Obesity is defined as excessive unhealthy accumulation of body fat. India has the third largest obese population in the world after United States of America and China. Prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions in parts of India. In some urban areas, up to a third of the population is either overweight or obese. Childhood and adolescent obesity is also rising rapidly. If this trend continues, certain sections of Indian society may start seeing declining life expectancy in India after many decades of steady progress. Early diagnosis of overweight and obesity may prevent progression to more severe forms associated with complications. In this review, we examine the usefulness of Body Mass Index in diagnosis of obesity in Asian Indian population and the debate surrounding the call for a downward revision of “normal” range in this population.
OBESITY AND WEIGHT LOSS SURGERY, HOW MUCH BENEFICIAL AND SAFE?BY DR MANZOOR A...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
Obesity is recognized as a global health crisis. Weight loss surgery offers a treatment that can reduce weight, induce remission of obesity-related diseases, and improve the quality of life. This review summarizes recent evidence related to the safety, efficacy, and metabolic outcomes of weight loss surgery for morbid obesity. The article also highlights various issues when lifestyle modifications and weight loss medications have failed to provide significant weight loss in the majority of obese people.
Research article on anti aging tool by Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Sopore KashmirProf Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
A research article HbA1c:A Biomarker of Anti Aging By Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Chinki Pora Sopore Kashmir
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a marker of evaluation of long-term glycemic control in diabetic patients that predict risks for the development and progression of diabetic complications. The aim of this study is to evaluate the significance of Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in relation to aging
Comparing BMI and hand grip strength of Tsinghua University Beijing and Unive...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Background: This study was an illustrated cross sessional study of male and female students of
Tsinghua University Beijing China and University of Sindh Pakistan students. The study objectives were to
describe normative data and compare the BMI and hand grip strength of dominant hand of both universities
students. The study elaborated that health and fitness status of universities lifestyle of young male and female
students are significantly related to the desire level of general health and fitness level and observed the attitude
of students towards health assessment activities and status.
OBESITY AND WEIGHT LOSS SURGERY, HOW MUCH BENEFICIAL AND SAFE?BY DR MANZOOR A...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
Obesity is recognized as a global health crisis. Weight loss surgery offers a treatment that can reduce weight, induce remission of obesity-related diseases, and improve the quality of life. This review summarizes recent evidence related to the safety, efficacy, and metabolic outcomes of weight loss surgery for morbid obesity. The article also highlights various issues when lifestyle modifications and weight loss medications have failed to provide significant weight loss in the majority of obese people.
Research article on anti aging tool by Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Sopore KashmirProf Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
A research article HbA1c:A Biomarker of Anti Aging By Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Chinki Pora Sopore Kashmir
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a marker of evaluation of long-term glycemic control in diabetic patients that predict risks for the development and progression of diabetic complications. The aim of this study is to evaluate the significance of Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in relation to aging
Comparing BMI and hand grip strength of Tsinghua University Beijing and Unive...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Background: This study was an illustrated cross sessional study of male and female students of
Tsinghua University Beijing China and University of Sindh Pakistan students. The study objectives were to
describe normative data and compare the BMI and hand grip strength of dominant hand of both universities
students. The study elaborated that health and fitness status of universities lifestyle of young male and female
students are significantly related to the desire level of general health and fitness level and observed the attitude
of students towards health assessment activities and status.
Overweight and Medical Condition in US : 3 Factors that affect Childhood obe...Sumit Roy
Obesity and the risk of being overweight, leads to not only chronic medical condition, but also makes an individual susceptible to many kinds of conditions. The paper from American heart foundation. shares numbers that are quite frightning
Dietary Lifestyle, Way of Life Practices and Corpulence: Towards Present Day Science by Alok Raghav, Aditi, Sneha Gupta, Pratibha Singh, Aman Nikhil, Saba Noor and Jamal Ahmad in Examines in Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
Relationship of body mass index, fat and visceral fat among adolescentsSports Journal
In the present study the researcher studied out the correlation of Body mass index, Fat and visceral fat
among adolescents. Data was statically analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson Product Multi
Correlation Coefficient was used (PPMCC). It was find out that body mass index was significantly
correlated with fat and visceral fat and on the other hand fat was also significantly correlated with
visceral fat among adolescents.
Obesity is a chronic, debilitating, life long disease giving rise to many other diseases. Severe obesity is
associated with co-morbidities including type 2 DM, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnoea,
obesity hypoventilation syndrome, polycystic ovarian syndrome, stateohepatosis, asthma, back and lower
limb degenerative problem, cancer and premature death. Morbid obesity has acquired epidemic proportions in the west. Traditional approaches to weight loss including diet, exercise and medication achieve no more than 5-10 % reduction in body weight with high relapse rates. So far, there was no effective remedy for morbid obesity. Bariatric surgery is the only effective means of achieving long term weight loss in the severely obese. The international guideline for bariatric surgery are BMI > 40 kg/m2 BMI > 35 kg/m2 together with obesity related disease. Bariatric surgery can achieve sustained weight loss durable to at least 15 years and causes marked improvement in co-morbidities.
Unraveling the mystery behind typical obesity patterns in Asians. Why Asians burn fat sparingly
Why Asian BMI cut-offs are lower than that of western counterparts
Women who test positive for one of the two breast cancer susceptibility genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, increase their risk by 45-55 percent. Currently, there are no specific physical activity recommendations for these women. However, research supports the positive effect of exercise on reducing breast cancer risk by reducing BMI, adipose tissue, and damage caused by lipid peroxidation.
ABDOMINAL OBESITY AND ITS ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS - AN UPDATEindexPub
Background: India has a serious Abdominal Obesity (AO) concern with a frequency of 24.8%, particularly among metropolitan especially in women. Generalised obesity (GO) & AO, both of which are associated with greater rates of mortality & morbidity. In India, AO is more prevalent than GO (24.5%), & it has been associated to a number of health hazards, including the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, & cardiovascular diseases (CVD), high blood pressure & PCOS.
Miracle of Herbals and Natural Products in Treatment and Regulation of Obesityijtsrd
The perfect anti obesity sedate would deliver supported weight misfortune with negligible side effects. The instruments that direct vitality adjust have significant built in repetition, overlap considerably with other physiological capacities, and are affected by social, hedonic and psychological components that restrain the viability of pharmacological intercessions. It is therefore unsurprising that anti obesity medicate revelation programs have been littered with untrue starts, failures in clinical improvement, and withdrawals due to unfavorable impacts that were not fully appreciated at the time of dispatch. Drugs that target pathways in metabolic tissues, such as adipocytes, liver and skeletal muscle, have appeared potential in preclinical considers but none has however come to clinical development. Later enhancements within the understanding of peptidergic flagging of starvation and satiety from the gastrointestinal tract intervened by ghrelin, cholecystokinin CCK , peptide YY PYY and glucagon like peptide 1 GLP 1 Himangshu Jyoti Hazarika | Aziz Ahmed | Kaushal K. Chandrul ""Miracle of Herbals and Natural Products in Treatment and Regulation of Obesity"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23549.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/23549/miracle-of-herbals-and-natural-products-in-treatment-and-regulation-of-obesity/himangshu-jyoti-hazarika
Overweight and Medical Condition in US : 3 Factors that affect Childhood obe...Sumit Roy
Obesity and the risk of being overweight, leads to not only chronic medical condition, but also makes an individual susceptible to many kinds of conditions. The paper from American heart foundation. shares numbers that are quite frightning
Dietary Lifestyle, Way of Life Practices and Corpulence: Towards Present Day Science by Alok Raghav, Aditi, Sneha Gupta, Pratibha Singh, Aman Nikhil, Saba Noor and Jamal Ahmad in Examines in Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
Relationship of body mass index, fat and visceral fat among adolescentsSports Journal
In the present study the researcher studied out the correlation of Body mass index, Fat and visceral fat
among adolescents. Data was statically analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson Product Multi
Correlation Coefficient was used (PPMCC). It was find out that body mass index was significantly
correlated with fat and visceral fat and on the other hand fat was also significantly correlated with
visceral fat among adolescents.
Obesity is a chronic, debilitating, life long disease giving rise to many other diseases. Severe obesity is
associated with co-morbidities including type 2 DM, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnoea,
obesity hypoventilation syndrome, polycystic ovarian syndrome, stateohepatosis, asthma, back and lower
limb degenerative problem, cancer and premature death. Morbid obesity has acquired epidemic proportions in the west. Traditional approaches to weight loss including diet, exercise and medication achieve no more than 5-10 % reduction in body weight with high relapse rates. So far, there was no effective remedy for morbid obesity. Bariatric surgery is the only effective means of achieving long term weight loss in the severely obese. The international guideline for bariatric surgery are BMI > 40 kg/m2 BMI > 35 kg/m2 together with obesity related disease. Bariatric surgery can achieve sustained weight loss durable to at least 15 years and causes marked improvement in co-morbidities.
Unraveling the mystery behind typical obesity patterns in Asians. Why Asians burn fat sparingly
Why Asian BMI cut-offs are lower than that of western counterparts
Women who test positive for one of the two breast cancer susceptibility genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, increase their risk by 45-55 percent. Currently, there are no specific physical activity recommendations for these women. However, research supports the positive effect of exercise on reducing breast cancer risk by reducing BMI, adipose tissue, and damage caused by lipid peroxidation.
ABDOMINAL OBESITY AND ITS ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS - AN UPDATEindexPub
Background: India has a serious Abdominal Obesity (AO) concern with a frequency of 24.8%, particularly among metropolitan especially in women. Generalised obesity (GO) & AO, both of which are associated with greater rates of mortality & morbidity. In India, AO is more prevalent than GO (24.5%), & it has been associated to a number of health hazards, including the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, & cardiovascular diseases (CVD), high blood pressure & PCOS.
Miracle of Herbals and Natural Products in Treatment and Regulation of Obesityijtsrd
The perfect anti obesity sedate would deliver supported weight misfortune with negligible side effects. The instruments that direct vitality adjust have significant built in repetition, overlap considerably with other physiological capacities, and are affected by social, hedonic and psychological components that restrain the viability of pharmacological intercessions. It is therefore unsurprising that anti obesity medicate revelation programs have been littered with untrue starts, failures in clinical improvement, and withdrawals due to unfavorable impacts that were not fully appreciated at the time of dispatch. Drugs that target pathways in metabolic tissues, such as adipocytes, liver and skeletal muscle, have appeared potential in preclinical considers but none has however come to clinical development. Later enhancements within the understanding of peptidergic flagging of starvation and satiety from the gastrointestinal tract intervened by ghrelin, cholecystokinin CCK , peptide YY PYY and glucagon like peptide 1 GLP 1 Himangshu Jyoti Hazarika | Aziz Ahmed | Kaushal K. Chandrul ""Miracle of Herbals and Natural Products in Treatment and Regulation of Obesity"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23549.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/23549/miracle-of-herbals-and-natural-products-in-treatment-and-regulation-of-obesity/himangshu-jyoti-hazarika
Resurge - The Godzilla Of Offers - Resurge weight loss.Med Gaith
Resurge- The Godzilla Offers is a blend of natural products that are helpful to losing weight, boosting the immune system, increasing metabolism, and relieving stress. it is effective against problems that in one way or another are related to weight gain. It is made in the USA and approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Management of Excess Weight and Obesity: A Global PerspectiveCrimsonPublishersIOD
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), especially, hypertension, excess weight, obesity, metabolic syndrome, type-2 diabetes, and vascular diseases,
have increased rapidly in the last two decades and have reached an epidemic status worldwide. Some experts have compared this increase in the
incidence of these diseases as “tsunamis”. Tsunamis’ are seasonal and unpredictable whereas, these diseases are predictable and not seasonal. So, what
are we going to do about this situation? Are we going to sit and wait for some miracle to happen? What are the member nations of the United Nations,
World Health Organization, NCD Task Force going to do about this, besides writing and publishing scary reports of future economic and healthcare
disasters? In this overview, we would like to discuss briefly the salient findings on this topic, initiate a healthy dialogue, request suggestions, positive
comments, and offer few suggestions.
A Retrospective Study to Investigate Association among Age, BMI and BMD in th...IOSR Journals
Bone strength (and, hence, fracture risk) is dependent on many qualities of bone, of which bone mineral density (BMD) is the most commonly measured. Association between advancing age and lower body mass index (BMI) is an important risk factor in the occurrence of low BMD. This study was aimed at evaluation of the association among age, BMI and status of BMD among 159 age matched postmenopausal women who underwent Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptimetry (DEXA) scan. The study population was divided into three groups on the basis of body mass index (BMI) as normal weight, obese and severely obese. The mean bone mineral density (BMD) of obese and severely obese postmenopausal women was found to be significantly higher (P value < 0.001) as compared to the mean BMD of normal weight women. Significant negative correlation was found between the age and BMI except in severely obese group (P value < 0.05). Age and BMD in all the three groups correlated negatively (P value < 0.01) in all the three groups. BMD and BMI in the normal weight group significantly correlated negatively (P value < 0.05) while a very weak positive but insignificant correlation existed between the same in the obese and severely obese postmenopausal women. The study revealed that with advancing age BMD is lowered and that higher BMI might have a positive influence (although not significant as observed in the present study) on the BMD. Other factors like exposure to sunlight, calcium intake, diet etc should also be investigated which could not be probed in the present study as it was a retrospective analysis.
Running header THE MENACE OF OBESTIY1The Me.docxanhlodge
Running header: THE MENACE OF OBESTIY 1
The Menace of Obesity
Rodney Martinez
Columbia Southern University
The menace of obesity: Stern & Kazaks (2009) defined obesity as a health condition that is associated with excess body fat that is gained by environmental and genetic factors that are difficult to control during dieting. Obesity is classified as having a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or above. BMI is a tool that measures obesity in an individual. The personal or community effects of obesity will be discussed. It will include a discussion on one factor that contributes to childhood or adult obesity and two prevention measures that relate to the selected factor. Finally, a discussion on one sociological theory that relates to the selected contributing factor to obesity will be given to provide a better understanding on what we as Americans define being obesity.
Effects of Obesity
The cost of obesity is known to go beyond those pertaining to personal health, including heart diseases, type II diabetes’ and bone and joint disease. Obesity has a lifelong financial impact on the individual, family members and the community at large, because of the medical bills to treat diseases. Kopelman (2010) stated that this worsens the situations since this individual is less productive financially due to the health condition and thus leaving the burden to family members and the community. According to a recent report from the Department of Health Policy at George Washington University's School of Public Health and Health Services, the tangible annual health- and work-related costs of obesity for a woman amount to $4,789 more than a woman of average weight would pay. For an obese man, those added costs are $2,646 annually.
One of the main contributing factors to childhood or adult obesity is a lifestyle. Eckel (2003) argued that overeating with in a combination with a sedentary lifestyle has been known to contribute to obesity. If you take foods in which a high percentage of calories come from high-fat, refined and sugary foods that will easily make you gain weight and high chances of being obese if you continue with that diet for long without counteracting practices. As more American families consume diets on the go and more people looking for low-cost foods, more people will reach high-calorie and fatty foods and beverages such as fast food.
Preventive Measures of Obesity
One of the preventive measures that can be taken to avoid obesity is changing behaviors which will affect these lifestyle choices. Choosing whole grains such as whole bread and brown rice rather than white rice and while bread. These foods are richer in fiber and nutrients and thus the body absorb them more slowly and therefore will not cause a rapid spike in insulin. Eating less fatty foods will also reduce excess calories in the bath. (Waters, E. 2010) stated that another preventive measure that is recommended is exercising every day, this will help in burning exce.
Prevalence of obesity.Body composition & body shape (body fat distribution ) and CVD risk .Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease.Fat-but-Fit Paradigm and CVD,The Relationship of Metabolic Risk Factors and Cardiorespiratory Fitness. Metabolically Healthy but Obese ( MHO ) Phenotype and CVD.Obesity Paradox in Patients With CVD
Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumor – Case Reports and Review ArticleApollo Hospitals
Malignant mixed mullerian tumors are very rare genital tumors. They are biphasic neoplasms composed of an admixture of malignant epithelial and mesenchymal elements. In descending order of frequency they originate in the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix and vagina. Also they arise denovo from peritoneum. They are highly aggressive and tend to occur in postmenopausal low parity women. Because of rarity, there is as such no treatment guidelines available. Multimodality treatment in the form of radical surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy or combined chemoradiation gives a better prognosis & outcome. Two case reports of such tumors, one from ovary and other from penitoneum are presented along with the review of literature.
Intra-Fetal Laser Ablation of Umbilical Vessels in Acardiac Twin with Success...Apollo Hospitals
To interrupt blood supply to the acardiac twin in a case of TRAP sequence of monochorionic diamniotic multiple pregnancy to allow for continuation of the normal twin.
Breast Cancer in Young Women and its Impact on Reproductive FunctionApollo Hospitals
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in developed countries. Chemotherapy for breast cancer is likely to negatively impact on reproductive function. We review current treatment; effects on reproductive function; breastfeeding and management of menopausal symptoms following breast cancer.
Turner syndrome (gonadal dysgenesis) is one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities occuring 1 in 2500 to 1 in 3000 live-born girls. It is an important cause of short stature in girls and primary amenorrhea in young women that is usually caused by loss of part or all of an X chromosome. This review briefly summarises the current knowledge about the syndrome and the management strategies.
Due to pregnancy thyroid economy is affected with changes in iodine metabolism, TBG and development of maternal goiter. The incidence of hypothyroidism in pregnancy is quite common with autoimmune hypothyroidism being the most important cause. Overt as well as subclinical hypothyroidism has a varied impact on maternal and neonatal outcome. After multiple studies also, routine screening in pregnancy for hypothyroidism can still not be recommended. Management mainly comprises of dosage adjustments as soon as pregnancy is diagnosed based on results of thyroid function tests. The aim should be to keep FT4 at the upper end of normal range.
Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD) can persist from childhood or be newly acquired. Confirmation through stimulation testing is usually required unless there is a proven genetic/structural lesion persistent from childhood. Growth harmone (GH) therapy offers benefits in body composition, exercise capacity, skeletal integrity, and quality of life measures and is most likely to benefit those patients who have more severe GHD. The risks of GH treatment are low. GH dosing regimens should be individualized. The final decision to treat adults with GHD requires thoughtful clinical judgment with a careful evaluation of the benefits and risks specific to the individual.
Advances in the management of thalassemia have led to marked improvements in the life span and quality of life of children and young adults. This poses new challenges for the treating physicians. There is now increasing recognition that thalassemics have impaired bone health which is multifactorial in etiology. This paper aims to highlight the factors that predispose these patients to osteoporosis and suggests measures to minimise the impact on bone health.
Laparoscopic Excision of Foregut Duplication Cyst of StomachApollo Hospitals
Retroperitoneal gastric duplication cysts lined by ciliated columnar epithelium are extremely rare lesions and its presentation during adulthood is a diagnostic challenge for treating clinicians. This entity often resembles cystic pancreatic neoplasm, retroperitoneal cystic lesions and sometimes as an adrenal cystic neoplasm. Correct diagnosis on the basis of radiological investigation is difficult and histopathologic analysis. We report a case of gastric duplication cyst in a 16year old girl that mimicked as a retroperitoneal /pancreatic /adrenal cystic lesion and was successfully managed by laparoscopy.
Occupational Blood Borne Infections: Prevention is Better than CureApollo Hospitals
Viral infections like HIV, hepatitis Band C virus pose a big risk to the contacts of individuals with high risk behaviour as well as to the attending health care workers. Blood, semen, vaginal and other potentially infectious materials can transmit the infection to the susceptible contacts. Universal precautions should be strictly implemented during clinical examination, laboratory work and surgical procedures to prevent transmission to the health care providers. Health care workers should receive vaccination for hepatitis B infection. An inadvertent exposure should be managed with proper first aid and infectivity of the source and severity of exposure should be assessed. Severity of exposure is based on the nature and area of exposed surface, mode of injury and volume of infective material. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) should be started as soon as possible after a proper counseling about the effectiveness of post-exposure prophylaxis, side effects and risk of carrying the infection to his familial contacts and its prevention.
Evaluation of Red Cell Hemolysis in Packed Red Cells During Processing and St...Apollo Hospitals
Storage of red cells causes a progressive increase in hemolysis. Inspite of the use of additive solutions for storage and filters for leucoreduction some amount of hemolysis is still inevitable. The extent of hemolysis however should not exceed the permissible threshold for hemolysis even on the 42nd day of storage.
Efficacy and safety of dexamethasone cyclophosphamide pulse therapy in the tr...Apollo Hospitals
Various drugs used to treat pemphigus can cause remission, but none can provide permanent remission as relapses are common. With the introduction of DCP in pemphigus in 1984, patients started being in prolonged/permanent remission. This study was done to compare the efficacy of DCP to oral corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide in combination.
Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS)Apollo Hospitals
Severe skin adverse drug reactions can result in death. Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) has the highest mortality (30–35%); Stevens-Johnson syndrome and transitional forms correspond to the same syndrome, but with less extensive skin detachment and a lower mortality (5–15%). Hypersensitivity syndrome, sometimes called Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS), has a mortality rate evaluated at about 10%. It is characterised by fever, rash and internal organ involvement. Prompt diagnosis is vital, along with identification and early withdrawal of suspect medicines and avoidance of re-exposure to the responsible agent is essential. Cross-reactivity to structurally-related syndrome caused by Carbamazepine medicines is common, thus first-degree relatives may be predisposed to developing this syndrome. We report a case of DRESS secondary to use of Carbamazepine.
Difficult Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy-When and Where is the Need to Convert?Apollo Hospitals
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has now become the treatment of choice for the gall bladder stone. With increasing experience, surgeon has started to take more difficult cases which were considered relative contra indications for laparoscopic removal of gall bladder few years back.
We conducted this study at our hospital and included all laparoscopic cholecystectomy done from May'08 to January'10. Total time taken in surgery, conversion rate and complication rate were analysed. Factors making laparoscopic cholecystectomy difficult were also analysed. We defined difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy when we found -dense fibrotic adhesions in and around Callot's triangle, gangrenous gall bladder, empyma, large stone impacted at gall bladder neck, contracted gall bladder, Mirrizi's syndrome, h/o biliary pancreatitis, CBD stones, acute cholecystitis of <72 hrs duration.
Out of 206 cases done during above period, 56 cases were considered difficult. Only two cases were converted to open.
With growing experience and technical advancement surgery can be completed in most of the difficult cases. This is important because recently it is shown in literature that laparoscopic cholecystectomy is associated with less morbidity than open method irrespective of duration of the surgery.
Deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis in a tertiary care center: An observational ...Apollo Hospitals
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a major health problem with substantial mortality and morbidity in medically ill patients. Prevention of DVT by risk factor stratification and subsequent antithrombotic prophylaxis in moderate- to severe-risk category patients is the most rational means of reducing morbidity and mortality.
The spread of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever is increasing, atypical manifestations are also on the rise, although they may be under reported because of lack of awareness. We report two such cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever with hepatitis, intraocular hemorrhage, ARDS and myocarditis.
A 71-year-old male presented in ENT department with dysphagia for last three weeks, more to solids than liquids. He had a hard bony bulge in the posterior pharyngeal wall on palpation and hence was referred for an Orthopaedic opinion. Lateral radiograph of the cervical spine revealed diffuse ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament. This ossification was extending almost half the width of the cervical body from its anterior body at C1 and C2 vertebra level.
Pediatric Liver Transplant (LT) is now an established procedure for End Stage Liver Disease (ESLD) with biliary atresia being the commonest indication. Intensive pre-transplant evaluation, nutritional buildup and immunization are the fundamental pre-requisites of a successful LT. With improvement in surgical micro-anastomotic techniques and superior immunosuppressive regimens the success rate of pediatric LT is in excess of 90%. Most of the transplants in our country however are Living related, due to which a fairly large number of children expire awaiting a donor liver. There should be a concerted effort to evolve the cadaveric donation program, so that majority of the children are benefitted.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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3. cardiovascular disease. BMI is a poor indicator of visceral
adiposity.
We examine the literature surrounding the usefulness of
BMI in identifying population at risk of developing adverse
health consequences as a result of obesity in India in this
review.
2. BMI and mortality
Ideal BMI that results in best health outcomes has been a
matter of considerable debate amongst academicians. Several
recent studies have studied correlation between BMI and
mortality.10e15
Though most studies examining relationship
between BMI and mortality have found lowest mortality
amongst people with BMI 25 kg/m2
, some13e15
have found
overweight (BMI 25 kg/m2
e29.9 kg/m2
) to be associated with
lowest mortality. These studies are usually pooled analysis of a
large number of studies, with very different subject as well as
study characteristics. It is important to understand the limi-
tations of conclusions derived from pooling of such data. These
studies usually generate a lot of hype in media due to the sheer
numbers involved, even though the quality of scientific data in
such pooled analysis of cohort studies is understandably weak.
A recent collaborative analysis10
of baseline BMI versus
mortality in 57 prospective studies with 894,576 participants
(mostly from western Europe and North America) revealed
that the mortality rate was lowest in both sexes in the BMI
range of 22.5 kg/m2
e25.0 kg/m2
and increased proportionately
with any further rise in BMI. Each 5 kg/m2
higher BMI led to
about 30% higher overall mortality. According to this study,
moderate obesity (BMI 30.0 kg/m2
e35 kg/m2
) reduced life ex-
pectancy by about 2e4 years and severe obesity (BMI 40.0 kg/
m2
e45.0 kg/m2
) shortened a person's life by 8e10 years.
Interestingly in this study, the mean BMI was slightly lower in
current smokers than in never-smokers (male 0$3 kg/m2
, fe-
male 0$9 kg/m2
lower), and in regular alcohol users than in
others (male 0$1 kg/m2
, female 1$2 kg/m2
lower).
Similar results were obtained by another study11
where
mortality from any cause was lowest amongst white adults
with a BMI of 22.5 kg/m2
e24.9 kg/m2
. However, the analysis
for those who never smoked showed lowest death rates at a
BMI of 20.0 kg/m2
e25.0 kg/m2
and showed an approximately
linear relationship between BMI and mortality in the range of
BMI 25.0 kg/m2
e40.0 kg/m2
. When the BMI was analyzed as a
continuous variable, the hazard ratio for each 5-unit increase
was 1.31 over the range of 25.0 kg/m2
e49.9 kg/m2
. Authors
concluded that in white adults, overweight and obesity are
associated with increased all cause mortality. Another study
from Taiwan12
found lowest mortality in the group with BMI
22 kg/m2
e26 kg/m2
overall but in BMI 20 kg/m2
e22 kg/m2
ranges after excluding smokers and those with cancers.
In contrast to above observations, Flegal et al13
rather
controversially claimed last year in an article published in
Journal of American Medical Association that overweight (BMI
25 kg/m2
e30 kg/m2
) was associated with significantly lower all
cause mortality relative to normal weight. In this study
though class 2 and 3 obesity was associated with significantly
higher all-cause mortality; class 1 obesity was not and over-
weight was in fact protective.
It is worth knowing that many of these studies fail to
satisfactorily account for confounding variables that are
independently associated with both BMI and early mortality.
The importance of variables like baseline age, female sex, pre-
existing chronic disease, urban residence, higher education,
higher socioeconomic class, better living conditions, better
nutrition, smoking, and significant alcohol consumption in
analyzing relationship between BMI and mortality, is now
widely appreciated.16,17
Lack of proper adjustment for one or
more of these confounding variables may have accounted for
the superior health outcomes seen in overweight patients
(BMI 25.0 kg/m2
e29.9 kg/m2
) in some of these studies. Other
explanations for such counterintuitive beneficial effects of
being overweight may be earlier presentation of obese pa-
tients, higher likelihood of receiving medical treatment,
cardio-protective metabolic effects of increased body fat, and
benefits of higher metabolic reserves.13
In Indian context, overweight and obesity are diseases of
the affluent in the society, who can afford better education
and healthcare, which their poorer counterparts with lower
BMI cannot. For instance, Pednekar et al.18
observed from their
large study of 148,173 men and women in Mumbai that over-
weight men and women (BMI 25.0 kg/m2
e30.0 kg/m2
) had
lowest mortality. These findings are easy to explain when we
find out that the study did not include upper middle class and
upper class people and authors themselves conceded that the
study cohort might not have been representative of Mumbai's
population. Socioeconomic status is known to be a big con-
founding factor in Indian studies.19,20
Lack of association be-
tween BMI 23 kg/m2
and mortality seen in another large rural
study from South Indian state of Kerala,21
could also be
explained by lack of adjustment for socioeconomic status. The
association between socioeconomic status and overweight is
positive in most low and middle-income countries, as the
burden of overweight and obesity has consistently remained
concentrated amongst wealthier populations in these
countries.22e24
3. Correlation between BMI, total body fat,
and visceral fat
Furthermore, limitations of BMI in reflecting total body fat
content and abdominal obesity are widely recognized.16
This
limitation is more pronounced at the lower BMI ranges and for
certain population groups like Indians. BMI cannot differen-
tiate between fat mass and muscle mass and it is now known
that Asians have a higher body fat percentage for a given
BMI.5,7,25
Rush et al.26
confirmed that Asian Indian men and
women with a BMI of 24 and 26 respectively had the same
percentage of body fat as Europeans with a BMI of 30 or Pacific
men and women with a BMI of 34 and 35 respectively. Authors
of this study concluded that Asian Indians have more total
body fat, abdominal fat; and less lean mass, skeletal muscle
mass, and bone mineral than all other ethnic groups.26
In
another study of body fat content in North Indians, Dudeja
et al.25
found that A BMI of 21.5 kg/m2
for males and 19.0 kg/m2
for females had the optimum sensitivity and specificity in
identifying subjects with a high percentage of body fat. A
number of other studies have also suggested that a BMI of
a p o l l o m e d i c i n e x x x ( 2 0 1 4 ) 1 e42
Please cite this article in press as: Mahawar KK, Body mass index: Is it relevant for Indians?, Apollo Medicine (2014), http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apme.2014.07.013
4. 22.0 kg/m2
or 23.0 kg/m2
might be ideal for the Asian Indian
population.7,27
Excessive body fat or adiposity is positively associated with
cardiovascular disease. When one studies only cardiovascular
disease related deaths amongst South Asians, unsurprisingly
the lowest rate is seen in individuals with lowest adiposity,
the ones in the BMI range of 15.0e19.9.17
Others have also said
that the control of obesity and greater physical activity are the
most effective strategies for prevention of diabetes and car-
diovascular disease in South Asian people.28
Adiposity is more
important than BMI in determining cardiovascular risk.17,29
This has led to call for wider use of body composition mea-
sures to study the link between adiposity and mortality in
future studies.30
Measuring total body fat is however not easy
in routine clinical practice and tools to do that are beyond the
reach of most clinicians, even in developed countries. There is
hence an urgent need to invent tools for total body fat analysis
that can be made available more widely. Some authors31
have
further suggested that simply calculating body fat content is
also unsatisfactory, as it does not take into account the vari-
ations depending on the height of the individual. They have
proposed calculation of a body fat mass index on the lines of
body mass index, which incorporates the height of the indi-
vidual as well.
Indians are more predisposed to the abdominal or visceral
adiposity and visceral adiposity is independently linked with
diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome,5,28
and cardio-
vascular risk.32,33
Not only do Asian Indians have higher
upper-body adiposity and higher visceral fat for a given BMI
when compared with the Western population, but also a
tendency for minor changes in BMI to tilt the metabolic bal-
ance towards hyperglycemia and metabolic syndrome.5,7,8
Risk of diabetes becomes significant at BMI 23 kg/m2
for
urban Indians.7
In an earlier study, same authors had noted an
increasing trend of diabetes with BMI 22 kg/m2
. Beyond CVD
and type 2 diabetes, individuals with metabolic syndrome
seemingly are susceptible to other conditions, notably poly-
cystic ovary syndrome, fatty liver, cholesterol gallstones,
asthma, sleep disturbances, and some forms of cancer.34
BMI
has obvious limitations in measuring abdominal or visceral
adiposity. Waist circumference can be used as a surrogate
marker to measure abdominal obesity. It is indeed known
people with large waist circumferences have excess burden of
ill health.35
It is hence suggested that waist circumference and
waist hip ratio may be better tools for measurement of
abdominal obesity and should be measured more widely in
Indian population.
Relationship between BMI, Total Body Fat, and the riskier
Visceral obesity is far from linear in Indian population. This is
probably why WHO expert consultation36
in 2004 did not
revise the cut-off points for overweight for Asian people. The
consultation though agreed that a large number of Asian
people have a high risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular
disease at BMIs lower than the existing WHO cut-off point for
overweight (or ¼ 25 kg/m2
). They further observed that the
cut-off points for increased risk varies from 22 kg/m2
to 25 kg/
m2
in different Asian populations and for high risk it varies
from 26 kg/m2
to 31 kg/m2
. Even though the consultation did
not recommend altering cut-off values, they did recommend
further potential public health action points at BMIs of 23.0,
27.5, 32.5, and 37.5 kg/m2
.
4. Conclusion
We feel there is a need to look beyond BMI when diagnosing
pathological adiposity or obesity in Indian population. Waist
Circumference and Waist Hip Ratio should be more widely
used and where possible (in specialist clinics), total body fat
content should be studied. Finally, one should take into ac-
count individual's current health and genetic predisposition
before deciding when to intervene.
Conflicts of interest
The author has none to declare.
r e f e r e n c e s
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23. Subramanian SV, Perkins JM, €Ozaltin E, Davey Smith G.
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25. Dudeja V, Misra A, Pandey RM, Devina G, Kumar G,
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30. Allison DB, Faith MS, Heo M, Kotler DP. Hypothesis
concerning the U-shaped relation between body mass index
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31. VanItallie TB, Yang MU, Heymsfield SB, Funk RC, Boileau RA.
Height-normalized indices of the body's fat-free mass and fat
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Clin Nutr. 1990;52(6):953e959.
32. Britton KA, Massaro JM, Murabito JM, Kreger BE, Hoffmann U,
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2013;62(10):921e925.
33. Varghese B, Swamy S, Srilakshmi MA, et al. Visceral adiposity
in young patients with coronary artery disease-a case control
study. Indian Heart J. 2012;64(3):284e289.
34. Ninomiya JK, L'Italien G, Criqui MH, Whyte JL, Gamst A,
Chen RS. Association of the metabolic syndrome with history
of myocardial infarction and stroke in the third national
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35. Lean ME, Han TS, Seidell JC. Impairment of health and quality
of life in people with large waist circumference. Lancet.
1998;351(9106):853e856.
36. WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for
Asian populations and its implications for policy and
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a p o l l o m e d i c i n e x x x ( 2 0 1 4 ) 1 e44
Please cite this article in press as: Mahawar KK, Body mass index: Is it relevant for Indians?, Apollo Medicine (2014), http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apme.2014.07.013