This document summarizes the epidemiology of obesity globally and in the United States. Key points include:
- Over 600 million adults and 43 million children worldwide are obese. In the US, over 78 million adults and 12.7 million children are obese.
- Obesity prevalence has increased significantly and far surpasses original Healthy People 2010 and 2020 targets.
- Obesity is associated with numerous health risks like diabetes, heart disease, and some cancers. It contributes to over 300,000 deaths annually in the US.
- Risk factors include genetics, low income, low education, geographic and cultural factors, sedentary lifestyles, and diets high in calories and sugars. Certain medications and disabilities can also
As a chronic disease it is prevalent in both developed and developing countries, and affecting children(10-20%) as well as adults(20-40%).Excess weight gain invites many associated diseases.
The health hazards associated with obesity. Mortality morbidity
Complications related to obesity
type 2 diabetes.
high blood pressure.
heart disease and strokes.
certain types of cancer.
sleep apnea.
osteoarthritis.
fatty liver disease.
As a chronic disease it is prevalent in both developed and developing countries, and affecting children(10-20%) as well as adults(20-40%).Excess weight gain invites many associated diseases.
The health hazards associated with obesity. Mortality morbidity
Complications related to obesity
type 2 diabetes.
high blood pressure.
heart disease and strokes.
certain types of cancer.
sleep apnea.
osteoarthritis.
fatty liver disease.
58% of the households are food insecure.
18% of Women aged 15-49 years are under weight.
31% of children are underweight.
Nutrition status of <5 years children has shown no improvement from last 46 years
Anemia has worsened among both pregnant and non-pregnant women and pregnant women in urban areas are having more iron deficiency anemia.
Pakistan may be witnessing the double burden of under nutrition and obesity within rural and urban women of reproductive age.
RESEARCH
Obesity is a chronic, debilitating, life long disease giving rise to many other diseases. Severe obesity is
associated with co-morbidities including type 2 DM, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnoea,
obesity hypoventilation syndrome, polycystic ovarian syndrome, stateohepatosis, asthma, back and lower
limb degenerative problem, cancer and premature death. Morbid obesity has acquired epidemic proportions in the west. Traditional approaches to weight loss including diet, exercise and medication achieve no more than 5-10 % reduction in body weight with high relapse rates. So far, there was no effective remedy for morbid obesity. Bariatric surgery is the only effective means of achieving long term weight loss in the severely obese. The international guideline for bariatric surgery are BMI > 40 kg/m2 BMI > 35 kg/m2 together with obesity related disease. Bariatric surgery can achieve sustained weight loss durable to at least 15 years and causes marked improvement in co-morbidities.
The "Calorie Reduction as Primary" HypothesisRWLGym
A brief outline of how inflammation is responsible for the obesity epidemic and the idea that reducing caloric intake to lose body fat and get healthier is flawed.
Obesity is defined as an abnormal growth of the adipose tissue and or enlargement of fat cell size (hypertrophic obesity) or increase in fat cell number (hyperplastic obesity).
Obesity is often expressed in terms of body mass index (BMI)
58% of the households are food insecure.
18% of Women aged 15-49 years are under weight.
31% of children are underweight.
Nutrition status of <5 years children has shown no improvement from last 46 years
Anemia has worsened among both pregnant and non-pregnant women and pregnant women in urban areas are having more iron deficiency anemia.
Pakistan may be witnessing the double burden of under nutrition and obesity within rural and urban women of reproductive age.
RESEARCH
Obesity is a chronic, debilitating, life long disease giving rise to many other diseases. Severe obesity is
associated with co-morbidities including type 2 DM, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnoea,
obesity hypoventilation syndrome, polycystic ovarian syndrome, stateohepatosis, asthma, back and lower
limb degenerative problem, cancer and premature death. Morbid obesity has acquired epidemic proportions in the west. Traditional approaches to weight loss including diet, exercise and medication achieve no more than 5-10 % reduction in body weight with high relapse rates. So far, there was no effective remedy for morbid obesity. Bariatric surgery is the only effective means of achieving long term weight loss in the severely obese. The international guideline for bariatric surgery are BMI > 40 kg/m2 BMI > 35 kg/m2 together with obesity related disease. Bariatric surgery can achieve sustained weight loss durable to at least 15 years and causes marked improvement in co-morbidities.
The "Calorie Reduction as Primary" HypothesisRWLGym
A brief outline of how inflammation is responsible for the obesity epidemic and the idea that reducing caloric intake to lose body fat and get healthier is flawed.
Obesity is defined as an abnormal growth of the adipose tissue and or enlargement of fat cell size (hypertrophic obesity) or increase in fat cell number (hyperplastic obesity).
Obesity is often expressed in terms of body mass index (BMI)
In recognition of National Childhood Obesity Awareness Month, I developed and facilitated a community-based "Lunch and Learn" session. I provide background information, statistics and informational resources pertaining to the obesity epidemic. Additionally, I provided nutrition and fitness related strategies to foster a healthy lifestyle.
Title: Navigating Obesity: Understanding, Impact, Solutions
In this presentation, we unravel obesity's complexity, exploring its subcategories and the significance of Body Mass Index. Key facts underscore its global urgency. We dissect causes, from genetics to sedentary lifestyles, and outline health risks like cardiovascular issues and diabetes. We address the challenge of "double burden of malnutrition." Solutions include balanced diets, activity, stress management, and professional guidance. Real-life success stories inspire, and a Q&A session fosters engagement. Our aim: empower individuals to grasp obesity's nuances, mitigate its impacts, and embrace healthier living.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Astronomy Update- Curiosity’s exploration of Mars _ Local Briefs _ leadertele...
Obesity epid624
1. Epidemiology of Obesity
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL MEDICINE
YERRA.MRUDULA SUNEEYAM
GROUP :- 4TH
SEMESTER:- 9TH
SUBMITTED TO :- Dr. YRYSOVA M.
BAKIRBAEVNA
Asst. Professor
ISM (IUK)
3. Defining obesity
“Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or
excessive fat accumulation that may impair health.”
- World Health Organization(WHO).
Primary Screening Measure
Body Mass Index (BMI) = weight(kg) / height(m)2
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
4. Defining obesity(CONT.)
Adults
• BMI ≥ 30.0 is obese
• 25.0-29.9 is overweight
• 18.5-24.9 is normal
• < 18.5 is underweight
Children/Adolescents
• Sex/age-specific BMI
• BMI ≥ 95th percentile is
obese
• 85th to less than 95th
percentile is overweight
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/defining.html
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/defining.html
6. Prevalence of obesity globally
Adults (18+)
• 13% obese
• 600 million
• 39% overweight
• 1.9 billion
Children (under 5)
• 6.7% overweight or
obese
• 43 million
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/publications/overweight_obesity/en/
7. Prevalence of obesity in the U.S.
Adults (20+)
• 34.9% obese
• 78.6 million
• 70% overweight or
obese
Children/Adolescents (2-19)
• 17% obese
• 12.7 million
• 33% overweight or obese
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html
http://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/Obesity/2014/subtypingobesity.pdf
9. Prevalence of obesity in the U.S.
Past Targets: Healthy
People 2010
• 15% of adults
• 5% of children
Current Targets: Healthy
People 2020
• 30.5% of adults
• 14.5% of children
http://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/2008/obesityRx_AHA.pdf
http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/nutrition-and-
weight-status/objectives
10. Incidence of obesity
• No official measures of U.S. obesity incidence
currently
• Would require accurately identifying the
population at risk (non-obese) at a given point in
time, as well as new cases
• Potential for prospective cohort studies to estimate
• Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class
of 1998-1999
http://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/Obesity/2014/IOMEvaln.pdf
http://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/Obesity/2014/nejmEditObesityinChildren.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24476431
11. • Higher prevalence for American Indians, Alaska
Natives, other Hispanic/Latino, Native Hawaiians,
Pacific Islanders vs. non-Hispanic whites
• Suggestion from WHO Western Pacific Region that
BMI cutoffs may need to be lower for some Asian
populations due to increased risk for poor health
outcomes
http://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/2008/obesityRx_AHA.pdf
ATTRIBUTES ASS. WITH OBESITY
12. AGE
Adults (20+)
• 39.5% ages 40-59
• 35.4% ages 60+
• 30.3% ages 20-39
Children/Adolescents
• 20.5% ages 12-19
• 17.7% ages 6-11
• 8.4% ages 2-5*
*down from 13.9% in less than a decade
(2003/2004 – 2011/2012)
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html
14. Genetics
• Family history of obesity
• Other conditions, such as Cushing’s disease
or polycystic ovary syndrome
• Potential gene variants affecting hunger or
metabolism, interacting with environmental
influences.
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes.html
15. Income
• Higher incomes associated with decreased risk of
obesity in women, but increased risk in non-
Hispanic black men and Mexican-American men.
• Being at or below the poverty line is associated
with higher rates of obesity among children.
• 9 of 10 states with the highest obesity rates are
among the poorest.
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html
The Weight of the Nation: Part 1 – Consequences (HBO Documentary)
16. Education
• Women with college degrees have lower risk of
obesity compared to those with less education.
• No educational difference noted for men.
• Generally, obesity rates are lower for children if
head of household has college degree versus
not finishing high school.
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html
17. Geography & culture
• Higher prevalence of obesity in rural areas
• Risk for obesity among immigrants increases with
time spent in the U.S.
• States with highest rates of obesity also have
lowest physical activity rates for adults
• Unhealthy food and physical activity environments
• Limited food access, availability, affordability.
http://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/Obesity/2016/activity&health_IOMNov.pdf
http://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/2008/obesityRx_AHA.pdf
18. Adverse behaviors
• Diets high in calories, added sugars, fast food
• Average daily calorie intake for adults: 2,234
• Low physical activity
• Only 19% of Americans meet minimum guidelines
• Television or other media
• Sedentary activity
• Increased exposure to food/beverage marketing
• Over 7.5 hours daily for older children/adolescents
http://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/variables_ChildrenwithCD.ppt
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes.html
http://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/Obesity/2013/IO)MObesitypstr.pdf
19. Other risk factors
• Maternal smoking
• Extreme birthweight (low or high)
• Not being breastfed
• Disabilities
• Medications (steroids, antidepressants).
http://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/variables_ChildrenwithCD.ppt
http://www.commed.vcu.edu/Chronic_Disease/Obesity/2016/activity&health_IOMNov.pdf
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes.html
20. Morbidity associated with obesity
• Type 2 Diabetes
• Cardiovascular Disease
• Stroke
• Hypertension
• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
• Osteoarthritis
• Some cancers
http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-statistics/Pages/overweight-
obesity-statistics.aspx#b
21. Mortality
• More deaths globally associated with
obesity/overweight than underweight
• 2.8 million per year
• ~300,000 deaths each year in the U.S. may be
caused by obesity
• Hard to obtain true estimates without taking age
and cohort effects into account
• Current figures are likely underestimated
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/obesity_text/en/
http://thecommunityguide.org/obesity/index.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23948004