non coding RNA
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
2 likes•377 views
miR845 is a highly conserved microRNA in plants that targets the tRNAMet primer-binding site of long terminal repeat retrotransposons in Arabidopsis pollen. This triggers the accumulation of 21-22 nucleotide small interfering RNAs in a dosage-dependent manner via RNA polymerase IV. These epigenetically activated small interfering RNAs mediate hybridization barriers between diploid seed parents and tetraploid pollen parents, allowing the formation of triploid seeds. Targeting of the primer-binding site with small RNA is a common mechanism for transposon control in mammals and plants, and provides a sensitive means to monitor chromosome dosage and imprinting in the developing seed.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Mi Rna and long non coding Rna
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are two important types of noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression. miRNAs are 22 nucleotides on average that silence target mRNAs through base pairing with RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). lncRNAs modulate genes in various ways, such as restricting polymerase access or facilitating transcription factor binding. Both miRNAs and lncRNAs play critical roles in development and disease, with miRNAs receiving the 2006 Nobel Prize for their discovery.
non coding RNA
This document provides an overview of non-coding RNA (ncRNA), including long ncRNAs and small ncRNAs. It discusses different types of small ncRNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs), piRNAs, and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). The document describes the biogenesis and mechanisms of action of these ncRNAs. It provides examples of functions for long ncRNAs and the role of the siRNA pathway in preventing transgenerational retrotransposition in plants under stress. In summary, the document categorizes and explains the major types and roles of coding and non-coding RNAs.
LncRNA and chromatin regulation
1. LncRNAs interact with chromatin and regulate gene expression through several mechanisms including chromatin regulation, protein-lncRNA localization and function on chromatin, and direct interactions between lncRNA and DNA.
2. LncRNAs can interact with chromatin through mechanisms like chromatin decompaction, altering the chromatin environment, and binding DNA directly or through protein interactions. This regulates gene expression in cis or trans.
3. Direct lncRNA-DNA interactions like triplex structures and R-loops also influence chromatin accessibility and gene expression by recruiting chromatin modifiers or transcription factors.
Non coding rna
RNA serves various essential functions in biology. There are two main types: coding RNA (mRNA) which is translated into proteins, and non-coding RNA (ncRNA) which has regulatory functions but is not translated. Major ncRNAs include tRNA, which transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis, and rRNA, which along with proteins makes up the ribosome and catalyzes peptide bond formation. NcRNAs can regulate genes at the transcription or translation level. In eukaryotes, the majority of genomic transcripts are ncRNAs with diverse roles in splicing, translation, and gene expression control.
Long non coding RNA lncRNAs
Almost 98 of the human genome does not encode proteins
o The non coding transcripts less than 200 bases are called small non
coding RNA and comprise of tRNA, rRNA, miRNA, snoRNA, piwi
interacting RNA (pi RNA)
o RNA molecules that are of more than 200 bases in length are known
as long non coding RNA (
o lncRNAs are more than 200 nucleotides in length and also can be
more than 2 Kb
o Such long noncoding RNAs usually have limited coding potential due
to the absence of open reading frames, 3 UTR and termination
region while their coding potential is less than 100 amino acids
Rna
This document discusses non-coding RNA (ncRNA), which are RNA molecules that are not translated into proteins. It covers several topics regarding ncRNA, including that they serve many regulatory functions, there are different types of ncRNA such as miRNA and snoRNA, ncRNA evolution is linked to secondary structure rather than amino acid sequence, and computational approaches can be used to predict ncRNA genes based on evolutionary conservation of secondary structures.
Long non coding rna
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are functional RNA molecules that are not translated into proteins. There are several types of ncRNAs that play important roles in biological processes. tRNAs help translate nucleotides into amino acids during protein synthesis. rRNA and snoRNAs are involved in ribosome and RNA structure/modification. MiRNAs regulate gene expression by binding to mRNA. LncRNAs regulate processes like chromatin structure and transcription. Mt-tRNAs specific to mitochondria are essential for oxidative phosphorylation. Mutations can cause diseases like myopathies.
Non Coding RNAs in replication
The document summarizes the role of non-coding RNAs in DNA replication initiation. It discusses how the Tetrahymena 26T RNA interacts with the origin recognition complex (ORC) to recruit it specifically to the rDNA origin for replication initiation. It also describes how the Epstein-Barr virus encodes a G-rich RNA that recruits the human ORC complex through its interaction with EBNA1. Additionally, the document outlines the essential role of vertebrate Y RNAs in mammalian DNA replication, particularly in the initiation step of the process.
Recommended
Mi Rna and long non coding Rna
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are two important types of noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression. miRNAs are 22 nucleotides on average that silence target mRNAs through base pairing with RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). lncRNAs modulate genes in various ways, such as restricting polymerase access or facilitating transcription factor binding. Both miRNAs and lncRNAs play critical roles in development and disease, with miRNAs receiving the 2006 Nobel Prize for their discovery.
non coding RNA
This document provides an overview of non-coding RNA (ncRNA), including long ncRNAs and small ncRNAs. It discusses different types of small ncRNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs), piRNAs, and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). The document describes the biogenesis and mechanisms of action of these ncRNAs. It provides examples of functions for long ncRNAs and the role of the siRNA pathway in preventing transgenerational retrotransposition in plants under stress. In summary, the document categorizes and explains the major types and roles of coding and non-coding RNAs.
LncRNA and chromatin regulation
1. LncRNAs interact with chromatin and regulate gene expression through several mechanisms including chromatin regulation, protein-lncRNA localization and function on chromatin, and direct interactions between lncRNA and DNA.
2. LncRNAs can interact with chromatin through mechanisms like chromatin decompaction, altering the chromatin environment, and binding DNA directly or through protein interactions. This regulates gene expression in cis or trans.
3. Direct lncRNA-DNA interactions like triplex structures and R-loops also influence chromatin accessibility and gene expression by recruiting chromatin modifiers or transcription factors.
Non coding rna
RNA serves various essential functions in biology. There are two main types: coding RNA (mRNA) which is translated into proteins, and non-coding RNA (ncRNA) which has regulatory functions but is not translated. Major ncRNAs include tRNA, which transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis, and rRNA, which along with proteins makes up the ribosome and catalyzes peptide bond formation. NcRNAs can regulate genes at the transcription or translation level. In eukaryotes, the majority of genomic transcripts are ncRNAs with diverse roles in splicing, translation, and gene expression control.
Long non coding RNA lncRNAs
Almost 98 of the human genome does not encode proteins
o The non coding transcripts less than 200 bases are called small non
coding RNA and comprise of tRNA, rRNA, miRNA, snoRNA, piwi
interacting RNA (pi RNA)
o RNA molecules that are of more than 200 bases in length are known
as long non coding RNA (
o lncRNAs are more than 200 nucleotides in length and also can be
more than 2 Kb
o Such long noncoding RNAs usually have limited coding potential due
to the absence of open reading frames, 3 UTR and termination
region while their coding potential is less than 100 amino acids
Rna
This document discusses non-coding RNA (ncRNA), which are RNA molecules that are not translated into proteins. It covers several topics regarding ncRNA, including that they serve many regulatory functions, there are different types of ncRNA such as miRNA and snoRNA, ncRNA evolution is linked to secondary structure rather than amino acid sequence, and computational approaches can be used to predict ncRNA genes based on evolutionary conservation of secondary structures.
Long non coding rna
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are functional RNA molecules that are not translated into proteins. There are several types of ncRNAs that play important roles in biological processes. tRNAs help translate nucleotides into amino acids during protein synthesis. rRNA and snoRNAs are involved in ribosome and RNA structure/modification. MiRNAs regulate gene expression by binding to mRNA. LncRNAs regulate processes like chromatin structure and transcription. Mt-tRNAs specific to mitochondria are essential for oxidative phosphorylation. Mutations can cause diseases like myopathies.
Non Coding RNAs in replication
The document summarizes the role of non-coding RNAs in DNA replication initiation. It discusses how the Tetrahymena 26T RNA interacts with the origin recognition complex (ORC) to recruit it specifically to the rDNA origin for replication initiation. It also describes how the Epstein-Barr virus encodes a G-rich RNA that recruits the human ORC complex through its interaction with EBNA1. Additionally, the document outlines the essential role of vertebrate Y RNAs in mammalian DNA replication, particularly in the initiation step of the process.
Terra (Telomeric repeat-containing RNA)
TERRA, telomeric repeat-containing RNA, RNA, LncRNA, Long noncoding RNA, Cancer, noncoding RNA, microRNA, transcription, RNA polymerase
LncRNA (Long noncoding RNA)
This document discusses long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). It begins by describing the discovery of lncRNAs in the 1980s-2000s through cDNA sequencing. It then states that lncRNAs are the largest class of transcripts in mouse and human genomes. The document discusses that lncRNAs were once thought to be useless but are now known to have regulatory functions. It provides details on the characteristics, locations in the genome, functions, mechanisms of action, roles in human disease, and implications in human carcinomas of lncRNAs.
Integrative transcriptomics to study non-coding RNA functions
Integrative transcriptomics to study non-coding RNA functions
by dr. ir. Pieter Mestdagh - Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University
Over the last years, non-coding RNAs (e.g. microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs) have emerged as an important layer of the transcriptome. In order to elucidate their function in disease biology, multiple tools have been developed, ranging from miRNA target prediction algorithms to the more advanced integrative genomics approaches. Through the combination of multiple layers of information, integrative genomics allows a more accurate and comprehensive assessment of non-coding RNA functions in human disease. In this presentation, I will discuss different approaches on how to combine multi-level transcriptome data in order to functionally characterize non-coding RNA networks.
RNA – i PATHWAY
RNA interference [ RNAi] is a sequence mechanism , triggered by the introduction of ds RNA leading to mRNA degradation
It results in switching the targeted gene on and off at transcriptional or post transcriptional level3
The long double stranded RNAs enter a cellular pathway that is known as RNA interference pathway .
First ds RNAs get processed into 20-25 nucleotides small interfering RNAs [siRNAs] by an enzyme Dicer .
Small interfering RNAs assemble into RNA induced silencing complexes [RISCs] ,unwinding in the process.
The siRNAs strands subsequently guide the RISCs complementary RNA molecules , where they cleave and destroy the RNA .
Cleavage of RNA takes place near the middle of the region bound by siRNA strand .
This results into mRNA Degradation.
Gene knockdown
Double stranded RNA is synthesized with a sequence complementary to a gene of interest and introduced into a cell organism ,where it is recognized as exogenous genetic material and activates the RNAi pathway .
Using this mechanism, researchers can cause drastic decrease in the expresssion of targeted gene .
Since RNAi may not totally abolish expression of the gene , this technique is referred to as knockdown.
Importance of si rna and micro rna
SiRNA and microRNA are important non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression through RNA interference. SiRNA silences specific genes by degrading mRNA, while microRNA causes translational repression or degradation of target mRNAs. Both are involved in many important biological processes but also have applications and challenges for therapeutic use.
Clinical Analysis of Long Non-coding RNA (LncRNA): Therapeutic Targeting of T...
Clinical Analysis of Long Non-coding RNA (LncRNA): Therapeutic Targeting of T...SSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences
ABSTRACT- Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of longer than 200 nucleotides which are the largest and more diverse transcripts in the cells. After study from Functional Annotation of Mammalian cDNA, lncRNAs demonstrated some special characteristics such as lower quantity, higher tissue-specificity, higher stage specificity and higher cell subtype specificity. The current evidence from tumor diseases suggests that lncRNAs are an important regulatory RNA present at tumor cells, and therefore their alterations are associated with tumorigenesis and tumor diseases. Here we presented a clinical landscape of lncRNA including detection of lncRNA and their clinical application such as diagnosis biomarkers and therapeutic targets. We also discussed the challenges and resolving strategies for these clinical applications.
Key-words- Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), Transcripts, sampling, Tumor and tumorigenesis
MicroRNA and thier role in gene regulation
MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. They were first discovered in 1993 and their biogenesis involves two key steps - processing in the nucleus by the Drosha-DGCR8 complex into pre-miRNAs, followed by export to the cytoplasm and further processing by the Dicer enzyme into mature miRNA. The miRNA is then loaded into the RISC complex containing Argonaute proteins and guides it to target mRNAs to repress translation or promote degradation. MicroRNAs play important roles in various cellular functions and diseases by mediating gene silencing through nine different mechanisms.
Genome organization ,gene expression sand regulation
The hereditary material of organisms is DNA, which contains genetic information in the form of a specific nucleotide sequence. This DNA is organized into chromosomes that make up an organism's genome. Gene expression involves transcription of DNA into RNA, which may undergo processing before being translated into proteins. The proteins then fold and are transported within the cell. Regulation of gene expression controls when and how much of gene products are made to allow cells to adapt. Gene expression can be measured to provide insight into cellular processes.
Rna interfernce ppt
RNA interference (RNAi) is a mechanism where double-stranded RNA inhibits gene expression. It was discovered in plants, fungi, and animals. The mechanism involves dicer enzymes cleaving long double-stranded RNA into short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). These siRNAs are incorporated into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) which guides the complex to mRNAs with complementary sequences, resulting in their degradation. RNAi has applications in therapeutics for cancer, viruses, and genetic disorders, as well as research in gene function and pathways.
Small rna
1) Short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) are powerful tools for studying gene function through RNA interference (RNAi). shRNAs can be used to create transgenic animals with tissue-specific or whole-body knockdown of target genes.
2) Small RNAs like microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) play important regulatory roles through the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Next-generation sequencing has expanded understanding of small RNA repertoires and functions.
3) Small RNA tools have many applications, including functional screens, model organism studies, and potential therapeutic development through strategies like antagonizing disease-associated miRNAs.
The Central Roles of Non-coding RNAs in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Neurode...
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have shown aberrant expression profiles in neurodegenerative disorders. This slideshow reviews the roles of lncRNAs and their mechanisms of action in the regulation of neurodegeneration. Learn more about novel solutions to isolate RNAs from blood and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). A new qPCR-based lncRNA platform for lncRNA detection and profiling is also presented.
Discussion on exRNA
exRNA is the extracellular RNA. This presentation covers basics about exRNA and what can we expect in future.
Micro rna
MicroRNAs play important roles in regulating key cellular processes like the cell cycle, apoptosis, and differentiation by targeting oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Certain microRNAs are commonly misexpressed in cancers and can serve as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. Some microRNAs act as oncogenes by being overexpressed in cancers, making them potential therapeutic targets, while other underexpressed microRNAs like let-7 have tumor suppressive properties and may be developed as cancer therapies. MicroRNAs therefore represent promising candidates for improving current approaches to cancer treatment and diagnosis.
Micro RNAs
This document discusses microRNAs (miRNAs), which are 22 nucleotide non-coding RNAs that play important regulatory roles in plants. miRNAs are processed from stem-loop precursors by the enzyme Dicer and mediate post-transcriptional gene silencing by guiding mRNA cleavage or translational repression. Bioinformatic and genetic studies have identified many conserved miRNA families in plants and shown that miRNAs regulate key transcription factors to control developmental processes.
Gene expression&regulation part ii
The document summarizes the process of translation, which involves mRNA being decoded by ribosomes to produce a specific amino acid sequence. It describes the three stages of translation - initiation, elongation, and termination. Key components like mRNA, ribosomes, tRNAs, and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are discussed. The roles of these components in reading the genetic code contained in mRNA and synthesizing polypeptide chains are explained over multiple paragraphs.
Gene silencing and editing in plant PPT
Gene silencing and editing techniques allow for precise regulation of gene expression. RNA interference uses small RNA molecules like siRNA and miRNA to degrade target mRNA, decreasing protein production. Genome editing tools like CRISPR/Cas9 create targeted DNA breaks that are repaired, resulting in mutations like insertions or deletions that can knock out gene function. These techniques have applications in research including studying gene function and biotechnology to modify traits in crops.
Si rna and micro rna
Short interfering RNA and micro RNA. Types of interferring rna that prevents mRNA translation and takes part in gene regulation.
Long non coding RNA and Their clinical perspective
This document discusses long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are RNA molecules longer than 200 nucleotides that do not code for proteins but play important regulatory roles. It describes the central dogma of molecular biology and how most of the human genome is transcribed into non-coding RNA. It classifies lncRNAs and explains their potential functions as signals, decoys, guides and scaffolds. The document also discusses the roles of lncRNAs in several human diseases like cancer, Alzheimer's, diabetes and more. It concludes that lncRNAs are important biomarkers and therapeutic targets due to their involvement in complex disease pathogenesis.
Mitochondrial gene expression
definition of Mitochondrial gene expression
structure of mitochondrial dna
requirment for transcriptional activity
transcription elongation and termination
post transcriptional modification
translation of mitochondrial transcripts
Micro rna
- MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression through base pairing with messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. They are encoded in the genome and are abundant in many human cell types.
- miRNAs play a vital role in genetic regulation and are involved in most biological processes. Aberrant miRNA expression has been implicated in many diseases.
- miRNAs are initially transcribed as long primary transcripts that are processed in the nucleus by the Drosha enzyme into hairpin-shaped precursor miRNAs. These are then exported into the cytoplasm and further processed by the Dicer enzyme into mature miRNAs that can regulate gene expression through pairing with mRNAs.
mi RNA regulation
1. The document discusses a study on microRNAs (miRNAs) in Oryza rufipogon, a wild rice species, under drought stress conditions.
2. Small RNA sequencing was performed on shoot and root tissues with or without drought treatment. Differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, including 31 miRNAs regulated in both tissues.
3. The study identified 200 drought-responsive miRNAs and 97 novel miRNAs. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed different expression patterns of miRNAs between shoot and root tissues under drought.
Seminar on male sterility and fertility restoration 50026 5 01-2018
to understand the basics of male sterility and its genetic as well as molecular basis, to develop hybrid rice.
More Related Content
What's hot
Terra (Telomeric repeat-containing RNA)
TERRA, telomeric repeat-containing RNA, RNA, LncRNA, Long noncoding RNA, Cancer, noncoding RNA, microRNA, transcription, RNA polymerase
LncRNA (Long noncoding RNA)
This document discusses long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). It begins by describing the discovery of lncRNAs in the 1980s-2000s through cDNA sequencing. It then states that lncRNAs are the largest class of transcripts in mouse and human genomes. The document discusses that lncRNAs were once thought to be useless but are now known to have regulatory functions. It provides details on the characteristics, locations in the genome, functions, mechanisms of action, roles in human disease, and implications in human carcinomas of lncRNAs.
Integrative transcriptomics to study non-coding RNA functions
Integrative transcriptomics to study non-coding RNA functions
by dr. ir. Pieter Mestdagh - Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University
Over the last years, non-coding RNAs (e.g. microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs) have emerged as an important layer of the transcriptome. In order to elucidate their function in disease biology, multiple tools have been developed, ranging from miRNA target prediction algorithms to the more advanced integrative genomics approaches. Through the combination of multiple layers of information, integrative genomics allows a more accurate and comprehensive assessment of non-coding RNA functions in human disease. In this presentation, I will discuss different approaches on how to combine multi-level transcriptome data in order to functionally characterize non-coding RNA networks.
RNA – i PATHWAY
RNA interference [ RNAi] is a sequence mechanism , triggered by the introduction of ds RNA leading to mRNA degradation
It results in switching the targeted gene on and off at transcriptional or post transcriptional level3
The long double stranded RNAs enter a cellular pathway that is known as RNA interference pathway .
First ds RNAs get processed into 20-25 nucleotides small interfering RNAs [siRNAs] by an enzyme Dicer .
Small interfering RNAs assemble into RNA induced silencing complexes [RISCs] ,unwinding in the process.
The siRNAs strands subsequently guide the RISCs complementary RNA molecules , where they cleave and destroy the RNA .
Cleavage of RNA takes place near the middle of the region bound by siRNA strand .
This results into mRNA Degradation.
Gene knockdown
Double stranded RNA is synthesized with a sequence complementary to a gene of interest and introduced into a cell organism ,where it is recognized as exogenous genetic material and activates the RNAi pathway .
Using this mechanism, researchers can cause drastic decrease in the expresssion of targeted gene .
Since RNAi may not totally abolish expression of the gene , this technique is referred to as knockdown.
Importance of si rna and micro rna
SiRNA and microRNA are important non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression through RNA interference. SiRNA silences specific genes by degrading mRNA, while microRNA causes translational repression or degradation of target mRNAs. Both are involved in many important biological processes but also have applications and challenges for therapeutic use.
Clinical Analysis of Long Non-coding RNA (LncRNA): Therapeutic Targeting of T...
Clinical Analysis of Long Non-coding RNA (LncRNA): Therapeutic Targeting of T...SSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences
ABSTRACT- Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of longer than 200 nucleotides which are the largest and more diverse transcripts in the cells. After study from Functional Annotation of Mammalian cDNA, lncRNAs demonstrated some special characteristics such as lower quantity, higher tissue-specificity, higher stage specificity and higher cell subtype specificity. The current evidence from tumor diseases suggests that lncRNAs are an important regulatory RNA present at tumor cells, and therefore their alterations are associated with tumorigenesis and tumor diseases. Here we presented a clinical landscape of lncRNA including detection of lncRNA and their clinical application such as diagnosis biomarkers and therapeutic targets. We also discussed the challenges and resolving strategies for these clinical applications.
Key-words- Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), Transcripts, sampling, Tumor and tumorigenesis
MicroRNA and thier role in gene regulation
MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. They were first discovered in 1993 and their biogenesis involves two key steps - processing in the nucleus by the Drosha-DGCR8 complex into pre-miRNAs, followed by export to the cytoplasm and further processing by the Dicer enzyme into mature miRNA. The miRNA is then loaded into the RISC complex containing Argonaute proteins and guides it to target mRNAs to repress translation or promote degradation. MicroRNAs play important roles in various cellular functions and diseases by mediating gene silencing through nine different mechanisms.
Genome organization ,gene expression sand regulation
The hereditary material of organisms is DNA, which contains genetic information in the form of a specific nucleotide sequence. This DNA is organized into chromosomes that make up an organism's genome. Gene expression involves transcription of DNA into RNA, which may undergo processing before being translated into proteins. The proteins then fold and are transported within the cell. Regulation of gene expression controls when and how much of gene products are made to allow cells to adapt. Gene expression can be measured to provide insight into cellular processes.
Rna interfernce ppt
RNA interference (RNAi) is a mechanism where double-stranded RNA inhibits gene expression. It was discovered in plants, fungi, and animals. The mechanism involves dicer enzymes cleaving long double-stranded RNA into short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). These siRNAs are incorporated into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) which guides the complex to mRNAs with complementary sequences, resulting in their degradation. RNAi has applications in therapeutics for cancer, viruses, and genetic disorders, as well as research in gene function and pathways.
Small rna
1) Short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) are powerful tools for studying gene function through RNA interference (RNAi). shRNAs can be used to create transgenic animals with tissue-specific or whole-body knockdown of target genes.
2) Small RNAs like microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) play important regulatory roles through the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Next-generation sequencing has expanded understanding of small RNA repertoires and functions.
3) Small RNA tools have many applications, including functional screens, model organism studies, and potential therapeutic development through strategies like antagonizing disease-associated miRNAs.
The Central Roles of Non-coding RNAs in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Neurode...
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have shown aberrant expression profiles in neurodegenerative disorders. This slideshow reviews the roles of lncRNAs and their mechanisms of action in the regulation of neurodegeneration. Learn more about novel solutions to isolate RNAs from blood and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). A new qPCR-based lncRNA platform for lncRNA detection and profiling is also presented.
Discussion on exRNA
exRNA is the extracellular RNA. This presentation covers basics about exRNA and what can we expect in future.
Micro rna
MicroRNAs play important roles in regulating key cellular processes like the cell cycle, apoptosis, and differentiation by targeting oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Certain microRNAs are commonly misexpressed in cancers and can serve as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. Some microRNAs act as oncogenes by being overexpressed in cancers, making them potential therapeutic targets, while other underexpressed microRNAs like let-7 have tumor suppressive properties and may be developed as cancer therapies. MicroRNAs therefore represent promising candidates for improving current approaches to cancer treatment and diagnosis.
Micro RNAs
This document discusses microRNAs (miRNAs), which are 22 nucleotide non-coding RNAs that play important regulatory roles in plants. miRNAs are processed from stem-loop precursors by the enzyme Dicer and mediate post-transcriptional gene silencing by guiding mRNA cleavage or translational repression. Bioinformatic and genetic studies have identified many conserved miRNA families in plants and shown that miRNAs regulate key transcription factors to control developmental processes.
Gene expression&regulation part ii
The document summarizes the process of translation, which involves mRNA being decoded by ribosomes to produce a specific amino acid sequence. It describes the three stages of translation - initiation, elongation, and termination. Key components like mRNA, ribosomes, tRNAs, and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are discussed. The roles of these components in reading the genetic code contained in mRNA and synthesizing polypeptide chains are explained over multiple paragraphs.
Gene silencing and editing in plant PPT
Gene silencing and editing techniques allow for precise regulation of gene expression. RNA interference uses small RNA molecules like siRNA and miRNA to degrade target mRNA, decreasing protein production. Genome editing tools like CRISPR/Cas9 create targeted DNA breaks that are repaired, resulting in mutations like insertions or deletions that can knock out gene function. These techniques have applications in research including studying gene function and biotechnology to modify traits in crops.
Si rna and micro rna
Short interfering RNA and micro RNA. Types of interferring rna that prevents mRNA translation and takes part in gene regulation.
Long non coding RNA and Their clinical perspective
This document discusses long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are RNA molecules longer than 200 nucleotides that do not code for proteins but play important regulatory roles. It describes the central dogma of molecular biology and how most of the human genome is transcribed into non-coding RNA. It classifies lncRNAs and explains their potential functions as signals, decoys, guides and scaffolds. The document also discusses the roles of lncRNAs in several human diseases like cancer, Alzheimer's, diabetes and more. It concludes that lncRNAs are important biomarkers and therapeutic targets due to their involvement in complex disease pathogenesis.
Mitochondrial gene expression
definition of Mitochondrial gene expression
structure of mitochondrial dna
requirment for transcriptional activity
transcription elongation and termination
post transcriptional modification
translation of mitochondrial transcripts
Micro rna
- MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression through base pairing with messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. They are encoded in the genome and are abundant in many human cell types.
- miRNAs play a vital role in genetic regulation and are involved in most biological processes. Aberrant miRNA expression has been implicated in many diseases.
- miRNAs are initially transcribed as long primary transcripts that are processed in the nucleus by the Drosha enzyme into hairpin-shaped precursor miRNAs. These are then exported into the cytoplasm and further processed by the Dicer enzyme into mature miRNAs that can regulate gene expression through pairing with mRNAs.
What's hot (20)
Integrative transcriptomics to study non-coding RNA functions
Integrative transcriptomics to study non-coding RNA functions
Clinical Analysis of Long Non-coding RNA (LncRNA): Therapeutic Targeting of T...
Clinical Analysis of Long Non-coding RNA (LncRNA): Therapeutic Targeting of T...
Genome organization ,gene expression sand regulation
Genome organization ,gene expression sand regulation
The Central Roles of Non-coding RNAs in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Neurode...
The Central Roles of Non-coding RNAs in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Neurode...
Long non coding RNA and Their clinical perspective
Long non coding RNA and Their clinical perspective
Similar to non coding RNA
mi RNA regulation
1. The document discusses a study on microRNAs (miRNAs) in Oryza rufipogon, a wild rice species, under drought stress conditions.
2. Small RNA sequencing was performed on shoot and root tissues with or without drought treatment. Differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, including 31 miRNAs regulated in both tissues.
3. The study identified 200 drought-responsive miRNAs and 97 novel miRNAs. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed different expression patterns of miRNAs between shoot and root tissues under drought.
Seminar on male sterility and fertility restoration 50026 5 01-2018
to understand the basics of male sterility and its genetic as well as molecular basis, to develop hybrid rice.
Post genomic tools for genetic enhancement of germplasm
This document discusses how post-genomic tools like transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics can be used for genetic enhancement of germplasm. It provides an introduction to each omics technique, examples of technologies used, and applications in understanding biological processes and identifying genes/proteins involved in traits. The conclusion states that omics expression analysis of germplasm will help characterize genome function and restore traits from wild varieties, aiding development of more sustainable crop varieties.
The Food-Borne Micro RNA and its Controversy on Human Health_Crimson Publishers
The Food-Borne Micro RNA and its Controversy on Human Health_Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishersNTNF
The Food-Borne Micro RNA and its Controversy on Human Health by Keshab Bhattarai in Food science journalAntisense RNA in crop
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on antisense RNA technology. The presentation covered:
1. The introduction defined antisense RNA and its potential for crop improvement to meet rising global food demand.
2. The mechanisms of antisense RNA technology were explained, including how antisense RNA binds to mRNA to inhibit translation and activate RNase H degradation.
3. The history of antisense technology was discussed, including its first observation in nature's HOK/SOK system and early experiments in the 1990s that helped define gene silencing.
Antisense RNA Technology Forr Crop Improvement
Antisense RNA Technology Forr Crop ImprovementJunagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh (Guj.), India
Researchers used RNA interference technology to genetically modify maize kernels for improved nutritional value. They targeted the lysine catabolism pathway by suppressing the LKR/SDH genes through recombinant RNAi. This led to transgenic maize with higher free lysine content. Experiments showed segregated reduction of LKR/SDH expression in mature F1 kernels, with consistent reduction at later developmental stages but normal accumulation earlier. Quantitative analysis confirmed LKR/SDH reduction in both embryo and endosperm, along with decreased LKR activity and increased free lysine and saccharopine levels. The study demonstrated that RNAi can effectively modify lysine metabolism in maize to enhance its nutritional profile.Presentation final
1. The document discusses lateral root development in Arabidopsis thaliana, including the initiation and stages of lateral root primordia formation. Key processes like cell division and emergence are described.
2. Lateral root development is regulated by auxin and other signals in a transcriptional cascade. Auxin binds to repressor proteins and activates transcription factors that regulate genes involved in cell wall remodeling and lateral root primordia development.
3. The document also covers root gravitropism, describing the three phases of gravity perception in columella cells, signal transduction through auxin transport, and the gravitropic response through differential cell elongation. Many genes involved in these processes remain unidentified.
Regulatory RNA
RNA is a polymer made of ribonucleotides linked together. There are three main classes of RNA - transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, and messenger RNA. In eukaryotes, primary transcripts undergo processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before being transported to the cytoplasm for translation. MicroRNAs and small interfering RNAs are types of small regulatory RNAs that cause inhibition of gene expression through post-transcriptional gene silencing. Both miRNAs and siRNAs have potential applications as therapeutic targets in humans.
GENE REGULATION.pptx
The document summarizes gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
In prokaryotes:
- Genes are organized into operons that are regulated by repressor proteins binding to operator sequences. This allows for coordinated expression of genes in response to environmental conditions, as seen in the lac and tryptophan operons.
In eukaryotes:
- Gene expression is influenced by chromatin structure and modifications to histone proteins like acetylation and methylation that make DNA more or less accessible. DNA methylation can also silence genes. Post-transcriptional mechanisms further regulate gene expression.
Venters Molecular and Cellular Biology 2011 2253-2261
This study investigates the contributions of conserved regions of the essential yeast protein Mot1 to genome-wide gene regulation and transcription factor (TBP) recruitment. The researchers used a transient replacement strategy to delete conserved regions of Mot1 and analyzed the effects on gene expression and TBP occupancy. They found that the four conserved regions of Mot1 are generally required for all Mot1-regulated genes. Deletion of the ATPase region specifically altered transcriptional dependence for some genes and caused TBP to redistribute away from Mot1-inhibited genes and to other normally Mot1-independent genes. This suggests that Mot1 uses ATP hydrolysis to redistribute accessible TBP between sites of high and low intrinsic preference.
Moeller-2012pub
This document summarizes a study that analyzed gene expression in barley and Arabidopsis plants infected with powdery mildew and Turnip mosaic virus, respectively. The researchers extracted total RNA and polysome-associated (actively translated) RNA from infected and uninfected plants. Microarray analysis identified genes differentially expressed in total and polysomal RNA in response to infection. In barley, 3505 genes were differentially expressed in resistant plants infected with powdery mildew, but no genes were differentially expressed in susceptible plants. In Arabidopsis, 958 genes were differentially expressed in response to Turnip mosaic virus infection. Gene ontology analysis showed that differentially expressed genes were enriched for specific biological functions.
Role of miRNA for Nutrient Use Efficiency in crops
NUE of major nutrients like N, P and K are very low within the plant systems. In the enhancement of NUE in the plant system miRNA can play a very important role.
miRNA diversity related to NUE indicates different miRNA sequences and their target sequence in respect of Nutrient uptake ,translocation and their assimilation in plants. miRNAs are vital for maintaining nutrient homeostasis in plants by regulating the expression of transporters that are involved in nutrient uptake and mobilization. The alteration of nutrient levels in soil trigger specific signaling molecules that act as repressors of target nutrient responsive- miRNAs . The decreased accumulation of miRNAs subsequently stabilizes the expression of transporters. The identification of promoter regions of specific up- or down- regulated miRNAs that are responsive to micronutrient stresses and the subsequent development of knock-out mutants by inducing mutation in cis-acting elements using targeted genome- editing technologies ,such as TALEN or CRISPR-Cas9 techniques, may lead to essential crop-improvement strategies in the future.
RNA interference in Biology and medicine
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process where RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. It was first discovered in plants and nematodes but is found in most eukaryotic organisms. The process involves specialized enzymes that cut long RNA molecules into short interfering RNAs which then guide other proteins to destroy any RNAs of the same sequence. RNAi plays important roles in regulating genes and defending against foreign DNA and RNA. It has many applications for studying gene function and as a potential therapeutic approach for diseases like cancer and infections.
Antisence Rna technology
This document discusses RNA interference (RNAi) and antisense RNA technology for controlling gene expression in plants. It explains that RNAi works by introducing double-stranded RNA that is processed into siRNAs to target and degrade complementary mRNA, preventing protein production. Antisense RNA also binds to mRNA but blocks processing or translation. Both techniques allow specific genes to be silenced and have applications for improving plant traits like disease resistance, ripening time, and nutrient content. The document provides detailed explanations of the mechanisms and applications of RNAi and antisense RNA technology.
From Genotype to Phenotype in Sugarcane: a systems biology approach to unders...
From Genotype to Phenotype in Sugarcane: a systems biology approach to unders...CTBE - Brazilian Bioethanol Sci&Tech Laboratory
Dr. Renato Vicentini from the State University of Campinas presented his research using systems biology approaches to understand sucrose synthesis and accumulation in sugarcane. His laboratory investigates gene regulatory, metabolic, and protein networks in sugarcane. They are developing predictive models to scale from genotype to phenotype. Their goals are to understand how some sugarcane genotypes accumulate more sucrose than others and to investigate allosteric regulation of key enzymes. Their approaches include RNA sequencing, metabolic profiling, and phosphoproteomics. They are also manipulating source-sink relationships in sugarcane to study differential gene expression and developing a sugarcane transcriptome. The talk provided an overview of their work using multi-omics data to build biological networksHippo signal pathway
The document summarizes the Hippo signaling pathway. It discusses:
1) The Hippo pathway is conserved and regulates proliferation and survival. Its core is a kinase cascade with MST1/2 phosphorylating LATS1/2.
2) In Drosophila, Hippo was first discovered and controls organ size. It phosphorylates Yki which activates genes for proliferation.
3) In mammals, all core components are conserved including MST1/2, LATS1/2, and YAP/TAZ which are phosphorylated by LATS1/2 to inhibit their functions.
Transposable elements
Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in the 1940s through her genetic experiments with corn. Transposons are DNA sequences that can move and insert themselves in new locations in the genome. Over 50% of the human genome consists of transposons, particularly retrotransposons, which can insert via reverse transcription. Several marker techniques have been developed that exploit the insertion polymorphisms of retrotransposons, including S-SAP, IRAP, REMAP and RBIP. These markers allow for studies of genetic variation, gene mapping and phylogenetics.
Mirna and its applications
This document provides information about microRNAs (miRNAs) and their applications. It begins with an introduction to miRNAs, including that they are small noncoding RNA molecules that regulate genes. It then discusses the history of miRNA discovery, including the first two miRNAs discovered: lin-4 and let-7. The document proceeds to explain the biogenesis of miRNAs in detail through multiple steps from transcription to incorporation into the RNA-induced silencing complex. It also discusses applications of miRNAs as biomarkers for various diseases and their role in cancer and diabetes.
Validation of reference genes in leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa in...
Atta sexdens rubropilosa is an important leaf-cutting ant species considered as a pest in agricultural crop or reforestation areas. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a technique that can help us to understand the regulation and the function of a gene. However, its reliability depend on the data normalization. Different normalization strategies can be adopted for qPCR, reference genes has been cited as one of the most effective methods. It has not been identified a universal reference for all organism and experiment. In this way, the validation of reference gene is crucial step. This is the first study to evaluate reference genes for leaf-cutting ants. To this, we analyzed the expression levels of candidate reference genes (act, ef1-alpha, ef1-beta, GAPDH and rpl18) in different developmental stages (larva, pupa and worker) and tissues (head, mesosoma and worker without gaster) of A. sexdens rubropilosa. Four different algorithms (BestKeeper, geNorm, NormFinder and comparative ΔCt method) were used in statistical analysis of the stability of the genes and RefFinder was used to propose a consensus list for ranking the reference genes. Our results showed that the most suitable combinations of reference gene candidates were rpl18 and ef1-alpha for the different developmental stages and rpl18 and ef1-beta for the different tissues. In this work, we also report the obtaining from a putative acetylcholinesterase from A.sexdens rubropilosa (GenBank KY464935), which was used as a target gene to confirm the reliability of reference genes suggested.
Retrotransposon and its role in plant genome evolution
Retrotransposons play an important role in plant genome evolution and development. They are present in high copy numbers, making up a major portion of plant genomes. Retrotransposon insertion can cause mutations that impact gene function and regulation. Retrotransposon expression is activated under stress conditions, and their insertion in genes and intergenic regions can modify gene expression and create new genes over time. Retrotransposons have significantly contributed to the expansion and reshaping of plant genomes through their transposition activity.
Similar to non coding RNA (20)
Seminar on male sterility and fertility restoration 50026 5 01-2018
Seminar on male sterility and fertility restoration 50026 5 01-2018
Post genomic tools for genetic enhancement of germplasm
Post genomic tools for genetic enhancement of germplasm
The Food-Borne Micro RNA and its Controversy on Human Health_Crimson Publishers
The Food-Borne Micro RNA and its Controversy on Human Health_Crimson Publishers
Venters Molecular and Cellular Biology 2011 2253-2261
Venters Molecular and Cellular Biology 2011 2253-2261
Role of miRNA for Nutrient Use Efficiency in crops
Role of miRNA for Nutrient Use Efficiency in crops
From Genotype to Phenotype in Sugarcane: a systems biology approach to unders...
From Genotype to Phenotype in Sugarcane: a systems biology approach to unders...
Validation of reference genes in leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa in...
Validation of reference genes in leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa in...
Retrotransposon and its role in plant genome evolution
Retrotransposon and its role in plant genome evolution
Recently uploaded
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Class 10 human eye notes physics
Handwritten best quality
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Recently uploaded (20)
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
non coding RNA
- 1. NON CODING RNA ANN MARY MATHEW BGS051705
- 2. • Chromosome dosage has substantial effects on reproductive isolation and speciation in both plants and animals, but the underlying mechanisms are largely obscure. • Transposable elements in animals can regulate hybridity through maternal small RNA, whereas small RNAs in plants have been postulated to regulate dosage response via neighboring imprinted genes.
- 3. • A highly conserved microRNA in plants, miR845, targets the tRNAMet primer-binding site (PBS) of long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons in Arabidopsis pollen, and triggers the accumulation of 21–22-nucleotide (nt) small RNAs in a dose-dependent fashion via RNA polymerase IV. • These epigenetically activated small interfering RNAs (easiRNAs) mediate hybridization barriers between diploid seed parents and tetraploid pollen parents (the ‘triploid block’), and that natural variation for miR845 may account for ‘endosperm balance’ allowing the formation of triploid seeds. •Targeting of the PBS with small RNA is a common mechanism for transposon control in mammals and plants, and provides a uniquely sensitive means to monitor chromosome dosage and imprinting in the developing seed.
- 4. miR845 is expressed in pollen grains, a key part in the mechanism that enables flowering plants to count their chromosomes.
- 5. We are not only eating 'materials', we are also eating 'information‘ September 19, 2011, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences Chen-Yu Zhang's group at Nanjing university present a rather striking finding that plant miRNAs could make into the host blood and tissues via the route of food-intake. Moreover, once inside the host, they can elicit functions by regulating host "target" genes and thus regulate host physiology.
- 6. These findings demonstrate that exogenous plant miRNAs in food can regulate the expression of target genes in and thus physiology of mammals. miR168a is abundant in rice and is one of the most highly enriched exogenous plant miRNAs in the sera of Chinese subjects. . Functional studies in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that MIR168a could bind to the human/mouse low density lipoprotein receptor adapter protein 1 (LDLRAP1) mRNA, inhibit LDLRAP1 expression in liver, and consequently decrease LDL removal from mouse plasma.
- 8. •In this report, they investigated the survival of exogenous RNA in the digestive system, blood, and several organs of mice after being fed RNAs extracted from Brassica oleracea. •Upon gavage with exogenous plant total RNAs, plant-specific small RNAs in the animals were found. • When plant RNAs were added directly to food pellets, plant miRNA fragments were also detected in the feces, blood, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and organs. •Although the functional effect of those plant-specific miRNAs in mammals is under debate, first their ability to survive the mammalian GT tract and enter blood and organs needs to be verified. •A plant specific miRNA, miR-172, was identified in the feces by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and validated by TaqMan assay. •These results show that exogenous plant miRNA can survive in the murine GI tract, enter peripheral blood,and continue to other organs.