The document summarizes changes to seed provision policies in Thailand over the last two decades and their effects on private seed markets. Specifically:
1) While rice seed provision is still dominated by the public sector, the private seed market has grown thanks to strong government support for private sector roles, long-term agricultural research investment, and policies not to compete with private seed trading.
2) The government also actively supports the private sector role in hybrid maize seeds for similar reasons.
3) Key laws and regulations governing seeds aim to promote quality standards while allowing private sector growth, contributing to the thriving of both rice and maize private seed markets.
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Radish is a popular vegetable in both tropical as well as temperate regions. It is cultivated under glass house conditions for early market, but large scale cultivation in the field is more I common. Being a quick growing crop it can be easily planted as a companion crop or intercrop between the rows of the other vegetables. It can also be planted on ridges, separating one plot from another. It is cultivated all over India, especially near the city markets. Radish originated probably in China. In India, it seems to have been cultivated from ancient times. It was popular among the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. The botanical name of radish is Raphanus sativus. The enlarged edible roots are fusiform and differ in colour from white to red.
WHAT IS CONTRACT FARMING?
Contract farming can be defined as agricultural production carried out according to an agreement between a buyer and farmers which establishes conditions for the production and marketing of a farm product or products. Typically, the farmer agrees to provide agreed quantities of a specific agricultural products.
Theory and practice of contract farming
A central processing or exporting unit purchases the harvests of independent farmers.
Most commonly practiced by food processing companies.
The presentation includes a brief discussion of contract farming in India. Levels of benefits acquired and problems faced by farmers are assessed and presented for better understanding of the status of contract farming.
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Radish is a popular vegetable in both tropical as well as temperate regions. It is cultivated under glass house conditions for early market, but large scale cultivation in the field is more I common. Being a quick growing crop it can be easily planted as a companion crop or intercrop between the rows of the other vegetables. It can also be planted on ridges, separating one plot from another. It is cultivated all over India, especially near the city markets. Radish originated probably in China. In India, it seems to have been cultivated from ancient times. It was popular among the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. The botanical name of radish is Raphanus sativus. The enlarged edible roots are fusiform and differ in colour from white to red.
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Theory and practice of contract farming
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Most commonly practiced by food processing companies.
The presentation includes a brief discussion of contract farming in India. Levels of benefits acquired and problems faced by farmers are assessed and presented for better understanding of the status of contract farming.
Performance of Hybrid and Conventional Rice Varieties in Sindhsanaullah noonari
The study was design to compare the economic performance of hybrid and conventional rice production, major
objectives of the study were to asses financial gain from hybrid rice comparing with conventional rice and
Taluka Golarchi was selected for the present study where both on hybrid and conventional rice varieties are
grown, primary data on hybrid and conventional rice was collected from the farmers through personal interviews
with the help of specially designed questionnaire. A simple random sampling technique was used to collect the
data. Statistical approaches used to analysis the data. Total costs per hectare of hybrid rice were 148992.23 Rs
per hectare which were more then conventional rice was 140661.68 Rs per hectactare. Major differences in
hybrid rice production cost are related to higher seed prices, slightly higher land management costs. On an
average higher yield (196.14 monds per hectare) was obtained from hybrid rice while conventional rice yield
(140.14 monds per hectare) was less then hybrid rice. There was 16.64 percent increase in hybrid rice yield
comparing with conventional rice which gives additional income to poor farmers, Price gained per mounds was
almost the same in both activities. High profit was observed in hybrid rice and low profit was obtained in
conventional rice. Most of the farmers focused to grow hybrid rice due to high yield.
Keywords: Rice, performance, hybrid, conventional, varieties, Pakistan
Teori organisasi tidak bisa diterapkan pada petani di Indonesia. Alih-alih menerapkan teori, mereka malah kreatif mengorganisasikan diri sesuai dengan kondisi nya yang khas.
The official concern for food productivity stagnation calls for a Second Green Revolution involving new hybrid rice and transgenic rice varieties. However, traditional rice landraces prove to be fine tuned to local soil and climatic conditions. Traditional farmer landraces can yield significantly greater in marginal environmental conditions than any modern hybrid variety. Traditional agoecological knowledge and farmer innovations are the best bet to address the food security issue.
Rice (Oryza sativa L. 2n = 2x = 24) is a staple food for over half of the world's populationproviding 43% of calorie. Rice yield has experienced many fold jumps since the 1950s. This happened primarily as the result of genetic improvement and increasing harvest index by reducing plant height using the semi-dwarf genes and utilization of heterosis by producing hybrids. Heterosis is the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring. An offspring exhibits heterosis if its traits are enhanced as a result of mixing the genetic contributions of its parents. Genetic basis of heterosis included overdominance, dominance, and additive effects.
First bulletin of the quarterly publication of Tropical Legumes III (TL III) ...Tropical Legumes III
The Bulletin of Tropical Legumes is a quarterly publication of the Tropical Legumes III (TL III) project, funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and jointly implemented by the
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Eleventh bulletin of the quarterly publication of Tropical Legumes III (TL II...Tropical Legumes III
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Compliance of Producers and Adoption of Consumers in the Case of Food Safety Practices: Cases from South Asia by Devesh Roy, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
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Making Vegetable Markets Work by Ye Htut, Grow Asia, Myanmar. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Soybean Value Chains for Rural Development by Nimish Jhaveri, Winrock Myanmar. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Findings from the Study on Nutrition-Sensitive Value Chains in the Feed the Future Zone of Influence in Tajikistan by Abduaziz Kasymov, Tajikistan. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Farm Production, Market Access and Dietary Diversity in China’s Poor Rural Households: Evidence from a Panel Data by Kevin Chen, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI- Beijing.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
The Livestock Sector in India: Progress and Challenges by Vijay Sardana, Poultry Federation of India.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Production Diversity and Market Access for Predicting Animal-source Food Consumption by Jytoi Felix, Catholic Relief Services. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
The Quiet Revolution in Myanmar’s Aquaculture Value Chain by Ben Belton, Michigan State University. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Does e-commerce Increase Food Consumption in Rural Areas? Evidence from China by Xiaobo Zhang, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Impacting at Scale: From .5% to + 40% by Grahame Dixie, Executive Director, Grow Asia.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Regulatory Cooperation in ASEAN Good Agricultural Practices by Catherine Frances J. Corpuz, Senior Program Officer, ASEAN-Australia Development Cooperation Program.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Traditional Versus Modern Milk Marketing Chains in India: Implications for Smallholder Dairy Farmers by Anjani Kumar, Research Fellow, IFPRI- Delhi.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Pakistan’s Multi-Sectoral Nutrition Strategy by Amna Ejaz, Research Analyst, IFPRI-Pakistan.
Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
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Rice seed policy in Thailand- Nipon Poapongsakorn
1. Seed Provision Policy in
Thailand
Nipon Poapongsakorn
Kamphol Pantakua
TDRI
ReSAKSS-International Conference on Agricultural
Tranformation in Asia: Policy options for Food and
Nutrition security. Organized by IFPRI,
Siem Reap, 25-27 September 2013
2. 1. Objectives
This paper will answer 3 questions:
• What are the salient characteristics of the seed
market? …..not discussed today
• What were the major changes in the public
policies of seed provision in the last two decades?
And how did the policies affect the private seed
market?
• What are the key take –home messages?
3. Main findings
Though the rice seed provision is still
dominated by the public sector, the private
seed market has thrived recently, thanks to (1)
the strong government support, (2) long-term
investment in research and training of plant
breeders, (3) limited public resources and the
Seed Division policy not to compete with the
private sector in seed trading business.
The government has also proactively support
the role of private sector in hybrid seeds for the
same reasons.
4. Outline
A brief overview of the markets for rice and
maize seeds….not discussed today
• Rice seed is inbred varieties, maize is hybrid
A brief development of agricultural research
and seed policy in Thailand
Law, regulations and policy in the seed
markets
Some challenges in the future
5. 2. The seed markets in Thailand
2.1 Rice seed market: rising demand, smaller govt share
Demand for rice seed is estimated at 1.14 million tons/year (2012)
• KDML 105 (26%) and RD.6 (22%) is the most popular varieties (Figure 3.1(b))
• Chainart1,2 (8%) and Supanburi60,90 (2%) are the most popular non-
photosensitive varieties.
Millions
Demand for seed 1976 -
2012
Non-
Photos
ensitiv
e
KDML
RD.6
glutino
us
22%
Photos
ensitiv
e
Other
Landra
ce
Seed used 2012 (1.1
M.ton)
Source: Office of Agricultural Economics.
6. 2.2 Maize seed market: dominated by a
large-scale Thai firm and a few MNCs
• Demand for maize seed is 23,500 tons/year, most of which are field
maize (Table 2 and Figure 5)
• 96% of farmers used hybrid seed
Type of
maize
Planted
area
(Ha)
Seed use per
area (kg/Ha)
Seed
demand
(ton)
Field
maize
22,100.99
Sweet
corn
341.17
Baby
corn
1,033.73
Source: Napasintuwong, O. 2013.
Thousandston
MillionsHa
Figure 5 Planted area and demand for
maize seeds in 1981-2011
Planted area (Ha) Maize seed demand (ton)
Hybrid seed (ton)
Table 2: Planted area and seed requirement
for corn
Source: Suwantaradon et al., 2011
7. 3. The development of rice research and
seed policy in Thailand
3.1 Brief history of genetic improvement
Between 1960 and 2010, the Department of Rice
successfully developed 100 of varieties
- - - - - -
NumberofGenetic
Improvement
Number of Registered Varieties
Modern Plant breeding
Source: Rice Department
Figure 7-a: Number of Registered Rice Varieties,1956-2012
8. Thailand have 2 major problems in
agricultural research.
• Declining of agricultural and rice research
intensity
Rice research budget received by DOR is 200 mil
bath, comparing to the output of 350 billion baht
• Shortage of researchers, especially plant breeders
Figure 8: Declining agricultural and rice research intensity
Rice Agriculture
Source: Waleerat 2009, NRC and NESDB
9. The Thai governments have always put emphasis on the production
and export of “quality rice”. In the first agricultural trade
exhibition in 1910, King Rama V stated that
“ the Oriental Nation,…, felt the need again of opening the country to
commerce as it was necessary for the prosperity add strength of the
nation. Such a nation can now be seen, which by fostering agriculture
and commerce, and by changing its methods, has, in a short space of
time, brought itself to the foremost rank, in power and
prosperity…….Many of the samples of rice (at the First Annual
exhibition of Agriculture & Commerce in 1910) were of high class….
And they (rice millers) told us that it was very seldom that they get such
fine samples of rice as shown at this Exhibition; and that if they could
get such good rice to send to Europe, they would be able to get prices
equal to Patna rice…”
(J. C. Barnett, 2004).
3.3 Brief history of rice seed production and provision
10. 3.3 Brief history of rice seed production and provision
The main policy objective has always been
“quality rice”.
The production of “registered seed” began even before
the Green Revolution.
A law in 1942 stipulates that the rice seed varieties must
be measured at least 7.00 mm long, 2.00 mm wide and a
thickness not less than 1.60 mm.
The 1975 Plants Act regulates the quality of seed
production and seed trade (see Figure 9).
The government began to establish 23 seed centers
between 1976 and 1985 (DOAE 1995).
In 1982, the government began to encourage the
farmers to exchange their seeds with the improved
varieties.
11. MillionsHa
Planted area of dry-season rice
Community
Seed centers
Figure 4.8: Chronology of rice seed policy:
quality of rice has been the main objective
Seed
replacement II
Co-op seed
centers
A private seed company
entered the market
Source: OAE and DOR.
Rice seed
wholesaler
association
Registered
Seed Centers
Seed
replacement
Plant quarantine Act
1964, 1999, 2008
Plants Act
1975, 1992, 2007
Plant varieties protection Act 1999
12. Millionston
Millionston
Production Export chicken
Promotion of
maize cultivation
: land
distribution and
price support
1950s
Maize
breeding
investment by
RF and
establishment
of NCSRC
1966
Release of
first OPV
maize, Su
wan1 1975
Seed
Developme
nt Loan &
by USAID
1975
Investment
promotion of
maize seed
1970s and
commercializa
tion of suwan1
seed by a
private
company, BSI-
1979
National
program of
hybrid maize
development
1979
Supporting private
production of hybrid
seeds 1990s
and hybrid seed
subsidize for farmers
1994
CP released the
single cross
hybrid, CP.DK
888 1991
Source : O.Ekasingh,2013 and FAO.
Figure Chronology of
maize seed policy &
production of maize
3.4 Brief history of maize seed production and provision:
promoting the private sector
13. 4. Law, regulations and policy in the
seed markets
Question: why the private seed markets –
both the rice inbred varieties and the maize
hybrid varieties – thrive?
14. 4.1 Overview of laws and regulations
Breeders
Registered
certification
New varieties, Landrace, Endemic varieties.
Varieties with unique characteristics.
Controlled seed
No.
renewal fees every 5 year but send
sample of every production lot to test
Collector register
Wholesale register
renewal fees every year
renewal fees every year
Wholesalers
resellers register renewal fees every yearRetailers
Import seed
For restricted or forbidden seed need
permission from the director of Department of
agriculture and phytosanitary certificate.
Import seed
For restricted or forbidden seed need
permission from the director of Department of
agriculture and phyto-sanitary certificate.
Plant
quarantine
act
Plant
varieties
protection
act
Plants act
Import policy
Figure 4.1: Laws governing the seed market
Trade policy
Seed
standard
15. -Seed suppliers & collectors must have collection
permits & seed certificates.
-All seed traders must apply for the sale permits
• Seed centers
• Community
seed centers
• Wholesalers
(Collectors)
Who are seed
collectors
• Seed centers
• Community
seed centers
• Wholesalers
(Collectors)
• retailers
Who are seed
sellers
1. Collections
permit
2. Sales permit
3. Seeds
certificate
Department of
Agriculture
Ministry's
Announcement
Plants Act
(1) Apply
Seed standard (see figure 3)
1.Pure Seed
2.Other Crop Seed and Other
Varieties
3.Weedy seed
4.Germination
5.Moisture
(3) Apply
(2) Apply
Note: 3 procedures.
16. • Seed standards
Apply only for controlled seed
Rice: highly regulated but new standard are lower
(Table 4.1)
Rice seed standard
Thai 2006 Thai 2009 USA 2012
1. % of Pure Seed
- Pure Seed (Minimum)
- Inert Matter (Maximum)
2. Other Crop Seed and Other Varieties
- Foundation None (Maximum)
- Registered (Maximum)
- Commercial (Maximum)
3. Weedy/Red Rice
- Foundation None None None (Maximum)
- Registered None None (Maximum)
- Commercial None (Maximum)
4. Germination (Minimum)
5. Moisture N.A. (Maximum)
Source: DOR and The California Crop Improvement Association
17. Table 4.2: Maize seed standards, Thailand and
USA
Maize seed standard Thai 1993 USA 2011
1. % of Pure Seed
- Pure Seed (Minimum)
- Inert Matter (Maximum)
2. Other Crop Seed and Other Varieties None (Maximum)
3. Weed seed None None (Maximum)
4. Germination (Minimum)
5. Moisture (Maximum)
Source: DOR and The California Crop Improvement Association
18. Enforcement of seed certification
Thailand has the reasonably efficient enforcement
mechanism to detect lower-standard
seed, deteriorated seed, contaminated seed.
Yet there are two weakness
• The sampling method is loose
• Though the enforcement is quite active, the penalty is
quite light.
Note that a few leading “rice” seed wholesalers
(collectors) put in place a rigorous process of seed
farm inspection
19. 4.2 Seed provision system
• Rice
The seed provision system had been dominated by the
public sector (Figure 4.2). But recently the private sector
has played increasing role in supplying the seeds used by
farmers.
The National Research Center is responsible for the
genetic improvement and production of foundation
seed, while the main unit that produces the extension seeds
is the public seed centers , who contract the farmers to
grow the extension seed and registered seed (Figure 4.2).
The DOR helps the farmers to set up the “community
seed centers) to produce commercial seeds
20. 27 Research centers
Breeder seed
Foundation seed
Genetic
improvement
23 Seed centers
Extension seed
Commercial seed
Contract farmers
2,199 Community Seed
center
Commercial seed
Contract farmers
Collected* Collected*
97 Wholesalers
(Collectors)
Contract farmers
Collected*
Retailers
Cooperation
Registered
Retailers
Farmers
Farmers in near by
villages
Farmers
with good crop
Collected*
Sale
Supply
Sale
Note: *Collection regulation
is explained in figure 2 Sale
Sale
Sale
Rice seed provision system is still dominated
by the public sector
Figure 4.2: Rice
seed system
21. 4.3 Role of private rice seed
suppliers
• The private seed suppliers have just entered the market
since 1998 but their market share has increased sharply
(to 35%) because of 4 reasons
cultivated area of dry season rice surged after 1998
limited capacity of the government’s seed centers, i.e.,
budget & small staff
• the Seed Division has a clear policy to encourage the
private sector
• Enabling factor: seed certification and sale permit
regulation
The private seed suppliers focus on the non-
photosensitive seeds which are demanded by the
commercial farmers who grow 4-6 crops in two years
in the irrigated areas of Central Plains and Lower
Northern provinces.
23. Limitation of the public seed
production capacity leaves room
for the private sector
Figure 4.4: Seed used and capacity
of government rice seed production
Thousandston/year
Capasity Seed used
24. The private seed suppliers focus on the
non-photosensitive seeds for farmers
growing 4-6 cycles in 2 years
Non-
Photosen
sitive
KDMLRD.6
glutinous
22%
Photosen
sitive
Other
Landrace
Seed used 2012 (1.1 M.ton)
Private
Seed
centers
Other
Seed used 2012 (0.5 M.ton)
Non-Photosensitive
Source: Estimate form OAE 2008 and interview private seed producer.
(of which 11% from SCs)
(0.4 M.tons)*
Figure 4.6: Market shares of photo-non-sensitive variety seed market
25. Market share of private rice seed
suppliers is much larger than that
of the public sector
Rice
department
Agricultural
co-
operation
Community
rice centers
Private
sectorSelf seed
and gray
market
Seed production capacity in 2012
(1.13 M.tons)
Rice
department Agricultural
co-operation
0%** Community
rice centers
1%**
Private
sector
35%
Self seed
and gray
market
“Most likely” actual market
share in 2012 (1.13 M.tons)
Note: *and interview private seed producer.
** Chaowagul 2013 argues that only 10% of cooperative and CRCs are active in seed production.
Source: Rice Department .
(0.4 M.tons)*
Figure 4.5: Capacity and market shares of rice seed
26. The private rice seed market has not only
expanded, but become competitive because
• The products are almost homogeneous
• There are large number of small sellers and farmers can
save their own seeds
• No entry barriers
Performance : the profit margin is only 1,000 baht
per ton or less than 6% of the pledging price.
• Many wholesalers are now entering the market to provide
the services of planting rice using the machine
27. 4.4 Factors explaining the development of the
maize hybrid seed market
The emergence of the private maize hybrid seed market
was in response to the increase in the export of chicken
in the early 1990s (see Figure 4.7) which followed the
introduction of the modern poultry industry
Unlike the private rice seed market dominated by the
public provision, the private maize seed market has
been
• (1) proactively developed by the closed cooperation of the
government and the private companies
• (2) the introduction of hybrid seeds by private firms
MNCs use Thailand as seed production base, thanks to
availability of plant breeders & skilled maize farmers
28. Export of frozen
chicken surged
-
Thailand export of
poultry, froze and
precooked (tons)
Cut and frozen
Precooked and semi-cooked
Total
Source: Ministry on Commerce
-
tons
Poultry Meat
Pig meat
Milk
Production of poultry meat
1961 – 2010
29. 4.4 Factors explaining the development… (cont.)
Two groups of policies and factors that helped support the
development of the private maize seed (see Ekasingh 2013) :
• Direct policies
• Enabling factors
The direct polices (see Figure 4.10)
• Maize breeding investment and the establishment of the maize
research center in 1966
• Seed development loan by USAID in 1975
• Investment promotion of maize seed production in the 1970s
• Commercialization of Suwan1 variety (OPV) by Bangkok Seed
Industry Co. in 1979
• National program of hybrid maize development in 1979
• Supporting the private production of hybrid seed in
1990s, e.g., the research of Thai firms depend on germplasm
and free ride on research from NCSRC and CIMMYT (O.
Ekasingh, 2013).
• Legislation of the plant protection law in 1999 and the use of
trade secret clauses
30. Millionston
Millionston
Production Export chicken
Promotion of
maize cultivation
: land
distribution and
price support
1950s
Maize
breeding
investment by
RF and
establishment
of NCSRC
1966
Release of
first OPV
maize, Su
wan1 1975
Seed
Developme
nt Loan &
by USAID
1975
Investment
promotion of
maize seed
1970s and
commercializa
tion of suwan1
seed by a
private
company, BSI-
1979
National
program of
hybrid maize
development
1979
Supporting private
production of hybrid
seeds 1990s
and hybrid seed
subsidize for farmers
1994
CP released the
single cross
hybrid, CP.DK
888 1991
Source : O.Ekasingh,2013 and FAO.
Fig 4.10: Chronology of major maize policies
31. 4.4 Factors explaining the development… (cont.)
The enabling factors
• Land distribution to veterans and poor farmers to
produce maize in 1950s
• Turning blind eyes to the illegal expansion of maize
production in the national forests since the 1970s
• Scholarship and training of plant breeders in 1960s and
1970s generated skills and knowledge of breeders both in
the public and private sectors
• Plants Act in 1999
• Promotion of contract farming for the production of
broiler (by Thai companies) and maize seeds (by MNCs)
• Investment privilege for the establishment of chicken
slaughtering house in the late 1970s
32. Structure and competition in the
hybrid maize seed market Structure: oligopoly but competitive
• More than a dozen companies – both MNCs and Thai
Dominated by one largest Thai agri-firm (CP) and a few MNCs
(Syngenta, Monsanto, Pacific, Pioneer)
• 7 companies have the export shares of 73.8%
3are Thai companies belonging to the CP group with combined market
share of 21.85%
Competition
• MNCs have huge competitive edge, i.e., using their own
germplasm from their parent companies and share research and
seed production among regional branches
• Thai firms can make use of research and germplsm materials
from the public research system and CIMMYT. A few Thai firms
are also seed exporters.
• Thus there are competition both among big and small firms and
between Thai firms and MNCs
As a result, farmers have alternatives in buying quality
seeds.
33. 5. Conclusion: take-home messages
Seed provision policy: the government can create the
“competitive” markets for seed: smart
regulation, facilitating factors, enabling
environment, and reduce entry barriers
Fertilizer policy: neutral trade policy (i.e., duty-free) on
fertilizer and minimal intervention will allow farmers
to make rationale and efficient use of fertilizer
Public sector does not have to compete with private
sector because of no serious market failure
Government still needs to provide information for
farmers to make informed choices, e.g., regulating
advertising, monitoring & enforcement of the “quality”
and “standards” of commercial seed and fertilizer