KEYNOTE Introduction Cancer Overview Variety Of Cancer Etiology & Risk FactorsOf Cancer Symptoms & sign Of Cancer Diagnosis Of Cancer Treatment Of Cancer Cancer Myth & Misconception Government Policy and Program on Cancer Role of Pharmacist Leading Cancer Research Institute in India INTRODUCTION Cancer is an abnormal growth of functioning cell not in the control of body hormonal system and hampering functioning of other body system Cancer is the general name for a group of more than 100 diseases. All cancers start because abnormal cells grow out of control. When cells continue multiplying when the body doesn't need them. The result is a mass or growth, also called a TUMOR. Cancer Overview These growths are considered either BENIGN or MALIGNANT NEOPLASM - Abnormal growth of cells BENIGN -Neoplasms are not cancerous MALIGNANT - Neoplasms are cancerous CHARACTERISTICS OF CANCER CELLS Lack differentiation Have abnormal nuclei Form tumors Mitosis controlled by contact with neighboring cells Cancer cells have lost contact inhibitor Lack differentiation Have abnormal nuclei Form tumors Mitosis controlled by contact with neighboring cells Cancer cells have lost contact inhibitor STAGES OF CANCER Stage 0. This stage describes cancer in situ. In situ means "in place." Stage 0 cancers are still located in the place they started. They have not spread to nearby tissues. This stage of cancer is often curable. Surgery can usually remove the entire tumor. Stage I. This stage is usually a cancer that has not grown deeply into nearby tissues. It also has not spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body. It is often called early-stage cancer. Stage II and Stage III. In general, these 2 stages are cancers that have grown more deeply into nearby tissue. They may have also spread to lymph nodes but not to other parts of the body. Stage IV. This stage means that the cancer has spread to other organs or parts of the body. It may be also called advanced or metastatic cancer. Name of Cancer Name of Cancer is given according to cell of origin , site of origin , stage of disease About 200 cancer are estimated Broadly Classified as Blood related Cancer ( leukemia, Myeloma, lymphoma) And then other Big Category is solid tumors and this are fether branded as squamous cell carcinomas , adenocarcinomas , sarcomas In male Lung , larynx, tongue , Prostrate cancer is common In female breast, Cervical , Gall Bladder , Endometrial cancer is common TYPES OF CANCER The following five broad categories indicate the tissue and blood classifications of cancer Carcinoma A carcinoma is a cancer found in body tissue known as epithelial tissue that covers or lines surfaces of organs, glands, or body structures. For example, a cancer of the lining of the stomach is called a carcinoma. Many carcinomas affect organs or glands that are involved with secretion, such as breasts that produce milk. Carcinomas account for 80-90% of all cancer cases......

1. PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological
University

2. Social & Preventive
Pharmacy
STAGED BY
MR. Stavan U.
Kadam
Final Year
B.PHARMACY
Dr. Babasaheb
Ambedkar
Technological
University
•
CANCER

3. KEYNOTE
• Introduction
• Cancer Overview
• Variety Of Cancer
• Etiology & Risk FactorsOf Cancer
• Symptoms & sign Of Cancer
• Diagnosis Of Cancer
• Treatment Of Cancer
• Cancer Myth & Misconception
• Government Policy and Program on
Cancer
• Role of Pharmacist
• Leading Cancer Research Institute in
India

4. INTRODUCTION
 Cancer is an abnormal growth of functioning cell
not in the control of body hormonal system and
hampering functioning of other body system
 Cancer is the general name for a group of more
than 100 diseases. All cancers start because
abnormal cells grow out of control.
 When cells continue multiplying when the body
doesn't need them. The result is a mass or growth,
also called a TUMOR.

5. Cancer Overview
These growths are considered either BENIGN
or MALIGNANT
 NEOPLASM - abnormal growth of cells
 BENIGN -neoplasms are not cancerous
 MALIGNANT - neoplasms are cancerous

6. CHARACTERISTICS OF
CANCER CELLS
Lack differentiation
Have abnormal nuclei
Form tumors
Mitosis controlled by contact
with neighboring cells
Cancer cells have lost contact
inhibitor

7. STAGES OF CANCER
• Stage 0. This stage describes cancer in situ. In situ means
"in place." Stage 0 cancers are still located in the place they
started. They have not spread to nearby tissues. This stage
of cancer is often curable. Surgery can usually remove the
entire tumor.
• Stage I. This stage is usually a cancer that has not grown
deeply into nearby tissues. It also has not spread to the
lymph nodes or other parts of the body. It is often called
early-stage cancer.
• Stage II and Stage III. In general, these 2 stages are cancers
that have grown more deeply into nearby tissue. They may
have also spread to lymph nodes but not to other parts of the
body.
• Stage IV. This stage means that the cancer has spread to
other organs or parts of the body. It may be also called
advanced or metastatic cancer.

8. Cancer Patient Reported
Worldwide 2019-23
15500000
16000000
16500000
17000000
17500000
18000000
18500000
19000000
19500000
20000000
20500000
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Series 1

9. Cancer Death Reported 2019-23
594000
596000
598000
600000
602000
604000
606000
608000
610000
612000
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Series 1
Series 1

10. Name of Cancer
• Name of Cancer is given according to cell of
origin , site of origin , stage of disease
• About 200 cancer are estimated
• Broadly Classified as Blood related
Cancer ( leukemia, Myeloma, lymphoma)
And then other Big Category is solid tumors
and this are fether branded as squamous
cell carcinomas , adenocarcinomas ,
sarcomas

11. Continue
• In male Lung , larynx, tongue , Prostrate
cancer is common
• In female breast, Cervical , Gall Bladder ,
Endometrial cancer is common

12. Healing Hands, Healing
Hearts

13. TYPES OF
CANCER
The following five broad categories indicate the
tissue and blood classifications of cancer

14. Carcinoma
A carcinoma is a cancer found in body
tissue known as epithelial tissue that covers
or lines surfaces of organs, glands, or body
structures. For example, a cancer of the
lining of the stomach is called a carcinoma.
Many carcinomas affect organs or glands
that are involved with secretion, such as
breasts that produce milk. Carcinomas
account for 80-90% of all cancer cases.

15. Continue
Types of carcinoma include:
• Melanoma
• Basal cell carcinoma
• Squamous cell
• skin cancer
• Merkel cell carcinoma

16. Sarcoma
A sarcoma is a malignant tumor growing
from connective tissues, such as cartilage,
fat, muscle, tendons, and bones. The most
common sarcoma, a tumor on the bone,
usually occurs in young adults. Examples of
sarcoma include osteosarcoma (bone)
and chondrosarcoma (cartilage).

17. Continue
• Types of sarcoma include:
• Soft tissue sarcoma
• Osteosarcoma
• Ewing's sarcoma
• Chrondrosarcoma

18. Lymphoma
Lymphoma refers to a cancer that
originates in the nodes or glands of the
lymphatic system, whose job it is to produce
white blood cells and clean body fluids, or in
organs such as the brain and breast.
Lymphomas are classified into two
categories: Hodgkin's lymphoma and non
Hodgkin's lymphoma.

19. Continue
Types of lymphoma include:
• Hodgkin's lymphoma
• Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
• Cutaneous lymphoma

20. Leukemia
Leukemia, also known as blood cancer, is a cancer of
the bone marrow that keeps the marrow from
producing normal red and white blood cells and
platelets. White blood cells are needed to resist
infection. Red blood cells are needed to prevent
anemia. Platelets keep the body from easily bruising
and bleeding.

21. Continue
Types of leukemia include:
• Acute lymphocytic leukemia
• Acute myeloid leukemia
• Agnogenic myeloid leukemia
• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
• Chronic myeloid leukemia
• Essential thrombocythemia (ET)
• Hairy cell leukemi

22. Myeloma
Myeloma grows in the plasma cells of bone
marrow. In some cases, the myeloma cells
collect in one bone and form a single tumor,
called a plasmacytoma. However, in other
cases, the myeloma cells collect in many
bones, forming many bone tumors. This is
called multiple myeloma.

23. Radiating Strength,
Illuminating Lives

24. Etiology & Risk Fact Of Cancer

25. • The main cause of cancer is mutations, or changes to
the DNA in your cells. Genetic mutations can be
inherited. They can also occur after birth as a result of
environmental forces.
• These external causes, called carcinogens, can include:
• physical carcinogens like radiation and ultraviolet (UV)
light
• chemical carcinogens like cigarette smoke, asbestos,
alcohol, air pollution, and contaminated food and
drinking water
• biological carcinogens like viruses, bacteria, and
parasites
• According to the WHOTrusted Source, about 33
percent of cancer deaths may be caused by tobacco,
alcohol, high body mass index (BMI), low fruit and
vegetable consumption, and not getting enough
physical activity.

26. Risk factors
• tobacco use
• high alcohol consumption
• an unhealthy diet, characterized by red and processed meat,
sugary drinks and salty snacks, starchy foods, and refined
carbohydrates including sugars and processed grains,
according to a 2017 review
• a lack of physical activity
• exposure to air pollution
• exposure to radiation
• unprotected exposure to UV light, such as sunlight
• infection by certain viruses including H. pylori, human
papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, and
the Epstein-Barr virus, which causes infectious
mononucleosis
• The risk of developing cancer also increases with age. In
general, the risk of developing cancer appears to increase
until the age of 70 to 80Trusted Source and then diminish,
according to the National Cancer Institute (NCI).

27. SIGN &
SYMTOMS

28. Its to simple to remember sign
and symptoms By word :
Caution
• Change in bowel or bladder habits
C
• A sore that does not heal
A
• Unusual bleeding or discharge,
unexplained weight loss
U
• Thickening or lump in a breast or
elsewhere
T
• Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
I
• Obvious change in a wart or mole
o
• Nagging cough or hoarseness
N

29. C:-Change in bowel or bladder habit

30. A:-A sore that does not heal

31. U:-Unusual bleeding or discharge,
unexplained weight loss

32. T:- Thickening or lump in a breast or
elsewhere

33. I:-Indigestion or difficulty
swallowing

34. O:-Obvious change in a wart or
mole

35. N:-Nagging cough or
hoarseness

37. Diagnosis Of Cancer

38. Main methods of cancerdiagnosis
• Radiological diagnosis
• Cytological diagnosis
• Histological diagnosis
• Frozen section
• Tumour markers

39. RADIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS
It include,
• X-ray
• Ultrasound
• CT scan
• MRI
These are one of the best early,
non-invasive methods of cancer
diagnosis.

40. CYTOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS
1. Fine needle aspiration
cytology (FNAC)•
Fine needle aspiration cytology is a
popular method of tumor diagnosis
particularly for palpable tumors
• Lymph nodal tumors
• Breast tumors
• Salivary gland tumors
• •Thyroid tumors

41. HISTOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS
:
For histological diagnosis the following
methods of sampling is done:
Biopsy- biopsy is a surgical removal of small piece of
tissue For microscopic examination for the presence of
cancer cell.
There are three ways tissues can be removed
for•
Biopsy:-•
• Endoscopy
• Needle biopsy
• Surgical biopsy

42. FROZEN SECTION
• Frozen section is quick diagnosis method.
• The tissue is quickly frozen at around -20' c
in frozen section
• cryostant which makes the tissue hard.
• tissue is immediately sectioned & stained
• the whole process from receiving, staining
to diagnosis can be completed within 10 to
15 days.

43. TUMOR MARKER
Some tumors release substance is called tumor
markers
Blood test can be performed to detect the blood Cells
as well as for specific tumor markers
Tumor marker is biochemical indicators of Tumors
these may be:
• Antigens
• Cytoplasmic proteins
• Enzymes
• Hormones
• Use in support diagnosis

44. A Joke about Cancer Awareness
A
• A cancer patient was sitting in the infusion center
receiving their 14th infusion. Their hair was
totally gone, their toenails missing and they had
lost one half their body weight.
• A young, handsome and clearly very healthy
man approached the patient and with a beaming
smile offered a cancer awareness ribbon.
• “What are you kidding me, I am pretty aware,
thank you very much!”

45. Treatment of Cancer

46. Treatment of cancer Cancer can
be treated by:-
• Surgery
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy
• Hormonal therapy
• Synthetic lethality
The choice of therapy depends upon the
location and grade of the tumor and the stage
of the disease, as well as the general state of
the
patient (performance status).

47. Surgery:-
In theory, non-hematological cancers can be cured if
entirely removed by surgery, but this is not always
possible.
When the cancer has metastasized to other sites in the
body prior to surgery, complete surgical excision is
usually impossible.
In the Halstedian model of cancerprogression, tumors
grow locally, then spread to the lymph nodes, then to
the rest of the body.
This has given rise to the popularity of local-only
treatments such as surgery for small cancers.

48. Continue
Even small localized tumors are increasingly
recognized as possessing metastatis potential.Examples:-
Examples of surgical procedures for cancer include for
non-small cell lung cancer:-
Such as-
mastectomy for breast cancer,
prostatectomy for prostate cancer,
lung cancer surgery.
The goal of the surgery can be either the removal of only
the tumor, or the entire organ.A single cancer cell is
invisible to the naked eye but can regrow into a new
tumor, a process called recurrence.

49. Chemotherapy
It is one of the most common treatments for cancer.It
uses certain drugs to kill cancer cells or to stop them
from growing and spreading to other parts of your
body. Your doctor might prescribe chemo by itself or
with surgery or radiation therapy.
Why You Need Chemotherapy?
Even after surgery to remove a tumor, your body
might still have cancer cells. These cells can grow new
tumors or spread the cancer to other parts of your
body
Chemotherapy drugs help destroy, shrink, ar control
those cells. It might also treat symptoms the cancer
causes, like pain. You might also get chemo to shrink a
tumor before your doctor removes it in surgery.

50. Continue
• Common Chemotherapy Drugs
• chemo drug interferes with the normal metabolism
of cells, which makes them stop growing.
• These drugs are called antimetabolites. Doctors
often use them to treat leukemia and cancer in the
breasts, ovaries, and intestines. Drugs in this group
include 5-fluorouracil,6- mercaptopurine,
cytarabine, gemcitabine, and methotrexate
• Anthracycline chemotherapy attacks the enzymes
inside cancer cells' DNA that help them divide and
grow. They work for many types of cancer. Some
of these drugs are actinomycin-D, bleomycin,
daunorubicin, and doxorubicin.

51. Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy, X-ray therapy, or
irradiation) is the use of ionizing radiation to kill cancer cells and
shrink tumors.Radiation therapy can be administered externally via
external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or internally via
brachytherapy.
How Does It Work?
Cells in your body are always dividing and making new copies.
When you have cancer, though, some cells start to divide way too
fast.That's where radiation therapy can help. It uses high-energy
particles to make tiny breaks in the DNA of cancer cells to destroy
or damage them, so they can no longer make new copies.
The aim is to treat your cancer by slowing or stopping tumor
growth.Your doctor may sometimes suggest you get radiation
therapy
to shrink a tumor before you get surgery. Or he may recommend it

52. Continue
If cancer cells have spread to other parts of your
body, radiation therapy can kill them before they grow into
new tumors.If you have a cancer that can't be cured, your
doctor may still suggest you use "palliative" radiation therapy.
The goal is to shrink tumors and ease symptoms of your
disease.
Types of Radiation Therapy:
• The kind of radiation therapy you get
depends on things like.
• Type of cancer you have.
• How big your tumors are.
• Where your tumors are.
• How close your tumors are to other tissues.
• Your general health
• Other treatments you're getting

53. Continue
• Radiation Therapy side effects:-
may include fatigue, temporary hair
loss, sexual and fertilityproblems, blurry
vision, and skin changes.

55. Cancer Myth & Misconception

56. • There is Nothing I can do to prevent
Cancer
• Most Cancer are hereditary
• Its too late too stop Smoking
• What to eat What not to eat
• Drinking Alcohol decreases Risk of
cancer
• Only people with risk of cancer need to
get cancer Screening
• There is Cure for Cancer but drug
companies wont let it come
• Cancer is contagious

57. Government Policy and
Program on Cancer

58. Rastriya Arogya Nidhi - Health
Minister’s Cancer Patient Fund
• The “Health Minister’s Cancer Patient Fund (HMCPF) within
the Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi (RAN)” was set up in 2009.
• It is a scheme to provide financial assistance to poor patients
living below poverty line and suffering from cancer, for their
treatment at 27 Regional cancer centers (RCCs). Revolving
Funds have been created in all the 27 Regional Cancer
Centres (RCCs) and funds up to Rs. 50 lakhs will be placed
at their disposal.
• The financial assistance to a Cancer Patient up to Rs.
2,00,000/- (Rs. Two lakh only) is processed by the
Institute/Hospitals concerned through the revolving fund
placed at their disposal.
• Individual cases, which require assistance of more than Rs.
2.00 lakh is to be sent to the Ministry for processing

59. List of the treatments
under this scheme
• Radiation treatment of all kinds including
Radio Therapy and Gama Knife
Surgery/GRT/MRT/Brachytherapy.
• Anti-Cancer Chemotherapy with supportive
medication including hormonal therapy.
• Bone Marrow Transplantation- Allogenic&
Autologous
• Diagnostic Procedures- including PET scan.
• Surgery for operable malignant tumours.

60. NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR
PREVENTION & CONTROL OF CANCER,
DIABETES, CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES &
STROKE (NPCDCS)
• India is facing a health transition with a growing burden
of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), accounting
for around 60% of all deaths. The National Programme
for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes,
Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) was
launched in 2010 to prevent and control major NCDs.
The program focuses on infrastructure, human
resource development, health promotion, early
diagnosis, management, and referral. NCD cells are
established at national, state, and district levels, and
clinics are set up at district and CHC levels. The
program aims to cover the entire country by March
2017.

61. Continue
The National Cancer Control Programme (NCD)
is implemented in all 36 states/UTs, with 298
District NCD Cells and 293 Clinics established.
Over 1.29 crore persons were screened in
clinics between 2015-2016, with 8% diagnosed
as diabetics and 12% as hypertensives. Around
90,000 were diagnosed with cardiovascular
diseases and over 13,000 had common cancers.

62. Role of Pharmacist

63. Oncology pharmacists play various roles, including inpatient,
ambulatory, infusion center, specialty, practice manager, and
investigational drug pharmacist. They manage chemotherapy
administration, medication therapy, and patient education. They work
closely with nursing staff to coordinate chemotherapy administration
and provide patient education. Infusion center pharmacists compound
anticancer treatments and support direct patient care functions.
Specialty pharmacists distribute and dispense oral anticancer
treatments, providing patient education and adherence monitoring.
Oncology practice managers oversee pharmacists, manage resources,
and develop policies and procedures. Investigational drug pharmacists
coordinate oncology investigational drug studies, ensuring patient
access and serving as medication experts. Other roles include academia,
medical communications, population health management, informatics,
and regulatory agencies. Oncology pharmacists have demonstrated
value in patient care, supportive care management, laboratory
monitoring, and increased documentation in electronic medical records.
They have become important members of informatics teams, leading to
increased medication error identification and cost-savings. They can
also decrease physician and advanced practice provider (APP) time by
developing independent practice models. The global shortage of
oncology physicians is expected to continue, but oncology pharmacists
can help prevent a reduction in cancer patient visits and prevent
burnout.

64. Leading Cancer Research Institute
in India

65. Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel,
Mumbai
Tata Memorial Hospital in Mumbai,
established in the year 1952, is one of the
best Advanced Cancer Research Centre
for Treatment, Research, and Education
in Cancer. This hospital provides free
treatment to almost 70% of its cancer
patients.

66. Regional Cancer Centre (RCC),
Thiruvananthapuram
RCC is a state-owned cancer
research institute sponsored by the
Government of Kerala and the
Government of India. It also gets
some financial aid from the Indian
Cancer Society.

67. Adyar Cancer Hospital,
Chennai
Adyar Cancer Hospital is one of the most famous
cancer research centers in India and it is a public
charitable voluntary institute for cancer care since the
last 60 years. It is also known as the cancer institute
(WIA). This cancer hospital is equipped with the
latest technologies and has both research and
preventive facilities for cancer patients. This hospital
successfully performs numerous cancer surgeries
every year.

68. Other
 Kidwai Institute of Oncology (KMIO), Bangalore
 Apollo Hospitals
 Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Post Graduate
Medical Education And Research
 Max Institute of Cancer Care
 Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and
Research Institute, Chandigarh
 Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology
 Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar
Pradesh