My seminar Obesity by Hani
Obesity is a public health and policy problem because of its increase prevalence, costs and health effect. (WHO, 2012, National heart lung and blood institute. 2012)
. The risk factor for chronic disease are highly prevalence (Zindah, Belbeisi, Walke & Makdad 2008)
The obesity and the overweight are risk for number of chronic disease include diabetes cardio vascular disease and cancer (WHO,2010)
As a chronic disease it is prevalent in both developed and developing countries, and affecting children(10-20%) as well as adults(20-40%).Excess weight gain invites many associated diseases.
Zahida Chaudhary, MD leads the discussion on Obesity amongst children and adults.
Want an audio version? Subscribe to our Podcast on iTunes! (Search "S'eclairer Chatterbox!")
Want to join us for the live discussion? Check out our Social Media in the noon hour every Monday as we sit down on Google Hangout OnAir! Follow us on Twitter (@seclairerlife), Facebook, or Google+ to get updated with the link when we start!
My seminar Obesity by Hani
Obesity is a public health and policy problem because of its increase prevalence, costs and health effect. (WHO, 2012, National heart lung and blood institute. 2012)
. The risk factor for chronic disease are highly prevalence (Zindah, Belbeisi, Walke & Makdad 2008)
The obesity and the overweight are risk for number of chronic disease include diabetes cardio vascular disease and cancer (WHO,2010)
As a chronic disease it is prevalent in both developed and developing countries, and affecting children(10-20%) as well as adults(20-40%).Excess weight gain invites many associated diseases.
Zahida Chaudhary, MD leads the discussion on Obesity amongst children and adults.
Want an audio version? Subscribe to our Podcast on iTunes! (Search "S'eclairer Chatterbox!")
Want to join us for the live discussion? Check out our Social Media in the noon hour every Monday as we sit down on Google Hangout OnAir! Follow us on Twitter (@seclairerlife), Facebook, or Google+ to get updated with the link when we start!
Obesity is one of the most serious life
threatening health problems of the 21st century
which affects nearly 300 million people
worldwide that in turn would trigger additional
pathologies such as cardiorespiratory
dysfunctions, cancer, gastrointestinal
disturbances, and type2 diabetes mellitus.
Obesity has a multifactorial nature resulting
from genetic, physiological, behavioural, and
environmental factors that lead to an imbalance
between energy intake and expenditure.
However, the key to success in tackling this
problem lies in prevention and this in itself
mandates a rigorous understanding of the
physiology of weight control and the
pathogenesis of obesity. Conventional therapies
such as lifestyle modification (diet and exercise)
recommended as the cornerstone of obesity
management.
The "Calorie Reduction as Primary" HypothesisRWLGym
A brief outline of how inflammation is responsible for the obesity epidemic and the idea that reducing caloric intake to lose body fat and get healthier is flawed.
Obesity is defined as an abnormal growth of the adipose tissue and or enlargement of fat cell size (hypertrophic obesity) or increase in fat cell number (hyperplastic obesity).
Obesity is often expressed in terms of body mass index (BMI)
Globally obesity has nearly tripled worldwide since 1977. Obesity is common, serious & preventable. Obesity is preventable & can be managed through a dedicated program.
Hence it is important to understand its definition & classification to begin with.
This powerpoint covers the following subtopics:
What is obesity?
Pathogenesis
Burden
Epidemiology of obesity
Assessment of obesity
Consequences of obesity
Prevention and Control
Obesity is one of the most serious life
threatening health problems of the 21st century
which affects nearly 300 million people
worldwide that in turn would trigger additional
pathologies such as cardiorespiratory
dysfunctions, cancer, gastrointestinal
disturbances, and type2 diabetes mellitus.
Obesity has a multifactorial nature resulting
from genetic, physiological, behavioural, and
environmental factors that lead to an imbalance
between energy intake and expenditure.
However, the key to success in tackling this
problem lies in prevention and this in itself
mandates a rigorous understanding of the
physiology of weight control and the
pathogenesis of obesity. Conventional therapies
such as lifestyle modification (diet and exercise)
recommended as the cornerstone of obesity
management.
The "Calorie Reduction as Primary" HypothesisRWLGym
A brief outline of how inflammation is responsible for the obesity epidemic and the idea that reducing caloric intake to lose body fat and get healthier is flawed.
Obesity is defined as an abnormal growth of the adipose tissue and or enlargement of fat cell size (hypertrophic obesity) or increase in fat cell number (hyperplastic obesity).
Obesity is often expressed in terms of body mass index (BMI)
Globally obesity has nearly tripled worldwide since 1977. Obesity is common, serious & preventable. Obesity is preventable & can be managed through a dedicated program.
Hence it is important to understand its definition & classification to begin with.
This powerpoint covers the following subtopics:
What is obesity?
Pathogenesis
Burden
Epidemiology of obesity
Assessment of obesity
Consequences of obesity
Prevention and Control
Malaysian Food Barometer - a survey to study the consequences of modernizati...Jean-Pierre Poulain
Malaysia society is experiencing rapid urbanisation and modernization. A sizeable new middle class has emerged and the traditional ways of life and eating habits of the different ethnic communities are changing. For many years, nutritional surveys have been capturing the transformations of food consumptions. To date a comprehensive survey focusing on the socio-cultural determinants of food habits at the national level have not been reported. The purpose of the Malaysian Food Barometer is to fill this gap. This PPT presents the conceptual framework and the methodologies used to investigate the eating practices and cultural representations on food and eating in a multicultural context.
Un nouvel objet vient enrichir le champ d’investigation des sciences humaines : le « fait alimentaire ». Ce dictionnaire est le premier à exposer la diversité et la richesse des sens que cette expression recèle.
Penser l’alimentation c’est l’inscrire naturellement au cœur de dialectiques culturelles et sociales : celles du terroir et de la mondialisation, de l’authentique et de la standardisation des denrées, du symbolique et du réel, de l’animalité et de l’humanité.
Mais c’est encore placer le « fait alimentaire », voire le déplacer en « fait nutritionnel », au point d’oscillation balançant du don à la privation, de l’aide à l’arme alimentaire, de la malnutrition à l’engraissement, de la pensée sauvage à la rationalité industrielle, de la nutri-génétique à la nutri-génomique, de l’herbivore à la vache folle, de la gastronomie au fast-food, de l’élémentaire besoin au rituel religieux sophistiqué… bref, de l’incorporation à l’identité et donc de l’Autre au Même : manger, c’est dépendre d’une culture.
Plus de 230 études, rédigées par 162 spécialistes d’horizons linguistiques extrêmement divers et de compétences scientifiques complémentaires (anthropologie, sociologie, médecine, histoire des religions, psychologie, droit, économie, histoire, géographie, agronomie, politique internationale de santé…) composent le menu du Dictionnaire des cultures alimentaires.
Les trois regards de la sociologie sur l'obésité :
1 La sociologie au service de l'épidémiologie,
2 La sociologie critique sur l'obésité
3 La sociologie au service des politiques de lutte contre le developpement de l'obésité
Par Jean-Pierre Poulain
Conférence prononcée par Jean Pierre Poulain,
"Les modèles alimentaires. Ressource centrale de l’ethno-diversité" dans le cadre de
Slow Food Conference
"Ensuring food diversity and safety in Europe"
22 October 2010, Torino, Italia
A crisis of fat? - Background informationXplore Health
This guide provides background information on obesity, its causes, consequences and treatment, as well as providing an insight into the ethical, legal and social aspects associated with this disease.
While obesity has been called a disease and an epidemic, it’s becoming more obvious that
it will take a multi-factorial effort to address the challenge of the overweight around the globe. And just as no one wakes up one morning 100 pounds overweight—it happens incrementally, day by day and year by year—there is no magic solution that will
suddenly stem the tide.
American Heart Association Lifestyle Recommendations to Redu.docxSusanaFurman449
American Heart Association Lifestyle Recommendations to Reduce Obesity
Yuritza Medina
Chamberlain College of Nursing
NR709 Project and Practicum IV
Summer 2022
Abstract Past tense
The prevalence of obesity and sedentary lifestyle complications are increasing at alarming rates, representing a common but preventable cause of severe medical complications like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and early mortality. This common but chronic condition has been for a long time a public health concern and social determinant. The integrative review focused on how the American Heart Association (AHA) Diet and Lifestyle recommendations and the Fitbit app are used as innovative solutions to reduce obesity in adult patients. The Fitbit app offers a unique opportunity to enhance the efficacy of weight loss plans, as it is used to track activity, monitor steps, heart rate, energy expenditure, sleep, and sedentary behavior.
Research Methodology: A systematic review was conducted to identify research articles completed in the preceding 4-5 years centered on obesity care, diet, physical activity, activity trackers, and lifestyle implications. The databases searched were Chamberlain Library, PubMed, and CINHAL.
Results and Discussion: Initial searches yielded over 2000 articles, of which 45 were chosen and examined because they fit the integrative review's theme. The 15 papers most relevant to the PICOT question were studied in further detail and appraised using the Johns Hopkins Evidence Appraisal table. The studies reported positive physical activity outcomes. What were the key themes?
Conclusions and Further Recommendations:This systematic review supported the effectiveness of the AHA Diet and Lifestyle recommendations to prevent and reduce obesity, and clinical use is recommended. Fitbit app provides new ways to improve physical activity habits, and the easy availability of electronic devices may enhance their generalizability use.
Keywords: Obesity care; Obesity complications; Lifestyle recommendations; Obesity management; Physical activity intervention using Fitbit activity trackers.
Dedication
In dedication to my family for their steadfast support of this project; their cooperation means a lot to me. To my husband Armando, thank you for your love, understanding, and patience during this time. I credit my achievement to all of you for your unwavering love and belief in me.
Acknowledgments
First, I must acknowledge the help of all my professors from Chamberlain University, who inspired, encouraged, and supported me throughout the DNP program. My heartfelt thanks to my teammates, without whom I would never have completed this phase in my life. Their encouragement has had a significant influence on my strong determination during this trip.
Contents
American Heart Association Lifestyle Recommendations to Reduce Obesity 1
Abstract 2
Dedication 3
Acknowledgments 4
Introductio.
Miracle of Herbals and Natural Products in Treatment and Regulation of Obesityijtsrd
The perfect anti obesity sedate would deliver supported weight misfortune with negligible side effects. The instruments that direct vitality adjust have significant built in repetition, overlap considerably with other physiological capacities, and are affected by social, hedonic and psychological components that restrain the viability of pharmacological intercessions. It is therefore unsurprising that anti obesity medicate revelation programs have been littered with untrue starts, failures in clinical improvement, and withdrawals due to unfavorable impacts that were not fully appreciated at the time of dispatch. Drugs that target pathways in metabolic tissues, such as adipocytes, liver and skeletal muscle, have appeared potential in preclinical considers but none has however come to clinical development. Later enhancements within the understanding of peptidergic flagging of starvation and satiety from the gastrointestinal tract intervened by ghrelin, cholecystokinin CCK , peptide YY PYY and glucagon like peptide 1 GLP 1 Himangshu Jyoti Hazarika | Aziz Ahmed | Kaushal K. Chandrul ""Miracle of Herbals and Natural Products in Treatment and Regulation of Obesity"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23549.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/23549/miracle-of-herbals-and-natural-products-in-treatment-and-regulation-of-obesity/himangshu-jyoti-hazarika
05.12.09(b): Energy Balance and ObesityOpen.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Human Growth and Development sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1GrowthDevelopment
Ethics lunch group - Future of HealthcareAndy Wilkins
A presentation looking at the long term future of healthcare and the ethical questions that surround the delivery of population health in a technology enabled 21st Century
Running Head ADULT OBESITY LITERATURE REVIEW 1ADULT OBE.docxSUBHI7
Running Head: ADULT OBESITY LITERATURE REVIEW
1
ADULT OBESITY LITERATURE REVIEW
2
Adult Obesity Literature Review
Lola Olubiyi
NRS 490
Heather Ziemianski
January 22, 2017
Introduction
Obesity is a health situation whereby the affected person(s) has fats in excessive level in the body. Some individuals are unaware of the growing incidences or number of cases related to the obesity. In the United States, there are more than 70 percent of men and 60 percent women in adult population that are overweight. The risks that are associated with obesity include the development of life-threatening diseases like heart failure, cancer, hypertension gall bladder, osteoarthritis, and the category II of diabetes (Zhao, 2013).
This paper, therefore, aims at looking at the literature review of the past studies on adult obesity. In this study, data is collected from different previous studies that have discussed adult obesity. Areas of the present research and coming research on adult obesity and its complications are also addressed in this paper.
Literature Reviews
According to the study by Goededcke and his colleague, in 7786 sampled women of ages between nineteen to ninety-five years in South Africa, the black females recorded a higher prevalent of obesity and overweight.Females of different ancestry were at 52 percent, females with the white complex at 49.2 percent while the women of Indian origin were at 42.8 percent. There was higher Body Mass Index among the women residing in the towns as compared to the women living in rural places. It was noted that the Body Mass Index increased as one age. The overall rate of obesity was higher in men (29 percent) and women (56 percent) (Goededcke, 2010).
This prevalence is higher as compared to other nations in Africa especially females because 30 percent of women in South Africa of age 30 to 59 have cases of obesity. North Africa also has a higher prevalence of obesity as South Africa
.
In his cross sectional study using 1430 rural and urban individuals from Luo, Maasai, and Kamba females of ages 17 to 68 years, Christensen and his colleagues found out that there was an increase in the inside and under skin fats, fat in the area of the arms and the waist circumference as one gets older. This was common among the Maasai females as well as in individuals in the urban areas. The incidence of the overweight BMI (≥ 25) and obesity BMI (≥ 30) was greater among people dwelling in town as compared to those in villages. The rate of the overweight was at 39.8 and 15.8 percent of the city and community areas respectively. Residents from cities recorded a higher rate of abdominal viscera and under skin fat thickness. High prevalence of overweight was due to the accumulation of fats among the Maasai (Christensen, 2011).
Report from the World Health Organization indicates that China, Asia, Indonesia, Japan, as well as Bangladesh have higher obesity prevalence. The pathological obesity in India is at five
percent of ...
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Risk and Food Safety in China and Japan reframes the relationship between risk and food. The book theorises the links between food and risk and analyses the decision-making process in light of risks and governance. The relationship between food risks, governance systems, and economic decisions is assessed in order to explore ideas such as the "pact of nutrition" and the theory of weak signals. This book will be an important resource for scholars, academics and policy-makers in the fields of sociology, economics, food studies, Chinese studies and Japanese studies and theories of risks and safety.
Gastronomizaçia : fenômeno que consiste a designar as culturas culinárias locais como as gastronomias. É muito mais que uma patrimonialização. É uma reversão da perspectiva hieráquica de dois universos alimentares opostos.
Laboratoire International Associé (LIA) - CNRS : "Food, Cultures and Health",...Jean-Pierre Poulain
Lancement du Laboratoire International Associé (LIA) - CNRS : "Food, Cultures and Health", entre l'université de Toulouse Jean Jaurès (France) et la Taylor's University (Malaysia)
Launching of the International Associate Laboratory (LIA) - CNRS : "Food, Cultures and Health", between université of Toulouse Jean Jaurès (France) and Taylor's University (Malaysia)
Afeta as pessoas de forma social e culturalmente diferenciada e é um fator de desigualdade social e desigualdade de saúde.
Aqueles que sofrem com isso sofrem com o olhar social que paira sobre eles. Eles são mal considerados e muitas vezes discriminados.
A alimentação humana é culturalmente determinada na definição do que é comestível, os métodos de preparação, consumo e sua implementação em contextos sociais.
Muitos são os atores sociais suscetíveis a ser designados como responsáveis pelo seu desenvolvimento.
Avancées de la nutri-épigénétique et cultures alimentaires Jean-Pierre Poulain
En permettant de formuler des facteurs de risque associés à chaque patrimoine (épi)génétique, la nutri-épigénétique ambitionne de renouveler le diagnostic, la prévention et la prise en charge des pathologies chroniques dans lesquelles l’alimentation est impliquée. Quelles sont les enjeux scientifiques, sanitaires et sociaux de ces avancées pour le champ de l'alimentation-santé?
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
1. SAS Toulouse, janvier 2009
Controversies over obesity
The risks of political agenda building
and the thematization obesity
Jean Pierre Poulain
Socio‐anthropologue
Professeur à l’Université de Toulouse 2
CERTOP‐TAS UMR CNRS 5044
1
2. Sociology and obesity: two approaches
Sociology « in » … Sociologie « of » …
Links between SES and obesity Medical discourse on obesity
Social stigmatization of obese Preventing obesity: practical
people details and what’s at stake
Modern dietary habits and obesity Social controversies
Transformation of social
representations of fat bodies and
of fat Obesity as a social construction
Obesity as a multi-factorial
disease that sociology seeks to
analyze
3. Plan
Controversies
Obesity : Definition and measurement
Obesity: how many deaths?
Obesity and life expectancy
Controversies : a price to pay for agenda setting
Controversies as part of the process of thematization
3
4. The agenda building theory, COBB et ELDER 1972]
Problem stream Window of opportunity
Prevalence : build-up and
exaggeration of the issue
Definition : Epistemological
transformation
Manipulation of the threshold of social
Aligning the 3 streams
acceptance
Solution stream
Proposal of solutions based upon
optimistic evaluations
Entrepreneurs
More rhetorical prevention than Crossed
real problem-solving
Policy stream Experts
Obesity is often used as a tool to
gain political capital
Financing
Publicity
4
5. Agenda building : decision makers and
windows of opportunity
Entrepreneurs
Experts
5
6. Thematization
Theory of Communicative
Action
There are contexts in which knowledge is
unstable (justification of the Thematization
Precautionary principle).
Organizing, forming questions
Scientific rationality cannot account for based upon the social
the social questions involved.
imagination and in relation to
Science does not deal with human other social issues.
problems alone, since decisions are
made through consensus
Value-rationalities are negociated,
discussed, socially constructed
Structure and function of public debate
6
7. Sociology of science
Theoretical framework
Empirical data :
Mertonian sociology
Scientific documents
(peer reviewed articles, Ethos of the researcher
expert statements, Influence of contexts
books) The « strong program » (Bloor, 1976)
Lobbyists’ work (web Science as a large market
sites, publications, ads)
Resource conquest logic
and on
Press articles (analyses Moderate contextualism (Berthelot, 2002 et
2008)
and interviews)
Conceptual
Contextualist
7
8. Plan
Controversies
Obesity : Definition and measurement
Obesity: how many deaths?
Obesity and life expectancy
Controversies : a price to pay for agenda setting
Controversies as part of the process of thematization
8
9. Body Mass Index
Quételet’s formula
Weight / HeightX Height Categories BMI values
En kg en m
Underweight < 16,0
degree 3
Underweight 16,0-16,9
degree 2
Underweight 17,0-18,4
degree 1
Underweight < 18,5
Normal range 18,5-24,9
Overweight >= 25,0
Mild obesity 25,0-29,9
Obesity class 1 30,0-34,9
Obesity class 2 35,0-39,9
Obesity class 3 >= 40
10. How weight became the n°1 problem
of the United States
Depuis 1998 Avant 1998
Femmes et Femmes Hommes
hommes
Obésité >30 >30 >30
Surpoids 25‐30 27,3‐30 27,6‐30
Poids 18,5‐25 20‐25 20‐25
normal
Minceur <18,5 <20 <20
38 % overweight versus 60 %
10
11. How weight became the n°1 problem
of the United States
In one night, not less than « Current interpretations of the revised
35 million Americans guidelines stigmatize too many people as
became overweight. overweight; fail to account for sex,
race/ethnicity, age, and other differences, and
ignore the serious health risks associated with
The change of the limit low weight and efforts to maintain an
between the categories of unrealistically lean body mass.
normal range and This seeming rush to lower the standard for
underweight from 20 to 18, overweight to such a level that 55% of
which effectively American adults find themselves being
standardizes a weight declared overweight or obese raises serious
concerns ».
previously considered
Strawbridge, Wallhagen, Shema, 2000, American
insufficient. Journal of Public Health.
11
12. The French Rugby team, before and after
Before After
1998
Normal weight 17 3
Overweight 7 21
Obesity 6 6
12
13. Justification of the new guidelines
Scientific argument ?
Controversy :
Diabetes
Overweight and longevity
(Flegal et al. )
Or private interests
Lobbying power of
pharmaceutical/drug
companies
Researchers’ own
motives (Kopelman, 2000).
13
14. The definition of obesity : an
epistemological forceful takeover?
« Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat
accumulation that may impair health.» The text follows saying
that “Body mass index (BMI) is a simple index of weight-for-height
that is commonly used in classifying overweight and obesity in adult
populations and individuals. It is defined as the weight in kilograms
divided by the square of the height in meters (kg/m2). »
The writer continues « However, it should be considered as a
rough guide because it may not correspond to the same degree of
fatness in different individuals. » (OMS, 2006).
Then a slight shift and the same text states « The World Health
Organization (WHO) defines "overweight" as a BMI equal to or more
than 25, and "obesity" as a BMI equal to or more than 30. » (OMS,
2006).
14
15. The construction of childhood obesity in
France : paternalist manipulation ?
18. Plan
Controversies
Definition and measurement of obesity
Obesity: how many deaths?
Obesity and the life expectancy
Controversies : a price to pay for agenda setting
Controversies as part of the process of thematization
18
19. Obesity: how many deaths?
Allison, and al., 1999, “Annual deaths Mokdad and al., 2004, Prevalence of Flegal and al. 2005. Excess deaths
attributable to obesity in the United obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health associated with underweight, overweight,
States”, JAMA, 282, 1530–38. risk factors, JAMA, Vol. 289, n ° 1, 76-79. and obesity. JAMA 293(15): 1861–67.
450000
400000
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 19
20. 300,000 deaths…obesity or ?
Michael Mc Ginnis and William Foege attribute a high mortality rate
in the United States--300, 000 deaths--to sedentary lifestyles and vad
dietary habits, but not weight in itself. (Mc Ginnis et Foege, 1993).
Paradoxically, this study will become a main scientific reference for
defending the idea of a link between mortality and obesity. An analysis of
electronic data bases shows that in the span of 3 years, it is cited over a
thousand times to support the link between mortality and obesity.
Mc Ginnis and Foege are so upset by the misuse of their work that in
1998 they publish a letter in New England Journal of Medicine wherein
they denounce the « misrepresentation » of their study. Regardless, the
debate continues.
20
21. Plan
Controversies
Obesity : Definition and measurement
Obesity: how much deaths?
Obesity and life expectancy
Controversies : a price to pay for agenda setting
Controversies as part of the process of thematization
21
22. « Life expectancy in the United States will diminish as a result of an
obesity epidemic that will creep through all ages like a human
tsunami » Jay Olshansky
Reduction of life expectancy due to obesity,
separated according to race and sex, United
States 2002
S. Jay Olshansky et al., "A Potential Decline in Life Expectancy in the
United States in the 21st Century", New England Journal of Medicine
352, vol. 11: 1138-45.
22
23. « I doubt that obesity will negate the effects of other medical
progress in improving mortality. » Vaupel
« His perspective is that of an advocate
making a case rather than a scientist
evaluating the body of conflicting evidence.“
"There is a small chance -- less than one in
100 -- that Olshansky's prediction of declining
life expectancy might possibly prove correct."
Vaupel, 2005, directeur du Max Plant Institut
Kenneth Thorpe, d'Emory University, « way
much simplistic »
Even Jo Ann Manson, more or less in the
alarmist camp, explains in the Associated
Press, « the calculations that were done aren’t
exactly perfect… ».
23
25. Plan
Controversies
Definition and measurement of obesity
Obesity: how many deaths?
Obesity and the life expectancy
Controversies : a price to pay for agenda setting
Controversies like component of the process of
thematisation
25
26. Agro-industry and fast-food
Agro-industry plays a triple game.
Via forceful marketing and advertising, they fill the
market with products that encourage people to eat
more and to eat high caloric foods (snacking
between meals, increased portion size),
Supporting intervention in human nutrition by
public authorities and nutritional councils.
To relieve themselves of responsibility, they stress
the individual responsibility of consumers
(Nestle, 2000 et 2007)
26
27. Which interpretations?
Who benefits from the media
attention given to problems tied to
weight and obesity?
On answer is the pharmaceutical
industry
The market of “medicalized” weight-
loss products has developed has the
science that drives their production
(discovery of new molecules)
advances.
27
28. Public policies….
Tim Lang shows the impact of agricultural
policies and of advertising regulation.
Marion Nestle writes about the result of
shareholder pressure on agro-industries. By
demanding higher and higher dividend earnings,
they force companies to increase sales in an
already saturated market. Companies respond
to this pressure by looking for new markets and
new sale opportunities. In order to achieve their
goals, they encourage behaviors that were once
looke down upon, such as snacking between
meals. They also seek to change social norms
that had previously restricted food consumption
to specific contexts. (Nestle, 2007).
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29. Interest of researchers and of research
organizations
June 23, 2004, the director of the CDC orders
an internal review of a study that had evaluated
the number of deaths caused by obesity at
400,000 and assigns the responsibility to the
research team of Dr. Stephen Thacker.
Conclusions :
Error in calculation?
Problems of bias
At her Congressional hearing, Julie Gerberding
had argued for a 6 billion-dollar budget for the
CDC.
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31. How to explain the situation?
Game of musical chairs
where each actor passes
the responsibility to the
next person.
Need to share
responsibility for the
situation.
Theoretical framworks
Agenda-building theory
Thematization
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32. The agenda building theory
Problem stream
Prevalence : build-up and exaggeration of the issue
Definition : Epistemological transformation
Manipulation of the threshold of social acceptance
Solution stream
Proposal of solutions based upon optimistic evaluations
More rhetorical prevention than real problem-solving
Policy stream
Obesity is often used as a political tool
Financing
Publicity
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33. Thematization of obesity
Concrete evidence of its effects :
Bad eating habits
Food crises
General feeling that we don’t know what
to do
Culpability for the abundance of
food in northern countries
The legitimization of the obsession
with loosing weight
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35. The consequences of thematizing obesity
Scientists’ demands for caution go unheard
People who dramatize the problem dominate the
discourse on obesity
Media saturation
Obesity as a scientific problem with much at stake
socially
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36. Body image as an axis of prevention
Effects of dramatization ?
Justification of the skinny beauty standard
Development of eating disorders
Dietary socialization of children
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37. « What causes the most damage is not the actual
weight itself, but the fear of weight ».
Hillel Schwartz, Never statisfied.
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