address their health concerns whilst still delivering against other core needs. Through a greater understanding of relevant consumer lifestyle tensions and unmet consumption needs, marketers can more successfully navigate health and wellness territory.
House of Kitch Communications is a strategic communications consultancy with a specialty in health and wellbeing.
We find novel and innovative ways to bring health and wellbeing issues to life - igniting conversations and inspiring people to be healthier.
This is how we work.
Voppt by dr seema kohli obesity and overweight-rev1Dr Seema Kohli
Obesity and overweight pose a major risk for chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and stroke, and certain forms of cancer.
The key causes are increased consumption of energy-dense foods high in saturated fats and sugars, and reduced physical activity.
INTRODUCTION, WHAT IS OBESITY, CLASSIFICATION OF OBESITY, MEASUREMENT OF OBESITY, BODY COMPOSITION AND FAT DISTRIBUTION, PREVALENCE OF OBESITY, HEALTH RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY.
ETIOLOY OF OBESITY, PATHOGENESIS OF OBESITY,
INTERELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OBESITY AND PERIODONTITIS, OBESITY AND DENTAL PRACTICE
THERAPY FOR OBESITY
Overweight And Obesity : Proven Health Risks, We All Should KnowSanjiv Haribhakti
Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation in the body that presents a risk to health. Obesity will have a negative effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. According to WHO, Obesity is one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century. For more info visit :- http://gisurgery.info/player_presentation.php?id=133
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
3. What is Overweight and Obesity
• Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may
impair health.
• The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy is conserved, implying a human body
that takes in more calories (a measure of energy) than it expends in support of bodily
functions must store the additional calories
• Body mass index (BMI) is a simple index of weight-for-height that is commonly used to
classify overweight and obesity in adults. (1)
The WHO definition is:
a BMI greater than or equal to 25 is overweight
a BMI greater than or equal to 30 is obesity.
4. A Cautionary tale to BMI measurement!
http://www.extreme-fitness-now.com/
5. Genetics vs Environment?
• The cause of obesity is complex and multifactorial.
• The rapid increase in the prevalence of obesity over the past 20 years is a result of
environmental and cultural influences. (2)
• Over nutrition and sedentary lifestyle have supplanted physical labour and regular
physical activity.
• Genetics play a role, but unlikely to be the case in the United States and United
Kingdoms. (3)
6. How has the Environment
influenced Obesity?
• “There is an urgent need to push back against the environmental forces that are producing.”
(5)
• Factors include:
• Built environment, i.e. layout of streets. (6)
• Increased consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. (7)
• Exposure to advertising that encourages food consumption and promotes unhealthy
foods. (8)
• Limited time or promotion for daily physical education. (9)
7. Pedestrian Friendly?
• Residing in highly walkable neighborhoods was associated with a lower prevalence of obesity
compared to individuals living in poorly walkable neighborhoods.
• Land-use mix, nearby destinations, and the presence of sidewalks have been associated
• with less obesity. (10)
• Baton Rouge for example is promoting a Walkable, “20 minute” neighborhood. (11)
• But what other factors and measure of accessibility of environment
are available?
http://rainiervalleypost.com/local-group-training-walking-ambassadors-to-lead-rainier-valley-tours/
8. Walkability
• Cities are graded on a score from 0-100. Scores are labelled as: walker’s paradise,
daily errands do not require a car (90-100); very walkable, most errands can be
accomplished on foot (70-89) to car-dependent, almost all errands require a car (0-
http://www.walkscore.com/LA/Lake_Charles
24).
• Lake Charles has an average Walk Score of 35 with 71,993 residents.
9. Sugar-Consumption
• High association a high intake of sugar sweetened beverages and the development of obesity.
Odds ratio of becoming obese increased 1.6 times for each additional sugar-sweetened drink
consumed every day.
• One can of soda provides up to 150 kcal and 40–50 g sugar in the form of high-fructose which
is equivalent to 10 teaspoons of table sugar.
• Schulze et al provides strong, scientifically sound evidence that excess calories from soft
drinks are directly contributing to the epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes, at least in the
United States, and should help convince the US government that
further changes in health policy are needed. (12)
10. Salt and Fat
• Developed evolutionary trait for humans to crave fat and store as adipose tissue.
Years on… Palatable food is now cheap, fast and not had to be personally hunted!
• With food now readily available (in most countries!), a situation of higher energy
intake is seen.
• High levels of fat increase cholesterol levels in the blood. High low-density
cholesterol is associated with increased stroke, heart attack and blocking of
arteries (atherosclerosis). (13)
11. Low Density vs High Density
Lipoproteins
• Low and high density lipoproteins represent two different cholesterols, with
contrasting roles. Both can also exist in very low density (VLDL) and very high density
(VHDL), which both carry out intensified versions of their prerequisite.
• Low Density Lipoproteins carries cholesterol from your liver to the cells that need it. If
there is too much cholesterol for the cells to use, it can build up in the artery walls.
• This leads to fatty deposits which, over time, reduce or completely block your blood
supply forming an atheroma.
• Atheroma’s have the ability to reduce oxygen delivery to cells. An atheroma in the
the carotid arteries can lead to stroke and potential loss of neural functioning.
12. Low Density vs High Density
Lipoproteins (2)
• Those with higher levels of high density protein levels tend to have fewer
problems with cardiovascular diseases. (14)
• High Density Lipoproteins carries cholesterol from the cells to the liver. Which
then become resynthesized and excreted from the body as bile.
http://blog.wellnessfx.com/2013/10/17/cholesterol-wrong-all-along/
13. Promotion of Physical Activity
• Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles
that requires energy expenditure.
• Percent of adults 18 years of age and over who met the Physical Activity
Guidelines for aerobic physical activity: 49.6% (2012). (15)
• Obesity and related comorbidities occur when
energy intake (EI) exceeds energy
expenditure (EE) over time.
• EE is proportional to resting (basal)
metabolic rate and thermogenesis.
http://cte.sfasu.edu/wp-content/
uploads/2012/01/2_Principles_of_Digestion_and_Metabo
lism.html
14. Promotion of Physical Activity (2)
• While energy expenditure can be influenced by keeping energy intake low,
evidence seems to suggest that we are bad predictors of adequate calorific intake.
(16)
• Therefore physical activity could be a useful tool in utilizing excess calories and
combating obesity.
• People still do not meet the recommended 150 minutes of moderate-intensity
aerobic physical activity throughout the week or do at least 75 minutes of
vigorous-intensity.
• Cited reasons usually include lack of quality motivation! (17)
15. Motivation Within Physical Activity
• Motivation theories may be viewed as being on a continuum for people to range
from total disinterest to complete enjoyment and excitement for PA.
• Lack of motivation can broadly be explained by two orders of factors – people
may not be interested in PA or not value its outcomes.
• Self-determination theory (SDT) has emerged as popular framework.
• SDT explains that people can sit anywhere on the scale from being amotivated,
PA being performed for guilt or external value to enjoyment and internalized
pleasure.
17. Success at Applying Motivational PA
Interventions
• People are usually good at forming intentions, but not at performing behavior.
• Low adherence can usually be observed after applying an intervention.
• The goal of motivation interventions is to educate the participant and give skills
to apply by themselves.
• Physical activity interventions are getting better at achieving these goals,
although there is still a long way to go!
18. Review
• Obesity is a multi factorial issue, with a number of interrelated problems that
have created the current epidemic.
• The built environment, lack of cities walkability, high sugar and fat diets, poor
promotion of physical activity, and poor motivational goals could explain some of
this problem.
• In 2010, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported higher
numbers once more, counting 35.7% of American adults as obese, and 17%
of American children. (15)
• Still a long way to go!
19. References
1. WHO.INT, (2014). WHO | Obesity and overweight. [online] Available at:
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ [Accessed 30 Oct. 2014].
2. Canadian Medical Association. (2007). 2006 Canadian Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management
and Prevention of Obesity in Adults and Children. Canadian Medical Association.
3. Yang, W., Kelly, T., & He, J. (2007). Genetic epidemiology of obesity. Epidemiologic reviews, 29 (1), 49-
61.
4. Friedman, J. M. (2003). A war on obesity, not the obese. Science, 299 (5608), 856-858.
5. Mobley, L. R., Root, E. D., Finkelstein, E. A., Khavjou, O., Farris, R. P., & Will, J. C. (2006). Environment,
obesity, and cardiovascular disease risk in low-income women. American journal of preventive
medicine, 30(4), 327-332.
20. 6. Booth, K. M., Pinkston, M. M., & Poston, W. S. C. (2005). Obesity and the built environment. Journal of
the American Dietetic Association, 105(5), 110-117.
7. Duffey, K. J., & Popkin, B. M. (2007). Shifts in patterns and consumption of beverages between 1965 and
2002. Obesity, 15(11), 2739-2747.
8. Andreyeva, T., Kelly, I. R., & Harris, J. L. (2011). Exposure to food advertising on television: associations
with children's fast food and soft drink consumption and obesity. Economics & Human Biology, 9(3), 221-
233.
9. Blair, S. N., & Brodney, S. (1999). Effects of physical inactivity and obesity on morbidity and mortality:
current evidence and research issues.Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 31, S646-S662.
21. 10. Scott MM, Dubowitz T, Cohen DA. Regional differences in walking frequency and BMI: What role does
the built environment play for Blacks and Whites? Health Place. 2009;15:882–7.
11. Brgov.com, (2014). Official Baton Rouge Government Website. [online] Available at:
https://brgov.com/ [Accessed 7 Nov. 2014].
12. Ludwig DS, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL. Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and
childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis. Lancet. 2001;357:505-508.
13. NHS.UK, (2014). Is saturated fat bad for me? - Health questions - NHS Choices. [online] Available at:
http://www.nhs.uk/chq/pages/1124.aspx?categoryid=51 [Accessed 19 Nov. 2014].
14. Toth, P. P. (2005). The “good cholesterol” high-density lipoprotein. Circulation,111(5), e89-e91.
22. 15. CDC.GOV, (2014). Fast Stats - Exercise or Physical Activity. [online] Available at:
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/exercise.htm [Accessed 19 Nov. 2014].
16. Lichtman, S. W., Pisarska, K., Berman, E. R., Pestone, M., Dowling, H., Offenbacher, E., ... &
Heymsfield, S. B. (1992). Discrepancy between self-reported and actual caloric intake and exercise in obese
subjects. New England Journal of Medicine, 327(27), 1893-1898.
17. Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., & Ntoumanis, N. (2006). The role of self-determined motivation in the
understanding of exercise-related behaviours, cognitions and physical self-evaluations. Journal of sports
sciences, 24(4), 393-404.
Editor's Notes
One of the major twenty-first century epidemics
Image captures peoples attitudes towards tackling a potentially lethal disease – People are willing to get diagnosed, but if treatment involves non-drug treatment, a level of will-power is needed
Has Society now accepted Obesity as a the norm?
References
Who.int, (2014). WHO | Obesity and overweight. [online] Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ [Accessed 30 Oct. 2014].
Overlaps do occur, height to an extent can account for a larger weight.
Cheap and favourable methods of composition, but does not account for muscle mass.
Within the context of environmental, social and genetic factors, at the simplest level obesity results from long-term positive energy balance — the interaction of energy intake and energy expenditure.
Exponential rises in prevalence of eating disorders mostly disproves hypothesis that genetics play largest role in most populations