This document discusses several models for understanding individual behavior in organizations, including the MARS model which examines motivation, ability, role perceptions, and situational factors. It also outlines Schwartz's values model and Hofstede's cultural dimensions which can influence behaviors. Ethical principles and factors that support ethical conduct are described as well, such as ethical codes, training, and leadership.

1. Foundations Of Individual Behavior

2. MARS Model of Individual Behavior Individual Behavior and Results Values Personality Perceptions Emotions Attitudes Stress Role Perceptions Situational Factors Motivation Ability

7. Types of Behavior in Organizations Types of Work-Related Behavior Task Performance Organizational Citizenship Counter- Productive Behaviors Maintaining Work Attendance Joining/Staying with the Organization

8. Schwartz’s Values Model Conservation Self-enhancement Self-transcendence Openness to Change

11. Individualism- Collectivism Peru Chile Italy Portugal Turkey U.S.A. Japan Egypt Korea France China Zimbabwe Mexico Hong Kong Taiwan Collectivism High Low Individualism High Low

12. Power Distance The degree that people accept an unequal distribution of power in society Japan Netherlands U.S.A. Russia High Power Distance China Low Power Distance

13. Uncertainty Avoidance High U. A. Low U. A. Japan France U.S.A. The degree that people tolerate ambiguity (low) or feel threatened by ambiguity and uncertainty (high uncertainty avoidance). China Singapore

14. Achievement-Nurturing Achievement Nurturing Japan U.S.A. Sweden The degree that people value assertiveness, competitiveness, and materialism (achievement) versus relationships and well-being of others (nurturing) China

15. Long/Short-Term Orientation Japan Netherlands Russia Long-Term Orientation Short-Term Orientation China The degree that people value thrift, savings, and persistence (long-term) versus past and present issues, respect for tradition and fulfilling social obligations (short-term). U.S.A.

16. Four Ethical Principles Utilitarianism Individual Rights Greatest good for the greatest number of people Fundamental entitlements in society Distributive Justice People who are similar should receive similar benefits Care Favor those with whom we have special relationships