Plant growth regulators in grapes

SEMINAR ON
Role of Plant Growth regulators In grape cultivation
SPEAKER :
S. SHARVESH
M.Sc. (Hort.) Fruit Science
Annamalai University
1

2
Focus on
Conclusion
Review of research work
PGRs used in grapes and their role
Introduction to PGRs
Introduction to grapes

 Botanical name :- Vitis vinifera L.
 Family :- Vitaceae
 Ch no. :- 2n=38
 Origin :- Black to capsian sea
 Fruit type:- Berry
 It is one of the important sub-tropical, earliest fruits known
to mankind and are used to produce dried fruits (raisins),
grapes for the fresh market (table grapes) and juice for
concentrate.
 Now a days there is a great demand of quality grape berry
in wine industry for making wine commercially.
Introduction
3

• The fruits contains about 20% sugar besides rich in Calcium
and Phosphorus.
• World over it is grown mainly for Wine making (82%
production ), raisin making (10% production) and rest for
table purpose (8%).
• In India, however it is mostly consumed as fresh fruit and only
a limited quantity is utilized for the production of liquor, dry
fruits like raisins etc. NHB.gov.in
4

Area and Production
Source: Horticultural Statistics at a glance, 2018
Statistical Report on World Vitiviniculture, 2019
World India
Area Spain
969000 ha
Maharashtra
105.50 ha (‘000 ha)
Production China
11.7 MT
Maharashtra
2286.44 MT (‘000
MT)
5

Varieties
• Thompson seedless variety occupies 55% area under grape
cultivation.
• Other famous varieties grown in India are Bangalore blue,
Anab-e-Shahi, Dilkhush, Sharad Seedless, Perlett, Cheema
Shahbi etc.
Thompson seedless Banglore blue Anab-a-shahi
6

Sharad seedless
Red Globe
Perlette
7

• Plant growth regulators are organic compounds, which are
active at low concentrations in promoting, inhibiting or
modifying growth and development.
• The naturally occurring (endogenous) growth substances are
commonly known as Plant hormones, while the synthetic ones
are called as Growth regulator.
• They are readily absorbed and move rapidly through the
tissues when applied to different parts of the plant.
Plant Growth Regulators
8

 Plant growth regulators can be classified as :
• Auxins
• Gibberellins
• Cytokinins
• Ethylene
• Dormins
• Flowering Hormones
• Phenolic substances
• Miscellaneous Natural Substances
• Synthetic Growth Retardants
• Miscellaneous Synthetic Substances
9

Why need of PGR in grapes ?
• Grape is an important fruit crop of India, grown in wide range of
climatic conditions.
• The quantitative production of grapes is not only the purpose but
qualitative parameters are of prime importance
• Good planting material may fulfil the purpose of quantitative yield.
• Worldwide the demand for the high quality grapes increasing day by
day for different grape industries for making raisin, wine, grape juice
etc.
• Among all the other special techniques the PGRs are the most
important which can achieve the quantitative and qualitative
requirement of berries for…..
 Berries with large size
 attractive colour
 excellent berry firmness
 suitable blend of TSS: Acidity with other organoleptic quality
• For this purpose farmers has to go for using PGRs in their grape
orchards with additional management practices for quality grape
production.
10

• The recent increase in table grape production has placed
new importance on fruit quality.
• Therefore, efforts that could be done to maintain the grape
fruits with high quality characteristics such as berry size,
weight, firmness, TSS etc. during production and post
harvest operations including marketing, would be very
important for the table grape growers in order to obtain
higher marketing price.
• Several Plant Growth Regulators used in improving the
quality of grape for getting higher income, export earning,
improve economic condition of farmer and to sustain the
grape orchard.
Relevance of the topic
11

Plant growth regulators used in Grape
Auxin
Cytokinin
CPPU
Gibberellic acid
Ethylene
ABA
Salicylic acid
Hydrogen cyanamide
12

14
• 1st isolated by F. Went from
the tip of Avena stems.
• Precursor: Tryptophan
• Trade name (IBA):
SARODEX , Quick root
• Functions:
Stimulate cell division in the
cambium
Stimulate root initiation in
stem cuttings
Delay leaf senescence
Auxin

15
• 1st isolated by Miller and his
associates from herring
sperm.
• Precursor: Mevalonic
pathway
• Trade name:
• Functions:
Stimulate morphogenesis
(shoot initiation) in tissue
culture
Stimulate growth of lateral
buds
Stimulate leaf expansion
Cytokinin

Cuttings:
• Grapes are commercially propagated through hardwood
cuttings (Weaver, 1976).
• The treatments of cuttings with plant growth regulators like
Auxins and cytokinins play an important role in regeneration of
plants from cuttings.
• Rootstocks are prepared by this way through cuttings.
Propagation
16

Grafting:
• Successful grafting of plant species and cultivars is
related to the production of callus which is essential
for graft union formation (Hartman et al. 1990).
• In other words, formation of the graft union depends
on the process of callus initiation in both rootstock
and scion, on the union of callus, and the subsequent
differentiation of the callus tissue to form the
protective and vascular tissue required to form a
functional unit from the two adjacent plant parts, i.e.,
rootstock and scion (Nicklell, 1984).
• Plant growth regulators such as Auxins and
Cytokinins induce the initiation and proliferation of
callus and new vascular tissue by promoting cell
division and cell development.
17

Tissue culture:
• Now a days Tissue culture is
also used in grapes for mass
production of genetically
homogenous populations.
• It is the way to produce high
yielding and disease resistant
individuals under by
applying in vitro culture
techniques.
• In tissue culture auxins and
cytokinins are used to
promote root and shoot
multiplication.
18

20
•Forchlorfenuron (CPPU) is
a synthetic cytokinin.
•Trade name :- CPPU10,
KT- 30
•Functions:
Stimulate periclinal cell
division
Promotes berry growth in
grapes.
Improve size and quality
of grape berries.

• Primary physiological effects of CPPU on
grapevine is that it increases the berry
size in grape by increasing its diameter,
thus leading to spherical berries instead
of oblong ones.
• Usage of CPPU alone or in combination
with other PGR stimulates various
physiologocal and biochemical responses.
• GA3 and CPPU stimulates berry growth
by an increase cell division (increasing
the total no. of cell/berry) and cell
elongation ( producing larger cell in the
berry) in berry
• So water potential inside the berry are
decrease so water enter into the berry
and increase the size of berry.
21

Gibberellic Acid (GA1, GA2, GA3…GAn)
22

1st reported by Kurosawa from
Rice seedling infected by
fungus Gibberella fujikuroi
(Backane disease)
Precursor: Mevalonic pathway
Trade name (GA3): Progibb,
Gibrosol
Functions:
Stimulate cell division and cell
elongation
Cause parthenocarpy in some
fruits
Breaks seed dormancy
23

• Berry quality and size are affected by many factors like
hormones, nutrients and environmental factors. To overcome
this problem, several cultural practices adopted in grape
production include the use of plant growth regulators like GA3
• Among the compounds used as plant regulators, gibberellc acid
(GA3) has been extensively used and was proven to have effect
on reducing cluster compactness of grapes by reducing fruit set
and allowing for the development of large, uncrowded berries .
• GA3 effects the formation of flower cluster, berry set, berry
enlargement, cluster length and berry thinning in cluster
(Korkutal et al., 2008)
• GA3 is also used to maintain post harvest life of grape berries as
it controls weight loss and decay percentages.
24

• Cluster of grapes elongates by
treatment with GA3.
• As the main stem begins to
elongate, the lateral branches
near the base of the cluster
begin to separate from one
another and as they do, the
main stem becomes clearly
visible between them.
• During the next few days after
the onset of cluster elongation,
the cluster tip will continue to
distance itself from the cluster
base as the main stem of the
cluster continues to elongate.
Cluster Elongation
26

Berry thinning
• In some grape cultivars, excessive fruit set may cause the
growing berries to become tightly packed into compact clusters
of grapes that are highly susceptible to rot.
• Thus, growers often reduce fruit set, particularly in table
grapes, to allow for the development of large, uncrowded
berries.
• The application of GA3 can reduce compactness of grapes by
reducing fruit set.
27

Compact cluster Berries with rot
28

• Large berry size is highly
valued characteristic of table
grapes.
• Berry size of many seedless
table grape cultivars can be
substantially increased by
applying GA3 to clusters of
grape berries.
• The GA3 stimulates the cell
division and cell elongation of
berries and thereby increasing
berry size.
Increase Berry size
29

Berry cracking and post harvest quality
30
Seedlessness
30
•Cracking is one of the major problem in grape
cultivation.
•Post harvest grape deterioration is due to
physical, physiological or pathological factors that
may occur in the vineyard or after harvest.
•By application of GA3 these can be minimized.
• GA3 is known to stimulate Parthenocrpic fruit development
in grapes and other fruits. (Pharis and King, 1985)
• GA3 applied to grape flowers before or during anthesis
severely inhibits pollen germination and pollen tube growth, this
may due to biosynthesis of pollen tube inhibitors, leading to the
production of unfertilized ovules.

• Ethylene is the only
gaseous hormone
• Precursor: Methionine
• Trade name: Ethephone
• Functions:
 Increase number of
female flowers in
cucumber
 Promotes yellowing and
senescence of leaves
 ripening of fruits
H2C=CH2
32

• Poor coloration substantially reduces the economic value of
table grapes.
• In fact, treatments such as girdling or application of GA3 (for
berry size) have detrimental effects on colour development.
• Ethephone is used to improve berry colour.
• ABA is an effective alternative to ethephon and is another tool
for use in hot climate production areas where colour
development is difficult.
• Grapes treated with ABA colour more quickly than those
treated with ethephon.
Berry colouration
33

1st isolated by Fredrick
Addicott and his associates
from cotton
Precursor: Mevalonic
pathway
Trade name: ProTone.
Functions:
 Stimulate closure of
stomata
 Induce and maintain the
Dormancy of buds and seeds.
 Inhibits the effect of
Gibberellins on stimulating de
novo synthesis of α amylase
35

• Temperature above 350C would decrease the synthesis of berry
skin anthocyanins and therefore cause a reduction in berry
colour.
• Exogenous application of ABA have been shown to increase the
anthocyanin content of grape skin (Peppi and Fidelibus 2008).
• A complete coverage of the fruit is required for good results.
• ABA is not translocated within the plant or the bunch, therefore
if only one side of a bunch is wetted, the other side will not
colour. Therefore attention must be made to spray application
for adequate coverage and satisfactory results.
• Specifically, smaller droplets and spray direction (upwards from
beneath) gives better fruit coverage and thus better colour
development.
Berry colouration
36

• 1st isolated from bark of
Salix alba
• Precursor: Phenylalanine
• Functions:
 Play a key role in regulation
of plant growth, development
and enhance plant vigour
under biotic and abiotic
stresses
(Hayat et al. 2010).
39
39

• It is an secondary metabolite in grape
berries and plays an essential role in
determining berry quality such as
colour, flavour, astringency and
bitterness (Chamkha et al., 2003).
• SA can enhance physical properties of
fruits such as size, weight and
firmness.
• Salicylic acid positively affect on
reducing fruit respiration, ethylene
biosynthesis, weight loss, decay and
softening rate during storage.
40

• 1st discovered by Carl
Wilhelm from the pigment
Prussian blue
• Precursor: Methan and
Ammonia
• Trade anme: Dormex
• Functions:
 Dormancy breaker
42

• Dormancy must be terminated to allow
budbreak and initiate the annual cycle of vine
growth.
• Repeated exposure to cold temperatures will
release the buds from dormancy: grapevines
have a relatively low chilling requirement so
normal winter weather in temperate regions
usually provides adequate chilling.
• However, grapes grown in tropical and
subtropical regions may not receive sufficient
chilling to release buds from dormancy, resulting
in delayed and erratic budbreak which reduces
the number of shoots and clusters per vine, and
the clusters they do produce may ripen
irregularly.
• Hydrogen cyanamide has been found very
effective for breaking the dormancy of floral
buds in grapevine. 43

Dormant
winter bud
Swollen bud
Burst bud
44

Table 1: Effect of plant growth regulators on root zone of
hardwood cutting of grapes
Sr. no. First
emergence
of roots
Average no. of roots/ cuttings
15
DAP
30
DAP
45
DAP
60
DAP
75
DAP
90
DAP
Control 21.00 5.01 6.13 11.06 12.87 14.77 15.87
100 ppm IAA 18.00 3.78 8.78 10.25 12.25 14.26 15.26
300 ppm IAA 16.67 4.68 9.68 11.57 13.57 15.22 16.22
500 ppm IAA 15.00 5.01 10.35 13.11 15.11 17.20 18.20
1000 ppm IBA 14.00 7.67 13.31 20.64 22.64 25.64 27.64
2000 ppm IBA 9.00 8.75 14.72 21.20 24.08 27.40 30.54
3000 ppm IBA 11.33 8.32 14.31 21.05 23.75 26.75 28.75
50 ppm GA3 23.00 6.31 12.58 16.58 18.43 21.43 21.83
100 ppm GA3 22.00 7.20 13.14 17.14 19.14 22.47 22.97
150 ppm GA3 20.00 7.67 13.64 18.64 20.64 23.64 23.97
C.D. @ 5% 1.49 0.05 0.29 0.11 0.33 0.05 0.05
U.P. Manisha kumari et al. (2018)
IBA: quick dip & IAA and GA3: Prolong dip
47

Sr. no. First
emergece
of roots
Average root formation zone
15
DAP
30
DAP
45
DAP
60
DAP
75
DAP
90
DAP
Control 21.00 4.18 6.18 7.90 9.90 9.95 10.05
100 ppm IAA 18.00 3.35 5.35 7.35 9.35 9.85 9.97
300 ppm IAA 16.67 3.57 6.97 8.97 10.97 11.17 11.77
500 ppm IAA 15.00 4.00 7.80 10.80 12.80 13.86 14.14
1000 ppm IBA 14.00 7.77 14.27 18.27 20.27 21.27 22.27
2000 ppm IBA 9.00 9.76 16.16 21.64 25.65 26.74 29.74
3000 ppm IBA 11.33 8.23 15.28 19.28 22.28 23.18 24.88
50 ppm GA3 23.00 4.87 9.87 12.87 14.87 15.87 16.16
100 ppm GA3 22.00 5.86 10.86 13.86 15.73 16.73 17.43
150 ppm GA3 20.00 6.26 11.56 15.56 17.56 18.56 19.56
CD 1.49 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04
U.P. Manisha kumari et al. (2018)
IBA: quick dip & IAA and GA3: prolong dip 48
Cont…

IBA
concentration
Control 1000
ppm
2000
ppm
3000
ppm
4000
ppm
Mean
Varieties
63.33
(52.75)
80.00
(63.52)
86.66
(68.83)
63.33
(52.75)
63.33
(52.72)
71.33
(58.12)
Dogridge
1613C 68.33
(55.96)
83.33
(66.12)
83.33
(66.12)
86.66
(68.83)
83.33
(66.12)
81.00
(64.63)
Mean 65.83
(54.36)
81.67
(64.82)
85.00
(67.48)
75.00
(60.79)
73.33
(59.42)
Table 2: Effect of different concentrations of IBA and rootstocks
on percentage of rooting in hardwood cuttings of grape
Source of variation CD (0.05)
Varieties 3.52
IBA concentrations 5.57
Varieties x IBA 7.82
Hyderabad Rao (2004)
49

Table 3: Effect of different concentration of cytokinins and auxins on callusing rate (%) and
rooting rate (%) in 41B-Erenkoy Bevazi graft combinations of grapevine
Application (mg/l) Callusing rate(%) Rooting rate (%)
Control 50.0 c 10.0 f
500 IBA 5.5 f 30.0 e
1000 IBA 23.0 e 70.0 c
2000 IBA 18.0 e 90.0 b
500 NAA 0.0 f 90.0 b
1000 NAA 3.0 f 90.0 b
2000 NAA 2.5 f 100.0 a
250 Kinetin 85.0 a 30.0 e
500 Kinetin 70.0 b 30.0 e
1000 Kinetin 32.5 d 70.0 c
250 BA 87.5 a 50.0 d
500 BA 90.0 a 30.0 e
1000 BA 50.0 c 50.0 d
LSD at 0.01 5.66 7.25
Turkey Cafer and Muharrrem (2006)
Application by dipping method
50

Control 45.0 e 0.0 e
500 IBA 5.5 gh 100.0 a
1000 IBA 8.5 g 100.0 a
2000 IBA 3.0 hi 100.0 a
500 NAA 2.5 hi 40.0 b
1000 NAA 0.0 i 100.0 a
2000 NAA 0.0 i 100.0 a
250 Kinetin 96.5 a 30.0 c
500 Kinetin 65.0 c 40.0 b
1000 Kinetin 12.5 f 40.0 b
250 BA 97.5 a 30.0 c
500 BA 85.0 b 30.0 c
1000 BA 50.0 d 20.0 d
LSD at 0.01 3.64 5.23
Table 4: Effect of different concentration of cytokinins and auxins on callusing rate
(%) and rooting rate (%) in 41B-Italia graft combinations of grapevine
Turkey Application by dipping method Cafer and Muharrrem (2006)
51

Table 5: Effect of different concentration of cytokinins and auxins on callusing rate (%)
and rooting rate (%) in Rupestris du Lot- Erenkoy Beyazi graft combinations of
grapevine
Control 72.5 c 40.0 f
500 IBA 5.0 g 70.0 cd
1000 IBA 15.5 f 80.0 c
2000 IBA 18.0 f 90.0 b
500 NAA 0.0 g 90.0 b
1000 NAA 2.5 g 90.0 b
2000 NAA 5.5 g 100.0 a
250 Kinetin 95.0 ab 40.0 f
500 Kinetin 97.0 a 60.0 de
1000 Kinetin 52.5 d 50.0 ef
250 BA 97.5 a 40.0 f
500 BA 91.5 b 60.0 de
1000 BA 41.0 e 50.0 ef
LSD at 0.01 5.11 6.74
Turkey Application by dipping method Cafer and Muharrrem (2006)
52

Table 6: Effect of different concentration of cytokinins and auxins on callusing rate (%)
and rooting rate (%) in rupestris du Lot-Italia graft combinations of
grapevine
Control 67.5 d 40.0 f
500 IBA 32.5 g 80.0 b
1000 IBA 5.5 h 80.0 b
2000 IBA 7.5 h 100.0 a
500 NAA 0.0 i 100.0 a
1000 NAA 0.0 i 100.0 a
2000 NAA 8.5 h 100.0 a
250 Kinetin 92.5 a 70.0 c
500 Kinetin 75.0 c 40.0 f
1000 Kinetin 45.0 f 60.0 d
250 BA 90.0 a 50.0 e
500 BA 82.5 b 40.0 f
1000 BA 50.0 e 50.0 e
LSD at 0.01 3.28 4.84
Cafer and Muharrrem (2006)
Turkey
53

Figure 1: Effect of different concentrations of cytokinins and auxins on
success rate (%) in R. du Lot – E. Beyazi graft combination of
grapevine
54

Figure 2: Effect of different concentration of cytokinins and auxins on
Success rate (%) in R. du Lot- Italia graft combination of
grapevine
Application by dipping method 55

Success rate (%) in graft combination of 41B-Erenkoy Bevazi
grapevine
Application by dipping method 56

Success rate (%) in 41B-Italia Bevazi graft combination of
grapevine
57

Figure 5: Effect of IBA (at 0.0, 0.5 and 0.1 μM ) added to the
culture medium on Root length mean in grape cultivars
Mean values (of cultivar Khoshnav, Farkhi, Bidaneh Sefid) followed by different letters indicate
significant differences according to Duncan’s multiple range test (P<_ 0.05)
Mozafari et al. (2016)
Iran
Basal medium: Half strength MS medium
Explant: 4th & 3rd nodes from end of actively growing shoot
58

IBA concentrations
(µΜ)
Rooting
(%)
Number of roots per shoot
(mean ± SD)
0 73.3 1.4 ± 1.0
2.5 90.0 3.4 ± 1.5
5.0 100.0 4.5 ± 1.0
Table 7: Influence of different IBA concentrations on the rooting of
microshoots..
Greece Banilas & Korkas (2007)
• Data obtained from 30 explants per treatment
Basal medium: Half strength MS medium supplemented with 20 g/L sucrose
Explant: Nodal segment comprising lateral buds from field-grown grapevines
59

BA concentration
(µΜ)
Branching
(%)
0 0
2.5 15.0
5.0 61.7
10.0 100.0
20.0 100.0
Table 8: Influence of BA concentration on branching (explants
with axillary bud proliferation) from the nodal explants of
cv. ‘Agiorgitiko’
Data obtained from a total of 60 explants per treatment.
Greece Banilas & Korkas (2007)
Basal medium: Half strength MS medium supplemented with 30 g/L sucrose
Explant: Nodal segment comprising lateral buds from field-grown grapevines
60

Gibberellic Acid (GA1, GA2, GA3…GAn)
61

Figure 6: Effect of GA3 application on berry elongation in grape
cv. Thompson Seedless
Smita et al. (2019)
NRCG, Pune
Grape bunches treated at 3-4 mm
berry size by dipping method
62

Table 9: Effect of the foliar application of GA3 and urea on growth
parameters of Red globe grapevines in 2017 and 2018
seasons.
Treatment Shoot
length
(cm)
Leaf area
(cm2)
Number of
lateral
branches
Total length
of lateral
branches
2017 season
Control 124.10 a 40.12 b 13.50 a 33.20 d
1 ppm GA3 138.60 a 41.20 b 13.00 a 52.60 b
1 ppm GA3
+5000 ppm Urea
160.40 a 46.95 a 13.20 a 62.50 a
2 ppm GA3 141.20 a 41.41 b 13.80 a 56.00 b
5000 ppm Urea 143.50 a 42.53 ab 13.60 a 39.40 c
LSD at 0.05 % 43.056 5.380 2.969 5.584
Farid and Ashraf (2019)
Egypt
Spraying when 80% Calyptras fall
63

Treatment Shoot
length
(cm)
Leaf area
(cm2)
Number of
lateral
branches
Total length
of lateral
branches
2018 season
Control 129.60 b 41.80 b 12.00 a 31.40 b
1 ppm GA3 140.70 ab 43.20 b 12.50 a 51.00 a
1 ppm GA3 +
5000 ppm Urea
171.40 a 48.70 a 12.90 a 51.90 a
2 ppm GA3 144.00 ab 44.50 b 12.70 a 57.80 a
5000 ppm Urea 150.30 ab 45.20 ab 12.30 a 45.20 ab
LSD at 0.05 % 32.607 4.088 3.486 17.476
Egypt Farid and Ashraf (2019)
Cont…
64

Table 10: Effect of the foliar application of GA3 and urea on
berries physical characteristics of Red globe grapevines
in 2017 and 2018 seasons
Treatment Berry
length
Berry
diameter
Berries
shape index
Firmness
(g/mm)
Weight of
100 berry
2017 season
Control 2.01 c 2.00 c 1.01 a 450.30 a 478.20 e
1 ppm GA3 2.43 b 2.21 bc 1.10 a 416.70 abc 707.40 c
1 ppm GA3
+5000 ppm Urea
2.52 b 2.46 ab 1.03 a 397.00 bc 828.50 b
2 ppm GA3 2.80 a 2.73 a 1.03 a 384.90 c 917.60 a
5000 ppm Urea 2.34 b 2.15 c 1.09 a 433.10 ab 608.00 d
LSD at 0.05 % 0.268 0.273 0.176 40.054 9.173
65

Treatment Berry
length
Berry
diameter
Berries
shape index
Firmness
(g/mm)
Weight of
100 berry
2018 season
Control 2.13 c 2.10 c 1.02 a 462.20 a 497.60 e
1 ppm GA3 2.48 b 2.24 bc 1.11 a 424.43 bc 718.00 c
1 ppm GA3
+5000 ppm Urea
2.60 ab 2.48 ab 1.05 a 403.60 cd 797.70 b
2 ppm GA3 2.84 a 2.76 a 1.03 a 391.40 d 948.30 a
5000 ppm Urea 2.37 bc 2.19 bc 1.09 a 309.17 ab 598.60 d
LSD at 0.05 % 0.132 0.296 0.133 27.897 12.828
Cont…
66

Treatment TSS
(°Brix)
TA
(%)
Firmness
(g/mm)
Weight
(g)
Control 15.4 a 0.30 a 325 b 10.0 a
GA early 15.3 a 0.32 a 335 ab 9.7 a
GA late 15.1 a 0.31 a 340 ab 9.4 a
GA E & L 15.2 a 0.33 a 348 a 9.5 a
Table 11: Effects of GAon TSS, TA, firmness and weight of grape
cv. ‘Zainy’
Israel Lichter et al. (2015)
•GA at 20 mg/l
•GA was applied at early or late fruit set and both (E&L)
• Early: 6 mm berry diameter
• Late: 10 mm berry diameter
67

a
b
b
b
a
b
b
b
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Control GA early GA late GA Early&Late
D
Figure 7: Effects of gibberellin on deep cracks in grape
cv. ‘Zainy’ at harvest
68
• GA at 20 mg/l
• Early: 6 mm berry diameter
• Late: 10 mm berry diameter
68

Treatments
GA3 (ppm)
Weight. Loss (%) Decay Loss (%)
7
Days 14 Days 21 Days 7 Days 14 Days 21 Days
Control 1.05 1.41 2.45 0.08 0.14 0.22
20 ppm 0.95 1.27 2.24 0.04 0.10 0.16
25 ppm 0.99 1.33 2.34 0.06 0.11 0.19
50 ppm 0.96 1.29 2.28 0.05 0.09 0.17
0.259 0.488 0.347 0.427 0.340 0.430
R-Square 37.84% 24.95% 32.33% 28.00% 32.77% 27.86%
Table 12: Effect of GA3 on comparative performance of storage
life of grape
CIPHET, Punjab Meena et al. (2012)
•Foliar application done at full bloom stage
•Storage condition: 0oC and 90% RH
69

a
b
A
B
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Control GA E&L
A D
Figure 8: Effects of Gibberellin on decay after storage of grape
cv. ‘Zainy’
70
•GA at 20 mg/l
•Storage at 0oC for 38 days
70

Cultivar Treatment Seedless berry
frequency
Kyoho GA3 100 mg/l 98.6 **
Control 3.3
Red Globe GA3 100 mg/l 85.2 **
Control 3.0
Table 13: Effects of GA3 on seedless berry frequency in cultivars
‘Kyoho’ and ‘Red Globe’
Values of seedless berry frequency represent the means of 3 replicates
China Cheng et al. (2013)
71

Table 14: Effects of GA3 concentration and use of postanthesis GA3
application on seedlessness of ‘Swenson Red’
Time of application GA3 conc. (mM) Seedless berries / cluster (%)
Pre anthesis 0 0
0.075 0
0.15 0
0.3 4.1
Post anthesis 0 0
0.075 19.7
0.15 17.3
0.3 10.7
Both 0 0
0.075 7.6
0.15 30.4
0.3 1.0
University of Minnesota Flellman et al. (1991)
72

Treat. Average
Bunch
weight (g)
Berry
diameter
(mm)
Berry
Length
(mm)
TSS
(°B)
Acidity
(%)
Yield/
vine
(kg)
T1 132.90g 15.80de 17.60e 23.90a 0.54bc 5.20f
T2 219.70b 18.00ba 20.00b 23.70a 0.52ed 7.90b
T3 178.40d 17.10c 18.7c 22.40b 0.51ef 7.00c
T4 234.20a 18.40a 20.70a 22.70b 0.53cd 8.70a
T5 128.70g 15.50e 17.70e 21.60c 0.55ab 5.00f
T6 146.10f 16.00ed 18.00de 21.60c 0.54bc 5.60e
T7 160.50e 16.30d 18.50dc 21.30c 0.56a 6.20d
T8 200.90c 17.70b 18.80c 21.10c 0.50f 7.70b
T9 111.70h 13.90f 16.70f 20.10d 0.48g 4.60g
LSD
5%
8.727 ** 0.556 ** 0.538
**
0.617
**
0.014
**
0.312
**
Table 15: Effect of GA3 and CPPU foliar spraying on yield and
quality parameters in Thompson Seedless grapes
Khot et al. (2015)
NRCG, Pune
Application by spraying at pre bloom stage,
flowering stage, 3-4 mm berry & 6-7 mm berry size
74

Effect of GA3 and CPPU foliar spraying on yield and quality
parameters in Thompson Seedless grapes
Treatment details:
T1: 20 ppm GA3
T2: 40 ppm GA3
T3: 20 ppm GA3 + 2 ppm CPPU
T5: 20 ppm GA3
T6: 40 ppm GA3
T9: Control (Water)
75

Table 16:Effect of ABA and ethephon treatments on skin
anthocyanin concentration of ‘Flame Seedless’ berries
applied at veraison or 1 week after veraison stage
Treatment Anthocyanin
(mg/cm2)
1 1000 mg/l ABA veraison 0.097 b
2 1000 mg/l ABA veraison +250 mg/l ethephone 1 week after
veraison
0.097 b
3 250 mg/l Ethephone veraison 0.054 c
4 250 mg/l Ethephone veraison + 1000 mg/l ABA 1 week after
veraison
0.130 a
5 1000 mg/l ABA + 250 mg/l Ethephone veraison 0.128 a
6 2000 mg/l ABA veraison 0.104 ab
7 1000 mg/l ABA + 250 mg/l Ethephone 1 week after veraison 0.079 bc
8 Non treated 0.016 d
University of California Peppi et al. (2006)
77

b
a a a a
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Control 200 400 600 800
ABA (mg/l)
Different letters indicate the statistically significant differences (P<0.05)
Figure 9: Effect of ABA on the anthocyanin content of Cabernet
Franc grapes
Mexico Ramirez et al. (2018)
Application done by spraying at
veraison stage
79

Figure 10: Effect of ABA on the polyphenol content of Cabernet
Franc grapes
80
Different letters indicate the statistically significant differences (P<0.05)
Mexico Ramirez et al. (2018)
Application done by spraying at
veraison stage
80

Figure 11: The effects of ethanol and ABA applications on total
anthocyanins of Red globe berries.
Egypt Yasser (2010)
Treatments were applied twice per season to the cluster when 10%
and 75% berries showed color development 81

Control 200 ppm ABA
at 7 DAV
400 ppm ABA
at 7 DAV
200 ppm ABA
at 7 DAV +
200 ppm 21 DAV
400 ppm ABA
at 7 DAV +
400 ppm 21
DAV
Figure 12: Colour development in grapes by different treatment
of ABA
Brazil Koyama et al. (2018)
DAV: days after veraison
82

Concentration
(mM)
Berry
weight
(g)
Berry
length
(cm)
Berry
breadth
(cm)
Yield
(kg / vine)
0.0 2.38 c 1.71 b 1.59 c 30.00 d
1.0 2.97 b 1.87 a 1.65 b 35.65 b
1.5 3.33 a 1.93 a 1.77 a 38.99 a
2.0 3.00 b 1.98 a 1.76 a 33.49 c
LSD at 0.05 0.18 0.13 0.05 1.73
Table 17: Effect of salicylica acid on berry weight, length,
breadth and yield per vine of grape cv. Flame Seedless
PAU, Ludhiana Harindra Champa et al. (2014)
Spraying at pea stage
and veraision stage
Each value represent mean of 3 replicates and means in a same latter are not
significantly different
84

Parameter Time (days of storage)
TSS (obrix) 0 30 45 60 75
Concentration (mM)
0.0 18.6a 18.8a 19.1a 15.9d 15.2c
1.0 16.8c 17.6d 17.9d 17.1c 15.8b
1.5 17.3b 18.3c 18.5c 17.4b 16.1a
2.0 17.5b 18.4b 18.7b 17.8a 16.0a
LSD (P<0.05) 0.38 0.09 0.19 0.13 0.12
TA (g of tartaric acid
equiv./100 ml juice)
Concentration (mM)
0.0 0.75a 0.58c 0.52b 0.60c 0.60b
1.0 0.67b 0.58c 0.53b 0.61c 0.60b
1.5 0.68b 0.65a 0.60a 0.64b 0.62a
2.0 0.63b 0.63b 0.59a 0.68a 0.62a
LSD(P<0.05) 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01
Table 18: Effect of salicylica acid on total soluble solid (TSS) and titrable
acidity of Flame seedless grape berries at initial harvest (day 0) and
during cold storage (3-4o C)
PAU, Ludhiana Harindra Champa et al. (2014)
and veraision stage
85

Figure 13: Effect of salicylica acid (mM) on physiological loss of
weight and decay incidence of grape cv. Flame seedless
during cold storage (3-4o C, 90-95% RH)
Harindra Champa et al. (2014)
PAU, Ludhiana
30 45 60 75 30 45 60 75
Time (days of storage) Time (days of storage)
and veraision stage 86

Figure 14: Effect of postharvest SA treatment on the total phenol
content in four grape cultivars at different time intervals
before and during cold storage (0o C, 85-90% RH)
Bars indicated with the same letter are not significantly different (p< 0.05).
Iran Habibi (2017)
TPC determined after 30 days of cold storage 87

Figure 15 :Effect of postharvest SA treatment on the total phenol
content in four grape cultivars at different time
intervals before and during cold storage (0oC, 85-90% RH)
Iran Habibi (2017)
TPC determined after 30 days of cold storage
Bars indicated with the same letter are not significantly different (p< 0.05).
88

Table 19: Effect of hydrogen cyanamide on time of bud burst
and flowering of grape cv. Perlette
Hydrogen
cyanamide
(% a.i.)
Time of bud burst (DAT) Time of flowering (DAT)
Ludhiana Bathinda Ludhiana Bathinda
1.5 34.0 34.5 68.5 69.0
2.0 33.0 32.5 67.0 66.5
2.5 32.0 31.5 66.5 66.0
Control
(water spray)
62.5 60.0 79.5 78.0
CD at 0.05 % 2.4 0.92 2.7 2.1
PAU, Ludhiana Arora et al. (2011)
• Spraying done just after pruning
• Data is mean of season 2007 and 2008
90

Figure 16: Effect of hydrogen cyanamide and ABA in grape
bud dormancy
Zheng et al. (2015)
Israel
• Treatment done to cuttings and placed in growth chamber
and forced at 22oC under 14h/10h light/dark regime for 48 h
• HC : Dormex (3%)
91

• From the foregoing discussion it can be concluded that plant
growth regulators play very important role in high qualitative
and quantitative fruit production. Growers should use PGRs to
get high market prize and export earnings, but the rate of PGR
application is differ with variety, time and place.
• Cuttings treated with 2000 ppm IBA gives more number of roots
and grafts treated with 2000 ppm NAA and 250 ppm BA has
highest rooting rate (%) and callusing rate (%) respectively.
• 5 µM BA and IBA gives higher branching (%) and rooting (%)
respectively in tissue culture.
• Treatment with 200 ppm GA3 at 6 mm berry size and 10 mm
bery size gives high berry TSS, TA and also less cracking.
• 0.15 mM GA3 at pre and post anthesis time increase the
seedlessness of the berries.
• 40 ppm GA3 and 2 ppm CPPU gives higher berry weight,
diameter, length and yield.
93

• 250 ppm ethephone at veraison stage and 1000 ppm ABA
at 1 week after veraison stage gives higher anthocyanin
content of berries.
• 200 ppm ABA and 800 ppm ABA at veraison stage gives
higher anthocyanin content and polyphenol content
respectively.
• 1.5 mM SA at pea stage and veraison stage gives higher
bery weight, berry breadth, yield, higher TSS and TA after
75 of storage.
• Hydrogen cyanamide at rate of 2.5 % gives early bud burst
and early flowering.
94

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