Non Hodgkin Lymphoma
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This document provides information about non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). It defines NHL as a group of blood cancers that includes all types of lymphomas except Hodgkin's lymphoma. Risk factors include older age, certain chemicals, viral infections like HIV and Epstein-Barr, and medications like immunosuppressants. Diagnosis involves tests of the lymph nodes, bone marrow, blood, and imaging scans. Treatment options include chemotherapy, bone marrow stimulants, and steroids.
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Lymphoma
Lymphoma is cancer that begins in the lymph system. There are two main types: Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed Sternberg cells. Diagnosis involves lymph node biopsy and staging tests. Treatment depends on stage but may include chemotherapy, radiation, or stem cell transplant. Nursing focuses on managing pain, infection risk, nutrition, and activity tolerance.
HODGKIN LYMPHOMA & NON HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
oth Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are lymphomas — a type of cancer that begins in a subset of white blood cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are an integral part of your immune system, which protects you from germs.
Hodgkins & Non-Hodgkins Lymphomas
Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system. Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells and usually involves the lymph nodes above the diaphragm. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas can be of B-cell or T-cell origin and often spread beyond the lymph nodes to other organs. Staging investigations are used to determine the extent of disease, which guides treatment, which may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplantation or watchful waiting. Prognosis depends on disease stage and other risk factors.
Hypothyroidism Diagnosis, Etiopathogenesis and Treatment
Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone.
Hypothyroidism's deficiency of thyroid hormones can disrupt such things as heart rate, body temperature and all aspects of metabolism. Hypothyroidism is most prevalent in older women.
Major symptoms include fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, dry skin and unexplained weight gain.
Treatment consists of thyroid hormone replacement.
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Thyroid cancer develops from the cells of the thyroid gland and accounts for 1-5% of cancer cases worldwide. There are four main types: papillary carcinoma (80% of cases), follicular carcinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and anaplastic carcinoma (the most aggressive). Risk factors include iodine deficiency, radiation exposure, and family history. Symptoms can include a lump in the neck, swelling, voice changes, and trouble swallowing or breathing. Diagnosis involves scans, blood tests, and biopsy. Treatment options include surgery, radioactive iodine therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and thyroid hormone therapy.
Lymphoma
1) Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system that is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells on histology and spreading in an orderly fashion to contiguous lymph nodes.
2) Risk factors include certain viruses like Epstein-Barr virus, a weakened immune system, age (most common in teens/young adults and those over 55), and family history.
3) Clinical presentation includes enlarged, painless lymph nodes as well as potential involvement of extralymphatic sites and "B" symptoms like night sweats and fever.
4) Staging involves determining the number and location of affected lymph nodes and sites of spread, with each stage divided into A or B
Lymphoma
This document discusses lymphoma, a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. It defines lymphoma as malignant neoplasms originating in bone marrow and lymphatic structures, causing abnormal lymphocyte proliferation. There are two main types: Hodgkin's lymphoma, originating from specific white blood cells, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a diverse group of lymphomas excluding Hodgkin's. The document outlines diagnostic tests, management including chemotherapy, radiation therapy and stem cell transplantation, as well as nursing considerations for lymphoma patients.
Uterine cancer (Endometrial cancer)
Endometrial cancer is a type of uterine cancer that starts in the inner lining of the uterus. This lining is called the endometrium.
According to the National Cancer Institute, approximately 3 in 100 women will be diagnosed with uterine cancer at some point in their lives. More than 80 percent of people with uterine cancer survive for five years or longer after receiving the diagnosis.
If you have endometrial cancer, early diagnosis and treatment increases your chances of remission.
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Lymphoma
Lymphoma is cancer that begins in the lymph system. There are two main types: Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed Sternberg cells. Diagnosis involves lymph node biopsy and staging tests. Treatment depends on stage but may include chemotherapy, radiation, or stem cell transplant. Nursing focuses on managing pain, infection risk, nutrition, and activity tolerance.
HODGKIN LYMPHOMA & NON HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
oth Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are lymphomas — a type of cancer that begins in a subset of white blood cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are an integral part of your immune system, which protects you from germs.
Hodgkins & Non-Hodgkins Lymphomas
Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system. Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells and usually involves the lymph nodes above the diaphragm. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas can be of B-cell or T-cell origin and often spread beyond the lymph nodes to other organs. Staging investigations are used to determine the extent of disease, which guides treatment, which may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplantation or watchful waiting. Prognosis depends on disease stage and other risk factors.
Hypothyroidism Diagnosis, Etiopathogenesis and Treatment
Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone.
Hypothyroidism's deficiency of thyroid hormones can disrupt such things as heart rate, body temperature and all aspects of metabolism. Hypothyroidism is most prevalent in older women.
Major symptoms include fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, dry skin and unexplained weight gain.
Treatment consists of thyroid hormone replacement.
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Thyroid cancer develops from the cells of the thyroid gland and accounts for 1-5% of cancer cases worldwide. There are four main types: papillary carcinoma (80% of cases), follicular carcinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and anaplastic carcinoma (the most aggressive). Risk factors include iodine deficiency, radiation exposure, and family history. Symptoms can include a lump in the neck, swelling, voice changes, and trouble swallowing or breathing. Diagnosis involves scans, blood tests, and biopsy. Treatment options include surgery, radioactive iodine therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and thyroid hormone therapy.
Lymphoma
1) Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system that is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells on histology and spreading in an orderly fashion to contiguous lymph nodes.
2) Risk factors include certain viruses like Epstein-Barr virus, a weakened immune system, age (most common in teens/young adults and those over 55), and family history.
3) Clinical presentation includes enlarged, painless lymph nodes as well as potential involvement of extralymphatic sites and "B" symptoms like night sweats and fever.
4) Staging involves determining the number and location of affected lymph nodes and sites of spread, with each stage divided into A or B
Lymphoma
This document discusses lymphoma, a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. It defines lymphoma as malignant neoplasms originating in bone marrow and lymphatic structures, causing abnormal lymphocyte proliferation. There are two main types: Hodgkin's lymphoma, originating from specific white blood cells, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a diverse group of lymphomas excluding Hodgkin's. The document outlines diagnostic tests, management including chemotherapy, radiation therapy and stem cell transplantation, as well as nursing considerations for lymphoma patients.
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Endometrial cancer is a type of uterine cancer that starts in the inner lining of the uterus. This lining is called the endometrium.
According to the National Cancer Institute, approximately 3 in 100 women will be diagnosed with uterine cancer at some point in their lives. More than 80 percent of people with uterine cancer survive for five years or longer after receiving the diagnosis.
If you have endometrial cancer, early diagnosis and treatment increases your chances of remission.
Ca thyroid
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- The major types of thyroid cancer are papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic carcinoma. Papillary and follicular cancers together account for 80-90% of cases and generally have a good prognosis. Medullary cancer arises from C-cells and can be hereditary. Anaplastic carcinoma is very aggressive.
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- Signs and symptoms vary depending on the type but can include fatigue, infections, anemia, bruising/bleeding, and enlargement of the liver and spleen.
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A 29-year old man presented to the emergency room with crushing headaches and palpitations. Pheochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor that secretes catecholamines and can cause hypertension. It arises from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Diagnosis involves urine or plasma tests to detect elevated catecholamines and imaging studies like MRI or MIBG scan to locate the tumor. Surgical removal is the primary treatment, along with pre-operative medication to control blood pressure. Lifelong monitoring is needed due to risk of recurrence.
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This document provides an overview of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), including:
1. NHL is a heterogeneous group of malignant diseases of the lymphoid system that is defined and has varying epidemiology, classification, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, and treatment.
2. NHL is classified in several systems, most recently the WHO system from 2008, which categorizes NHL into B-cell and T/NK-cell lymphomas that can be indolent or aggressive.
3. Specific subtypes like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and Burkitt's lymphoma have unique characteristics and clinical presentations.
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Thyrotoxicosis is a clinical syndrome caused by high levels of circulating thyroid hormones, with primary causes including Graves' disease and toxic nodular goiter, leading to symptoms of weight loss, fatigue, heat intolerance, and emotional changes. Diagnosis is based on examination findings of a goiter, tachycardia, and eye changes like exophthalmos, with treatment options including antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, or surgery to remove the overactive thyroid tissue.
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Ca thyroid
this ppt was made as per the need of the students of Bsc, nursing. It can also be useful for Msc nursing students too.
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Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Smoking is responsible for 85-90% of lung cancer cases and the risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked daily and lifetime duration of smoking. The two main types are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which makes up about 80% of cases, and small cell lung cancer. Symptoms vary but may include cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, and chest pain. Treatment depends on cancer type and stage but may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or palliative care.
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a disorder characterized by unusually low platelet counts, leading to easy bruising and bleeding. It occurs when the immune system mistakenly destroys platelets. ITP affects both children and adults, often following a viral infection in children, and can be triggered by drugs or associated conditions. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing low platelet counts despite normal bone marrow function. Treatment ranges from monitoring to medications, splenectomy, or intravenous treatments depending on severity. The goal is to raise platelet counts to safe levels and control symptoms.
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Prostate cancer develops from cells in the prostate gland, and can spread to other parts of the body like bones and lymph nodes. It is caused by mutations in genes like p53, BCL2, and ERK5. Risk factors include obesity, age, family history, low vitamin D, and high testosterone levels. Symptoms may include issues with urination. Diagnosis involves a PSA blood test, digital rectal exam, and biopsy of the prostate. Treatment options include surgery to remove the prostate, radiation therapy, hormone therapy to block androgens like testosterone, chemotherapy, immunotherapy vaccines, and radium injections into bones. The document provides detailed information on prostate cancer causes, diagnosis, and various treatment approaches
04. thyroid tumors
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Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system that can involve B or T cells. It causes abnormal lymph node accumulation and often spreads diffusely. Risk factors include viruses, immune deficiencies, and genetic syndromes. Symptoms depend on subtype and location but may include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, weight loss, or masses. Diagnosis involves biopsy and testing. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy regimens like CHOP but can include radiation or monoclonal antibodies. Complications include infections, organ damage, and secondary cancers.
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This document provides an overview of leukemias, including:
- Leukemia is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow that results in an overproduction of immature white blood cells.
- There are four main types: acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia.
- Signs and symptoms vary depending on the type but can include fatigue, infections, anemia, bruising/bleeding, and enlargement of the liver and spleen.
- Diagnosis involves blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and other exams. Treatment involves chemotherapy, targeted therapies, radiation, stem cell transplant, and management of symptoms.
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Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is characterized by severe coughing fits that can end in a "whooping" sound. It primarily affects children under 5 years old. The disease spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can be prevented through active immunization with the DPT vaccine, which is recommended in 5 doses for children up to age 6.
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This document discusses lung tumors, specifically focusing on lung cancer. It covers the main types of lung cancer including small cell carcinoma, non-small cell carcinoma (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma), and carcinoid tumors. For each type, it discusses risk factors, histology, gross appearance, microscopic patterns, etiology, and clinical features. Common sites of metastasis are also listed. The document provides an overview of lung cancer pathology and clinical manifestations.
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Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a large group of cancers that develop from lymphocytes, with around 85% originating from B cells and 15% from T or NK cells. T-cell lymphomas presenting with lymphadenopathy rather than outside the lymph nodes are a rare and heterogeneous group of tumors that are usually of the CD4+ phenotype.
Phaeochromocytoma
A 29-year old man presented to the emergency room with crushing headaches and palpitations. Pheochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor that secretes catecholamines and can cause hypertension. It arises from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Diagnosis involves urine or plasma tests to detect elevated catecholamines and imaging studies like MRI or MIBG scan to locate the tumor. Surgical removal is the primary treatment, along with pre-operative medication to control blood pressure. Lifelong monitoring is needed due to risk of recurrence.
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Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs. Your lungs are two spongy organs in your chest that take in oxygen when you inhale and release carbon dioxide when you exhale. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States, among both men and women
Non hodgkins lymphoma nandhu
This document provides an overview of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), including:
1. NHL is a heterogeneous group of malignant diseases of the lymphoid system that is defined and has varying epidemiology, classification, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, and treatment.
2. NHL is classified in several systems, most recently the WHO system from 2008, which categorizes NHL into B-cell and T/NK-cell lymphomas that can be indolent or aggressive.
3. Specific subtypes like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and Burkitt's lymphoma have unique characteristics and clinical presentations.
Thyrotoxicosis
Thyrotoxicosis is a clinical syndrome caused by high levels of circulating thyroid hormones, with primary causes including Graves' disease and toxic nodular goiter, leading to symptoms of weight loss, fatigue, heat intolerance, and emotional changes. Diagnosis is based on examination findings of a goiter, tachycardia, and eye changes like exophthalmos, with treatment options including antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, or surgery to remove the overactive thyroid tissue.
Acute epiglottitis
Acute epiglottitis is an acute inflammatory condition of the epiglottis and nearby structures like the arytenoids, aryepiglottic folds, and vallecula.It is a life-threatening infection that causes profound swelling of the upper airways which can lead to asphyxia and respiratory arrest.Bacterial etiology is the most common cause of epiglottitis. Soft tissue lateral xray of neck shows thumb sign. Airway management is the main concern of epiglottitis.
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL).ppt
Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas arise from monoclonal expansion of malignant B or T cells. There are many subtypes of NHL, classified based on cell lineage and other features. Treatment depends on factors like aggressiveness - indolent NHLs grow slowly while very aggressive NHLs can be life-threatening if not treated rapidly. The most common subtypes are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma. Diagnosis involves biopsy and other tests to identify the histologic subtype and stage of disease. Prognosis and treatment approach are guided by these factors.
Lung cancer
Lung cancer is usually seen in males and smoking females over 50. Smoking cigarettes is the primary risk factor, with factors like number smoked and tar/nicotine content increasing risk. Other risks include secondhand smoke, asbestos, radon and arsenic exposure. Lung cancers are classified as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma, or small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Symptoms often only appear once cancer has metastasized and can include coughing, wheezing and weight loss. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsies. Treatment depends on cancer type and stage but may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and
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Adcetris 50 mg: Prescription Only Drug
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ADCETRIS: Hodgkin's Lymphoma Treatment
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The document discusses hematologic disorders, focusing on lymphomas. It defines lymphomas as neoplasms of lymphoid cells that usually start in lymph nodes but can spread to other lymphatic tissues. Lymphomas are broadly classified into Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Hodgkin lymphoma is described in more detail, including its epidemiology, pathophysiology involving Reed-Sternberg cells, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, medical management using chemotherapy and radiation, and nursing considerations around screening and education. NHL is discussed as a heterogeneous group of cancers involving malignant B or T lymphocytes that can infiltrate multiple lymph node sites and extranodal tissues.
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Non-Hodgkin lymphoma originates in the lymphatic system and develops from lymphocytes or white blood cells. Common symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, abdominal pain, and fatigue. While the exact causes are unknown, it occurs when the body produces too many abnormal lymphocytes that crowd lymph nodes and fail to die off normally. Diagnosis involves physical exams, biopsies, and tests of blood and bone marrow. Treatment depends on the cancer's grade and stage, and may include chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplants, or immunotherapy. Prognosis depends on seeking recommended treatment and maintaining a positive outlook.
Lymphoma
1. Lymphomas are cancers that affect lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, and usually start in lymph nodes but can spread to other lymphatic tissues.
2. There are two main categories of lymphoma - Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The main difference is the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin lymphoma.
3. Common symptoms of lymphoma include painless swelling of lymph nodes, unexplained fever, weight loss, night sweats, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves physical exam, biopsy of lymph nodes, and other tests. Treatment depends on the type, stage, and other factors but may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or stem cell transplant.
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presented by HAFIZ M WASEEM
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Cancer Overview
Variety Of Cancer
Etiology & Risk FactorsOf Cancer
Symptoms & sign Of Cancer
Diagnosis Of Cancer
Treatment Of Cancer
Cancer Myth & Misconception
Government Policy and Program on Cancer
Role of Pharmacist
Leading Cancer Research Institute in India
INTRODUCTION
Cancer is an abnormal growth of functioning cell
not in the control of body hormonal system and
hampering functioning of other body system
Cancer is the general name for a group of more
than 100 diseases. All cancers start because
abnormal cells grow out of control.
When cells continue multiplying when the body
doesn't need them. The result is a mass or growth,
also called a TUMOR.
Cancer Overview
These growths are considered either BENIGN
or MALIGNANT
NEOPLASM - Abnormal growth of cells
BENIGN -Neoplasms are not cancerous
MALIGNANT - Neoplasms are cancerous
CHARACTERISTICS OF CANCER CELLS
Lack differentiation
Have abnormal nuclei
Form tumors
Mitosis controlled by contact
with neighboring cells
Cancer cells have lost contact
inhibitor
Lack differentiation
Have abnormal nuclei
Form tumors
Mitosis controlled by contact
with neighboring cells
Cancer cells have lost contact
inhibitor
STAGES OF CANCER
Stage 0. This stage describes cancer in situ. In situ means "in place." Stage 0 cancers are still located in the place they started. They have not spread to nearby tissues. This stage of cancer is often curable. Surgery can usually remove the entire tumor.
Stage I. This stage is usually a cancer that has not grown deeply into nearby tissues. It also has not spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body. It is often called early-stage cancer.
Stage II and Stage III. In general, these 2 stages are cancers that have grown more deeply into nearby tissue. They may have also spread to lymph nodes but not to other parts of the body.
Stage IV. This stage means that the cancer has spread to other organs or parts of the body. It may be also called advanced or metastatic cancer.
Name of Cancer
Name of Cancer is given according to cell of origin , site of origin , stage of disease
About 200 cancer are estimated
Broadly Classified as Blood related
Cancer ( leukemia, Myeloma, lymphoma)
And then other Big Category is solid tumors
and this are fether branded as squamous
cell carcinomas , adenocarcinomas ,
sarcomas
In male Lung , larynx, tongue , Prostrate cancer is common
In female breast, Cervical , Gall Bladder , Endometrial cancer is common
TYPES OF CANCER
The following five broad categories indicate the tissue and blood classifications of cancer
Carcinoma
A carcinoma is a cancer found in body
tissue known as epithelial tissue that covers
or lines surfaces of organs, glands, or body
structures. For example, a cancer of the
lining of the stomach is called a carcinoma.
Many carcinomas affect organs or glands
that are involved with secretion, such as
breasts that produce milk. Carcinomas
account for 80-90% of all cancer cases......
Lymphoma
Lymphoma is the cancer of immune cells or infection-fighting cells of the immune system known as lymphocytes. These cells are present in the lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and other parts of the body.
For more information: www.cancertame.com
Email Id: support@cancertame.com
lymphoma-190706115023.pptx
This document discusses lymphoma, a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. It defines lymphoma as malignant neoplasms originating in bone marrow and lymphatic structures, causing abnormal lymphocyte proliferation. There are two main types: Hodgkin's lymphoma, originating from specific white blood cells, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a diverse group of lymphomas excluding Hodgkin's. The document outlines diagnostic tests, management including chemotherapy, radiation, biological and stem cell therapies, and the nurse's role in education and support.
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Hodgkin's lymphoma is a cancer that affects the lymphatic system and lymph nodes. It is caused by abnormal reed-sternberg cells that create tumors. Symptoms include weight loss, fever, fatigue and night sweats. Treatment depends on the stage of cancer and may include chemotherapy, antibiotics, and monitoring for spread of the disease. Hodgkin's lymphoma is one of the most curable types of cancer if caught early.
Leukemia@pradhuman.ppts
Leukemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow that results in an abnormal increase of white blood cells. It develops when blood cells in the bone marrow grow out of control. The exact causes are unknown but possible factors include radiation, viruses, chemicals, and genetics. Symptoms are non-specific and flu-like, including fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, and easy bruising. There are four main types - chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, and acute myeloid leukemia - distinguished by the affected cell type and rate of progression. While leukemia cannot always be cured permanently, some types are curable with treatment.
Lymphoma Medical surgical nursing..).pdf
The document discusses lymphoma, which is a cancer of the lymphatic system. It begins by describing the anatomy and function of the lymphatic system. It then defines lymphoma and discusses the two main types: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells and has a good prognosis. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more common and diverse, with several subtypes that can vary in aggressiveness. The document outlines signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment options including chemotherapy and stem cell transplant, and the nursing management of patients with lymphoma.
Hodgkin lymphoma
Hodgkin's lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin's disease, is a cancer that originates in the lymphatic system. It is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in the lymph nodes and other tissues. The disease has four main subtypes - nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte depletion, and lymphocyte rich - which are distinguished based on the type of cells in the tissue around the Reed-Sternberg cells. The nodular sclerosis subtype, which involves bands of fibrosis dividing the lymph node tissue into nodules, accounts for about 40-70% of cases. Hodgkin's lymphoma most commonly presents with painless swelling of lymph nodes in the neck,
Blood Cancer Symptoms, Causes _ 3 Types of Blood Cancer
Leukemia, often known as leukemia, is a blood cancer. A type of blood malignancy known as lymphocytic leukemias (loo-KEE-mee-uh) produces a large number of abnormal blood cells and typically starts in the bone marrow. These immature blood cells, often known as blasts or leukemia cells, are not fully formed. Signs and symptoms may include bruising and bleeding, bone discomfort, exhaustion, fever, and an elevated susceptibility of infections. The absence of healthy blood cells is the cause of these symptoms. Blood tests or bone marrow biopsy are frequently used to make diagnoses.
Blood Cancer Symptoms, Causes 3 Types of Blood Cancer1 (2)
Leukemia‘s precise origin is not known. It is thought that both genetic and environmental (non-inherited) variables are involved. Risk risks include smoking, radiation exposure, certain substances (including benzene), previous treatment, and Down syndrome. Those who have a family history of the disease are likewise more vulnerable. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are the four primary kinds of leukemia. There are also a few less frequent varieties. Cancers of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, which include leukemias and lymphomas, are a more general classification of tumors that impact the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system.
Symptoms
Whether it is leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, MDS, MPN, or another type of blood cancer, the symptoms of blood cancer differ depending on the disease.
among the signs of blood malignancy are:
Unaccounted-for weight loss
Unaccounted-for bruising or bleeding
swellings or lumps
respiration difficulty (breathlessness)
humid night sweats
severe, recurring, or long-lasting infections
A fever of at least 38 °C that is mysterious
Unaccounted-for rashes or irritated skin
discomfort in your joints, bones, or stomach (stomach area)
the weariness that doesn’t get better with rest or sleep (fatigue)
Paleness (pallor) (pallor)
We now know more specifics regarding the signs and symptoms of many blood cancer types. For more information about the signs and symptoms of blood cancer, scroll down.
Not everyone will experience the same symptoms, and some individuals may experience symptoms not included in this list.
When to See a Doctor
It might be challenging to determine whether you should be concerned because many early cancer symptoms are not very precise. Don’t wait, though, as early diagnosis can result in quicker, more successful therapy.
If any blood cancer symptoms persist for more than a few weeks without getting better, you should visit your doctor.
Some patients worry that if they only have the flu or a cold, they won’t “bother” their doctor. However, your doctor would much rather make that diagnosis when they see you right away.
Tests to diagnose blood cancer
Blood malignancies may be diagnosed using the following tests
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Blood Cancer Symptoms, Causes _ 3 Types of Blood Cancer
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The VED (Vital, Essential, Desirable) method classifies inventory items into three categories based on their importance and criticality. Vital items are stocked in abundance and their availability must be ensured at all times. Essential items are stocked in medium amounts and their non-availability can be tolerated for 2-3 days. Desirable items are stocked in small amounts and their non-availability can be tolerated for a long period. On average, vital items make up 10% of inventory, essential 40%, and desirable 50%. The method aims to ensure smooth operations by strictly controlling vital and essential items while loosely controlling desirable items.
Types of Leadership
There are several types of leadership described in the document. An intellectual leader possesses rich knowledge and technical competence, leading through specialized expertise. A creative leader encourages ideas to flow between the leader and group using circular response techniques. A persuasive leader gains faith and confidence from followers through a magnetic personality. An institutional leader becomes a leader by virtue of their position within an organization. A democratic leader is led by followers, following majority opinions. An autocratic leader dominates their group through coercion and commands with centralized authority.
Theories of Stress
Selye defined stress as the non-specific response of the body to any demand placed upon it. Holmes and Rahe studied the relationship between life changes and illness, developing a scale to measure major life changes and finding that greater life changes correlated with increased likelihood of illness. Lazarus's theory emphasized that cognitive appraisal determines what is stressful and how it is coped with, and that emotions result from stress responses rather than cause them. Coping can shape and respond to demands to influence future experiences.
Theories of Leadership
This document discusses four theories of leadership: the trait theory, which suggests that successful leaders have certain innate traits and characteristics; the behavioral theory, which focuses on the relationships between leaders and subordinates and how the work environment influences outcomes; the contingency theory, which describes the relationship between leaders and followers and emphasizes concepts like empowerment and inspiration; and the situational theory, which believes that leadership effectiveness depends on the relationship between a leader's skills, the task, and how favorable the work situation is, encouraging an adaptive leadership style.
Theories of Communication
The document discusses three theories of communication: the decibal theory which argues that stating a point loudly and frequently is the best way to communicate but its effectiveness diminishes over time; the sell theory which holds that the communicator bears full responsibility for communication while the receiver plays a passive role, increasing barriers; and the minimet theory which assumes the receiver has little interest and objections can be avoided by only telling them what is needed to know.
Principles of Recruitment
The document outlines recommendations for an effective recruitment process, including that recruitment should be centralized under administrative officers, termination and creation of posts requires approval of responsible officers, only vacant positions should be filled according to job descriptions developed prior to recruitment, and recruitment procedures and policies should be clear and allow for promotion opportunities.
Principles of Organization
The document outlines principles of organization according to several authors. BT Basavanthappa identifies six key principles: hierarchy, span of control, integration vs. disintegration, centralization vs. decentralization, unity of command, and delegation. Russell C. Swansburg & Richard J. Swansburg identify four additional principles: chain of command, unity of command, span of control, and specialization. The document provides an overview of fundamental principles of organization structure according to different experts in the field.
Principles of budget
A budget is an operational plan for a defined period, usually a year, that outlines expected income and expenses. It should focus on the organization's objectives and policies to ensure resources are used effectively. Developing a budget requires coordinating departments, setting realistic targets, and reviewing performance to aid in managerial decision making and evaluate performance. Flexibility must be built into the budget to account for changes.
Principles of administration
Henri Fayol developed 14 principles of management based on his observations and experiments. Some of the key principles included division of work through specialization to improve skills and productivity, clear lines of authority and responsibility, following a scalar chain of command, and unifying the direction of all employees' efforts toward common goals. Other principles focused on order, discipline, fair treatment and compensation of employees, an appropriate balance of centralization and decentralization of power, and fostering initiative and unity among personnel.
Peer evaluation
Nursing organizations instituted peer review to increase nurses' accountability and effective decision making. Peer review is a process where employees in the same field evaluate each other's job performance against accepted standards. It is a short but objective method using trained observers to provide constructive feedback for development. Peer reviews require establishing a policy, criteria for evaluations, and a procedure where tenured faculty higher in rank conduct written evaluations that are archived and included in personnel files for future reviews.
ChCs (community health centres)
Community health centres (CHCs) are nonprofit community organizations established by state governments in India to provide primary healthcare services to populations of 80,000 to 120,000 people. CHCs have 30 indoor beds and facilities for X-rays, labor and delivery, surgery, and laboratories. They are managed by four medical specialists and provide services including general surgery, medicine, obstetrics, pediatrics, and all national health programs.
Advantages and Limitations of Decentralization
The document outlines the advantages and limitations of decentralization. It lists eight advantages of decentralization including relieving top managers from burden, encouraging responsibility among subordinates, and increasing motivation. It also lists eight limitations such as maintaining uniform policy becoming difficult, increasing coordination complexity, and decentralization potentially being limited by inadequate training or personnel.
Sampling
This document discusses sampling in research. It defines sampling as selecting a representative segment of the population to collect data from. The purposes of sampling are that it is more economical, improves data quality, provides quicker study results, and increases the precision and accuracy of data. Good characteristics of a sample include being goal-oriented, accurately representative of the universe, proportional, randomly selected, economical, practical, and able to provide the actual information required for the study. The document also mentions types of sampling and the sampling process but does not provide details on them. Factors affecting sampling are noted but not described.
Bronchodilator drugs
Bronchodilator drugs work by relaxing the muscles in the airways to open breathing passages. There are three main types of bronchodilators: beta-adrenergic bronchodilators, anticholinergic bronchodilators, and xanthine derivatives. Each works through a different mechanism to dilate the bronchial airways. Common side effects among the drug types include dry mouth, headache, nausea, and difficulty breathing. Nurses monitor patients' vital signs and educate them on proper inhaler use when prescribing bronchodilators.
Antiseptics, disinfectants and insecticides
This document discusses antiseptics, disinfectants, and insecticides. It provides examples of common antiseptics like formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde used on living surfaces. Disinfectants discussed include acids, halogens, oxidizing agents, and hydrogen peroxide used on non-living surfaces. Insecticides described are plant-based pyrethrum and organophosphate malathion used against various insects. The document concludes with nursing responsibilities for proper use and storage of these agents.
Antitubercular drugs
This document discusses antituberculosis drugs, including their mechanism of action, indications, contraindications, and adverse reactions. It describes that first-line drugs like isoniazid and rifampin affect the mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria in different ways. Second and third-line drugs are used if bacteria develops resistance or the disease progresses. Nurses are responsible for educating patients, monitoring treatment response and side effects, and ensuring full drug courses are taken to reduce resistance.
Isoniazid (inh)
Isoniazid is used for prophylaxis and treatment of tuberculosis. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of mycolic acids in the bacterial cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Isoniazid is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity reactions or hepatic injury from isoniazid. The typical dosage is 10 mg/kg/day by mouth for the entire treatment course, up to a maximum of 300 mg/day. Common adverse effects include peripheral neuropathy, while liver toxicity is also a risk. Nurses monitor patients for adverse effects and provide education on following the dosage regimen and reporting side effects.
Antiscabies agents
Antiscabies agents such as lindane 1%, ivermectin, and permethrin are used to control the mite Sarcoptes Scabei, which thrives in conditions of poor hygiene. Ivermectin is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic that binds to glutamate-gated chloride channels in invertebrate nerve and muscle cells, causing paralysis and death of the parasite. It is indicated for onchocerciasis, filariasis, strongyloidiasis, and Norwegian scabies but has contraindications for children under 5, severe illness, pregnancy, and nursing mothers. Common side effects include abdominal pain, fatigue, diarrhea, nausea,
Antileprotic drugs
This document discusses the antileprotics drug dapsone, which is used to treat leprosy. It provides information on dapsone's mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, indications, contraindications, dosage, adverse effects, and the nurse's responsibilities regarding administration and monitoring. Dapsone is bactericidal and bacteriostatic against Mycobacterium leprae by inhibiting bacterial folic acid synthesis. Nurses must monitor patients for therapeutic effectiveness and adverse effects like hemolysis and monitor lab tests accordingly.
Anthelmintic drugs
Albendazole is a broad-spectrum oral anthelmintic drug used to treat various worm infections and parasitic diseases. It works by inhibiting the polymerization of parasite tubulin, which disrupts the formation of microtubules. Common side effects include abdominal pain, headaches, and diarrhea. When used for longer periods, it can potentially cause liver enzyme elevations, neutropenia, and alopecia. Nurses should monitor patients' liver enzymes and blood counts regularly when they are taking albendazole.
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Non Hodgkin Lymphoma
- 1. NON HODGKINS LYMPHOMA ( NHL) PREPARED BY, Mrs. Rijo Lijo
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is cancer that originates in the lymphatic system, the disease-fighting network spread throughout the body.
- 3. DEFINITION • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a group of blood cancers that includes all types of lymphomas except Hodgkin lymphomas.
- 4. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HODGKIN'S AND NON HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma may arise in lymph nodes anywhere in the body, whereas Hodgkin lymphoma typically begins in the upper body, such as the neck, chest or armpits.
- 5. RISK FACTORS • Older age : Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can occur at any age, but the risk increases with age. It's most common in people 60 or over. • Chemicals: Certain chemicals, such as those used to kill insects and weeds, may increase the risk of developing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
- 6. • Infections: Certain viral and bacterial infections appear to increase the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Viruses linked to increased non-Hodgkin's lymphoma risk include HIV and Epstein-Barr infection. • Medications : Those who undergone organ transplant are more susceptible, because immunosuppressive therapy reduces the body's ability to fight new illnesses.
- 7. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS • Swollen lymph nodes. • Fever. • Stomach ache. • Night sweats. • Weight loss. • Chest pain. • Loss of appetite.
- 9. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION • History collection. • Physical examination. • Blood and urine tests : Blood and urine tests may help rule out an infection or other disease. • Imaging tests: imaging tests are used to look for tumors in the body. Tests may include X-ray, CT, MRI and positron emission tomography (PET).
- 10. • Lymph node test : a lymph node biopsy is used to remove all or part of a lymph node for laboratory testing. Analyzing lymph node tissue in a lab may reveal whether the client had non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or not. • Bone marrow test: A bone marrow biopsy and aspiration procedure involves inserting a needle into the hipbone to remove a sample of bone marrow. The sample is analyzed to look for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells.
- 11. MANAGEMENT
- 12. MEDICATIONS • Chemotherapy Unwanted reactions to drugs given for the purpose of killing cancer cells. • Bone marrow stimulant Helps bone marrow produce new blood cells. • Steroid Modifies or simulates hormone effects, often to reduce inflammation or for tissue growth and repair.