This document discusses hemoglobinopathies, which are hereditary disorders of hemoglobin. It focuses on sickle cell disease and thalassemias. Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation that replaces valine for glutamic acid on the beta globin chain, causing hemoglobin S. This polymerizes and deforms red blood cells, leading to anemia, pain crises, infections, strokes, and other complications. Thalassemias involve reduced production of the alpha or beta globin chains, resulting in imbalanced globin synthesis and hemolysis. Common symptoms include anemia, spleen and liver enlargement, and iron overload from frequent transfusions in thalassemia major. Diagnosis involves blood tests
Haemolysis indicates that there is shortening of the normal red cell lifespan of 120 days. There are many causes.
To compensate, the bone marrow may increase its output of red cells six- to eightfold by increasing the proportion of red cells produced, expanding the volume of active marrow, and releasing reticulocytes prematurely. Anaemia occurs only if the rate of destruction exceeds this increased production rate.
On hemolytic anemia (sorry the spelling of hemolytic is wrong everywhere), its classification, and esp in the inherited forms where there is defect in membrane cytoskeleton
In this presentation I've tried to summarize classification of hemolytic anemia and in depth review of rbc membrane disorders like hereditary spherocytosis, hereditary elliptocytosis, enzymopathies of hemolytic anemia like g6pd disorder, pyruvate kinase disorders, hemoglobinopathies related to hemolytic anemia like thalassemia, sickle cell anemia and especially pathophysiology and mechanism of hemolysis either extravascular or intravascular. Hope it helps you understand the entity better.
Haemolysis indicates that there is shortening of the normal red cell lifespan of 120 days. There are many causes.
To compensate, the bone marrow may increase its output of red cells six- to eightfold by increasing the proportion of red cells produced, expanding the volume of active marrow, and releasing reticulocytes prematurely. Anaemia occurs only if the rate of destruction exceeds this increased production rate.
On hemolytic anemia (sorry the spelling of hemolytic is wrong everywhere), its classification, and esp in the inherited forms where there is defect in membrane cytoskeleton
In this presentation I've tried to summarize classification of hemolytic anemia and in depth review of rbc membrane disorders like hereditary spherocytosis, hereditary elliptocytosis, enzymopathies of hemolytic anemia like g6pd disorder, pyruvate kinase disorders, hemoglobinopathies related to hemolytic anemia like thalassemia, sickle cell anemia and especially pathophysiology and mechanism of hemolysis either extravascular or intravascular. Hope it helps you understand the entity better.
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Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in patients with stable peripheral or carotid artery disease: an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
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As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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4. Normal hemoglobins are tetramers of two
α-like and two β-like globin polypeptide
chains.
α-like: 141 amino acids ( chromosome 16)
β-like: 146 amino acids ( chromosome 11)
5. CLASSIFICATION
Structural hemoglobinopathies : hemoglobins with
altered amino acid sequences eg HbS
Thalassemias : defective biosynthesis of globin chains
Thalassemic hemoglobin variants : structurally
abnormal Hb associated with co‐inherited thalassemic
phenotype
a) HbE,
b) Hb Constant Spring,
c) Hb Lepore
Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin
Acquired hemoglobinopathies
A. Methemoglobin
B. Sulfhemoglobin
C. Carboxyhemoglobin
D. HbH in erythroleukemia
6. SICKLE CELL DISEASE
SCD is an inherited chronic hemolytic anemia
whose clinical manifestations arises from
tendency of the hemoglobin to polymerize and
deform red cells into the circulation .
GENETICS
In 6th position in beta globin chain of
hemoglobin VALINE replaces the GLUTAMIC
ACID .
8. EFFECT OF SICKLE CELL
ON ERYTHROCYTE
A) Membrane damage leading to cellular
dehydration
B) Cells become adherent to vascular
endothelium
C) There will be both intravascular and extra
vascular hemolysis
D) There will be reduced ability of the red cells to
deform .
F) Finally there will be loss of response of vessel
to NO leading to thrombosis ultimately
9. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Clinical symptoms will vary among people with SCD.
Usually the symptoms are more severe in people with
HbSS or sickle thalassemia.
ANAEMIA
1) It mainly depends upon the underlying β – globulin
genotype.
2) the baseline hemoglobin will be comparatively low than
normal individuals .
3) patients with low HB are at high risk of developing stroke
and renal dysfunction.
4) patients with raised HB are at increased risk to develop
painful episode , AVN , Acute chest syndrome .
10. ANAEMIA CONT ….
5) boys are more anemic than female in first
decade , but in adults HB value falls in womens.
6) Gradual fall in HB value will be due to varied
causes , like
1) iron def , 2) folic acid / b12 def 3) CRF
7) An acute fall in HB may be due to
1) APLASTIC CRISIS
2) SPLENIC SEQUESTRATION.
11. ACUTE PAINFUL SYNDROME
1) It is the most frequent symptom which is
mainly due to vaso-occlusion.
2) more common in young adults than old age.
3) one third of SCD patients do not experience
acute painful syndrome.
4) cold , dehydration , infection , stress usually
precipitate the attack.
5) in children it presents as HAND-FOOT
SYNDOME ( dactylitis) due to bone infarction .
6) other areas are back , chest , extremity and
abdomen.
13. INFECTIONS
1) Early loss of splenic function leads to increased
risk of infection and sepsis.
2) pneumococcal infection is a serious problem in
SCD patients which may need prophylaxis and
vaccination.
3) Meningitis , pneumonia , osteomylitis , uti and
sepsis are common clinical spectrum.
NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS
1) TIA / STROKE / FOCAL SEIZURE are the
common clinical manifestation of SCD
2) precipitating factors are 1) low HB 2) high
TC 3) low HBF 4) high systolic BP.
14. 3) Angiography shows stenosis or complete
occlusion of vessels or even aneurysm formation
( MOYAMOYA DISEASE)
4) clinical features are weakness , coma , speech
disturbances , visual disturbances , headache
and even death.
5) SCD patients with neurological complaints has
to be evaluated with CT or MRI as needed .
6) Transcranial doppler ultrasound ( TCD) was
used as an effective tool in screening to detect
stenosis in asymptomatic patients.
15. PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS
1) ACUTE CHEST SYNDROME : presents with
dyspnea , hypoxia , fever , chest pain and
pulmonary infiltrates.
PATHOLOGY
vaso-occlusion , infection , embolization of bone
marrow .
TREATMENT includes – oxygen supplementation ,
incentive spirometry , antibiotics , brochodilators
persistant hypoxia may need exchange
transfusion and mechanical ventilation.
OTHER PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS
1) obstructive airway disease
2) pulmonary hypertension.
16. RENAL COMPLICATIONS.
1) papillary necrosis
2) Occlusion of vasa recta -
3) glomerulonephritis.
4) Hyposthenuria,
• PRIAPISM
• AVN
• LEG ULCERS
• BONE INFARCT .
17. SICKLE CELL TRAIT
HbS <50%, HbA >50%
Normal life span with very rare
complications.
Complications include sudden death during
exercise, splenic infarcts at high altitude,
hematuria, hyposthenuria, bacteriuria, renal
medullary carcinoma.
No restriction on activities.
18. DIAGNOSIS
PERIPHERAL SMEAR.
Sickle shaped or cigar shaped deformed rbc
average reticulocyte count is 10 %
platelet count and white blood count may also
be increased.
howell-jolly bodies may be present.
• HB ELECTROPHORESIS – diagnostic
shows HBS band ( cellulose acetate
electrophoresis)
19. SICKLING TEST : sickling of RBC can be
induced by adding a drop of blood with sodium
metabisulfite.
HPLC
PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS – Detection of GAC----
GTC MUTATION.
OTHERS –
1) ESR - reduced
2) Raised LDH
3) Reduced haptoglobin
20.
21. TREATMENT
PAIN MANAGEMENT - Specific therapy for
pain varies greatly but generally
includes the use of acetaminophen or a
non-steroidal agent early in the course
of pain, followed by escalation to
acetaminophen with codeine or a
short- or long-acting oral opioid.Some
patients require IV morphine
22. HYDROXYCARBAMIDE - Used in SCD patients
with severe clinical manifestations .
1)It increases the concentration of HBF.
2)Its use had effectively reduced the painful
episodes and acute chest syndrome.
3)Dose = 20 mg/kg / day to a max of
2000mg/day
INFECTIONS – Usually third generation
cephalosporins or high dose penicillins are used .
23. EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION - Severe acute
vaso-occlusive crisis , intractable pain , stroke ,
priapism and acute chest syndrome .
ALLOGENEIG HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL
TRANSPLANTATION is performed as a curative
procedure
Decitabine is used to improve HBF levels in
patients not responding to hydroxycarbamide .
24.
25. THALASSAEMIA are group of disorder with a
genetically determined reduction in the rate of
synthesis of one or more types of normal
hemoglobin polypeptide chain .
Thalassemia is an inherited autosomal recessive blood
disorder.
26. BETA THALASSAEMIAS
A genetic mutation in beta thalassaemia leads to
reduced production of beta chain with raised
alpha chain and decreased amount of HB A .
Beta globin synthesis is controlled by one
gene on each chromosome 11
27. • Alpha thalassemia is the result of deficient or absent
synthesis of alpha globin chains, leading to excess beta
globin chains.
•Alpha globin chain production is controlled by
two genes on each chromosome 16
Alpha Thalassemia
28. CLASSIFICATION OF THALASSAEMIAS
type Hb
g/dl
Hb‐Electrophoresis Clinical Syndrome
α‐ thalassaemias
Hydrops foetalis 3‐10 Hb Barts(γ4)100% Fatal in utero/early pregnency
Hb‐H disease 2‐12 HbF(10%) Hemolytic anaemia
α‐ thalassaemias 10‐14 N No anemia(RBC‐MH)
β‐ thalassaemias
β‐ thalassaemias major <5 HbA(0‐50%)
HbF(50‐98%)
Severe congenital HA/require BT
β‐ thalassaemias
intermedia
5‐10 Variable Severe anaemia
β‐ thalassaemias minor 10‐12 HbA2(4‐9%)
HbF(1‐5%)
Mostly asymtomatic
29. BETA THALASSAEMIA –
PATHOLOGY
In β-thalassemia, there is an excess of α-globin
chains relative to β and α- globin tetramers (α4)
are formed. These inclusions interact with the
red cell membrane and shorten red cell survival,
leading to anemia and increased erythroid
production.
The γ-globin chains are produced in increased
amounts, leading to an elevated Hb F (α2γ2).
30. • THALASSEMIA MINOR - heterozygous disorder
resulting in mild hypochromic, microcytic hemolytic
anemia.
• THALASSEMIA INTERMEDIA - Severity lies
between the minor and major.
• THALASSEMIA MAJOR - homozygous disorder
resulting in severe life long transfusion- dependent
hemolytic anemia.
31.
32. ALPHA THALASSAEMIA
Normal production of alpha chains is absent which
results in excess production of gamma- globin chains
in the fetus and newborn or beta- globin chains in
children and adults.
The β-globin chains are capable of forming
soluble tetramers (beta-4, or HbH)
This form of hemoglobin is still unstable and
precipitates within the cell, forming insoluble
inclusions called Heinz bodies
38. Use of RDW Values in the
Diagnosis of Thalassemia
Microcytic Anemia
Children 6 months ‐6 years of age:
MCV <70fl Children 7 to 12 years of
age: MCV <76fl
↓
RDW
↓ ↓
Normal Elevated (>15)
↓ ↓
Favors Thalassemia Ferritin level
↓ ↓
Normal(>100ng/mL) Low(<10ng/mL)
↓ ↓
Favors Thalassemia Favors Iron
Deficiency
anemia
40. TREATMENT
• Blood transfusion to maintain hematocrit
• Folate supplementation
• Avoid iron therapy
• Desferrioxamine for iron chelation
• Splenectomy
• Allogenic bone marrow transplantation
• Gene therapy
• Antenatal diagnosis of thalassemia syndromes is now
widely available.
• DNA diagnosis is based on PCR amplification of
fetal DNA, obtained by amniocentesis or chorionic
villus biopsy .
41. HAEMOGLOBIN E
It is mainly found in south east part of asia , india,
burma , srilanka .
GENETICS : 26th position in beta chain lysine or
glutamic acid .
TYPES
HbE trait , HbE disease
Patient are mostly asymptomatic , may have mild
jaundice with PS showing marked hypochromia ,
target cells and reduced MCV , MCH .
Patients usually have mild anaemia .
42. HAEMOGLOBIN D
Mostly found in north west india , pakistan and
iran.
It was originaly called as HbD LOS ANGLES
GENETICS : 121th position in beta chain
glutamine for glutamic acid .
HbD mobility in electrophoresis cellulose acetate
is identical as HbS .
HbD do not sickle .
43. ACQUIRED
HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES
METHAEMOGLOBINAEMIA
1) Excess accumulation of methaemoglobin in
red cell.
2) Methaemoglogin lacks capacity to carry
oxygen.
CAUSES :
1) Drugs ( sulphonamides , primaquine , nitrates ,
kcl.)
2) toxin exposure : nitrobenzene and aniline
CLINICAL FEATURES :
Cyanosis , headache , tachycardia , muscular
cramps , weakness ,
44. DIAGNOSIS
chocolate brown colour of blood .
spectroscopic identification of methaemoglobin .
usually clinical : cyanosis with no or little
dyspnea.
Treatment : to remove the cause .
methylene blue 2mg/kg in 1 % aqueous solution.
45. SULPHAEMOGLOBINAEMIA
Abnormal sulphur containing haemoglobin .
does not act as an oxygen carrier .
caused by ingestion of sulphur containing
drugs.
it is irreversible .
clinical feature : cyanosis.
diagnosis : spectroscopy