Presentation given by Muneeb Iqbal, Adnan, Dr Owais, Shahid Naved ,Ali Shah & Haris Vakeel on "New Product Development & Pricing Strategies" (of Marketing Mix/4 P's) to Sir.Nouman Ashraf in the course of "Principles of Marketing" at Hamdar University City Campus (HIMS).
References:
Principles of Marketing, 12 th edition, Phillip Kotler & Gary Armstrong.
New-Product Pricing Strategies
Product Mix Pricing Strategies
Price Adjustment Strategies
Price Changes
Market-skimming pricing is a strategy with high initial prices to “skim” revenue layers from the market
Product quality and image must support the price
Buyers must want the product at the price
Costs of producing the product in small volume should not cancel the advantage of higher prices
Competitors should not be able to enter the market easily
Market-penetration pricing sets a low initial price in order to penetrate the market quickly and deeply to attract a large number of buyers quickly to gain market share
Price-sensitive market
Inverse relationship of production and distribution cost to sales growth
Low prices must keep competition out of the market
A product can be anything that can be offered to the market to satisfy a want or a need.
This article describes the Five Product Levels of Philip Kotler, including examples and a template. After reading you will understand the basics of this powerful product marketing tool. In this article you can also download a free Five Product Levels template.
Ansoff's Matrix is a classic model of marketing and business strategy that business students can use very effectively in their exams. This revision presentation outlines the key features of the model.
New-Product Pricing Strategies
Product Mix Pricing Strategies
Price Adjustment Strategies
Price Changes
Market-skimming pricing is a strategy with high initial prices to “skim” revenue layers from the market
Product quality and image must support the price
Buyers must want the product at the price
Costs of producing the product in small volume should not cancel the advantage of higher prices
Competitors should not be able to enter the market easily
Market-penetration pricing sets a low initial price in order to penetrate the market quickly and deeply to attract a large number of buyers quickly to gain market share
Price-sensitive market
Inverse relationship of production and distribution cost to sales growth
Low prices must keep competition out of the market
A product can be anything that can be offered to the market to satisfy a want or a need.
This article describes the Five Product Levels of Philip Kotler, including examples and a template. After reading you will understand the basics of this powerful product marketing tool. In this article you can also download a free Five Product Levels template.
Ansoff's Matrix is a classic model of marketing and business strategy that business students can use very effectively in their exams. This revision presentation outlines the key features of the model.
Slides Aditya Bhelande recently used in his discussion w/ mentees of The Product Mentor.
The Product Mentor is a program designed to pair Product Mentors and Mentees from around the World, across all industries, from start-up to enterprise, guided by the fundamental goals…Better Decisions. Better Products. Better Product People.
Throughout the program, each mentor leads a conversation in an area of their expertise that is live streamed and available to both mentee and the broader product community.
http://TheProductMentor.com
This presentation helps the beginner to build insight about the 2P's (Price & Product) out of the 4 Marketing P's (which are Product, Price, Place, & Promotion)
What is Pricing Strategy and what are the objectives and factors affecting the Pricing Strategy.
There are Certain types of Pricing Strategies as well. Each and every strategy has its own affect on the product and services offered by an organization.
this is ppt presentation on product management . it covers features of product ,product levels ,product classification ,product mix and product life cycle stratagies
This is my presentation in Business Ethics Class at Sampoerna University. This presentation is about Toyota Product Safety and Pricing.
Slide: PowerPoint 2013
Design by: Hedi Fauzi
Image: Google Image and Freepik
If you need the original file for your reference, feel free to ask me via email: hedi.fauzi@hotmail.com with subject [SlideShare] (Your Subject)
Slides Aditya Bhelande recently used in his discussion w/ mentees of The Product Mentor.
The Product Mentor is a program designed to pair Product Mentors and Mentees from around the World, across all industries, from start-up to enterprise, guided by the fundamental goals…Better Decisions. Better Products. Better Product People.
Throughout the program, each mentor leads a conversation in an area of their expertise that is live streamed and available to both mentee and the broader product community.
http://TheProductMentor.com
This presentation helps the beginner to build insight about the 2P's (Price & Product) out of the 4 Marketing P's (which are Product, Price, Place, & Promotion)
What is Pricing Strategy and what are the objectives and factors affecting the Pricing Strategy.
There are Certain types of Pricing Strategies as well. Each and every strategy has its own affect on the product and services offered by an organization.
this is ppt presentation on product management . it covers features of product ,product levels ,product classification ,product mix and product life cycle stratagies
This is my presentation in Business Ethics Class at Sampoerna University. This presentation is about Toyota Product Safety and Pricing.
Slide: PowerPoint 2013
Design by: Hedi Fauzi
Image: Google Image and Freepik
If you need the original file for your reference, feel free to ask me via email: hedi.fauzi@hotmail.com with subject [SlideShare] (Your Subject)
Product line,Product MIX,Product line pricing,
Product line pricing refers to the practice of reviewing and setting prices for multiple products in coordination with one another.)
It is the process that retailers use to separate goods into various cost categories creating different quality levels in the minds of their customers.
Product line pricing is more effective when there are ample price gaps between each category so that the consumer is well informed of the quality differentials.
Pricing different products within the same product range at different price points.
The greater the features and the benefit obtained the greater the consumer will pay. This form of price discrimination assists the company in maximizing turnover and profits.
Ex: Samsung offering different smart phones with different features at different prices.
This strategy is used for setting the price for entire product line.
In many companies now days develop product line instead of a single product so product line pricing is setting the price on the basis of cost difference between different products in a product line.
Marketer also keeps in mind the customer evolution of different features and also competitive prices.
An extensive product portfolio analysis on market requirements for developing, launching and positioning new products with a comparative case study for Porsche and Ferrari in branding strategies according to market opportunities and threats of luxury automotive industry in Europe.
Alex Smith "Cost Effective Product Development"Jane Lambert
Alex Smith's presentation to Leeds Inventors Group on 16 Nov 2011. Alex is a product design consultant, a director of TRIG Creative and a visiting lecturer at Huddersfield University and Leeds Met.
[DSC Europe 23] Philipe Reinisch - Why new products still fail. Unlocking the...DataScienceConferenc1
This engaging talk will explore the paradox of new product failure in the AI era. We will delve into the transformative impact of AI on sales and marketing, highlighting the shift towards customer-centric design and AI-driven strategies. The discussion will encompass the role of AI in e.g., predictive analytics or audience segmentation and the role of human communities for product success. We will also examine how AI enhances customer-centric design in sales funnels, leading to hyper-personalized content and offerings. The talk concludes with a look at future trends, emphasizing the continued importance of human-centric design while pushing AI integration in the post-human era.
Robert Kirschbaum (DSM) - The balancing act between radical and incremental i...Anis Bedda
Robert Kirschbaum (DSM)
Title: The balancing act between radical and incremental innovation (and the role of intrapreneurs)
Intrapreneurship Conference 2014
www.intrapreneurshipconference.com
#Intracnf14
Initial Training Program of Newly Inducted Medical Sales Representatives (MIE) of Business Unit - Gynae & Fertility conducted from December 04 till December 14 2017 at Ramada Plaza Hotel.
Presentation given on "Ethical Standards in Business Organizations" to Sir. Abuzar Wajidy by Syed Ahmed Owais in course "Strategic Management" at Hamdard University City Campus, (HIMS).
References:
Management, 8 th edition, John R.Schermer Horn.
Strategic Management Concepts & Cases, 12 th edition, Fred R David.
Presentation given on "Inter Cultural Communication" to Sir.Khursheed Mohammed Khan in the course of "Seminar in Business Communication" at Hamdard University City Campus (HIMS).
References:
Essentials of Business Communication, 5 th edition, Guffey.
Effective Business Communication, 7 th edition, Murphy.
Presentation given by Ahmed Ali, Saeed Akhtar, Mirza Nadeem Baig & Dr. Owais on "Telenor" to Sir.Rana Idrees in the course of "Consumer Behaviour" at Hamdard University City Campus (HIMS).
References:
Consumer Behavior Concepts and Applications, 4 th edition, David L.Loudon & Albert J Della Bi.
Telenor Pakistan website.
Presentation given by Mohsin H. Alqamari, Farzan Nazeer, Syed Ahmed Owais on Habib Bank (HBL) to Miss.Tayyaba Hussani in the course "Human Resource Management" at Hamdard University City Campus (HIMS).
References:
Human Resource Management, 7 th edition, David A Decenzo, Stephen P Robbins.
Human Resource In charge - RHQ Karachi Region North, Mr. Mumtaz Ali Zaidi.
Presentation given by Mohsin H. Alqamari, Farzan Hasan Nazeer, Muneeb Iqbal, Syed Ahmed Owais, Aamir Thobhani, Adnan Hasni on Launching Nestle Nescafe Tea to Sir Iftiqar Munir in the course of "Marketing Management" at Hamdard University City Campus (HIMS).
Reference:
Marketing Management, 11 th edition, Phillip Kotler.
Nestle website.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. Muneeb IqbalMuneeb Iqbal
AdnanAdnan
Dr OwaisDr Owais
Shahid NavedShahid NavedShahid NavedShahid Naved
Ali ShahAli Shah
Haris VakeelHaris Vakeel
2007 - 2010 2Hamdard University Students
5. DefinitionDefinition
Development of original products,
product improvements, product
modification, and new brandsmodification, and new brands
through the firms own R&D efforts.
2007 - 2010 5Hamdard University Students
6. New Product DevelopmentNew Product Development
New Products can be obtained viaNew Products can be obtained via
acquisition or developmentacquisition or development
New products suffer from high failureNew products suffer from high failureNew products suffer from high failureNew products suffer from high failure
ratesrates
Several reasons account for failureSeveral reasons account for failure
2007 - 2010 6Hamdard University Students
7. New Product DevelopmentNew Product Development
ImprovingImproving andand updatingupdating
productproduct lineslines isis crucialcrucial forfor thethe
successsuccess forfor anyany organizationorganization..successsuccess forfor anyany organizationorganization..
SWOTSWOT AnalysisAnalysis..
2007 - 2010 7Hamdard University Students
8. New Product DevelopmentNew Product Development
FailureFailure forfor anan organizationorganization
toto changechange couldcould resultresult inin aa
declinedecline inin salessales andand withwithdeclinedecline inin salessales andand withwith
competitorscompetitors racingracing aheadahead..
2007 - 2010 8Hamdard University Students
9. New Product DevelopmentNew Product Development
ProductsProducts gogo throughthrough thethe
stagesstages ofof theirtheir lifecyclelifecyclestagesstages ofof theirtheir lifecyclelifecycle
andand willwill eventuallyeventually havehave
toto bebe replacedreplaced..
2007 - 2010 9Hamdard University Students
10. New Product DevelopmentNew Product Development
TheThe EIGHTEIGHTTheThe EIGHTEIGHT
StagesStages
2007 - 2010 10Hamdard University Students
11. New Product DevelopmentNew Product Development
Idea generationIdea generation
Idea ScreeningIdea Screening
ConceptConcept
Development andDevelopment and
Business AnalysisBusiness Analysis
Product DevelopmentProduct Development
Test MarketingTest Marketing
CommercializationCommercializationDevelopment andDevelopment and
TestingTesting
Marketing StrategyMarketing Strategy
and Developmentand Development
CommercializationCommercialization
2007 - 2010 11Hamdard University Students
13. Idea generation sourcesIdea generation sources
Intelligence & Creativity.Intelligence & Creativity.
Within the company i.e. employees.Within the company i.e. employees.Within the company i.e. employees.Within the company i.e. employees.
Competitors.Competitors.
Customers.Customers.
Distributors, Suppliers and others.Distributors, Suppliers and others.
2007 - 2010 13Hamdard University Students
15. Stage 3Stage 3..Concept Development andConcept Development and
TestingTesting
TheThe organizationorganization maymay havehave
comecome acrossacross whatwhat theythey believebelievecomecome acrossacross whatwhat theythey believebelieve
toto bebe aa feasiblefeasible idea,idea, however,however,
thethe ideaidea needsneeds toto bebe takentaken toto thethe
targettarget audienceaudience..
2007 - 2010 15Hamdard University Students
16. Concept Development andConcept Development and
TestingTesting
What do they think about the idea?What do they think about the idea?
Will it be practical and feasible?Will it be practical and feasible?Will it be practical and feasible?Will it be practical and feasible?
Will it offer the benefit that theWill it offer the benefit that the
organization hopes it will?organization hopes it will?
Have they overlooked certainHave they overlooked certain
issues?issues?
2007 - 2010 16Hamdard University Students
26. Penetration PricingPenetration Pricing
Price set to ‘penetrate the market’Price set to ‘penetrate the market’
‘Low’ price to secure high volumes‘Low’ price to secure high volumes
Typical in mass market productsTypical in mass market products –– chocolatechocolate
bars, food stuffs, household goods, etc.bars, food stuffs, household goods, etc.bars, food stuffs, household goods, etc.bars, food stuffs, household goods, etc.
Suitable for products with long anticipated lifeSuitable for products with long anticipated life
cyclescycles
May be useful if launching into a new marketMay be useful if launching into a new market
2007 - 2010 26Hamdard University Students
28. Market SkimmingMarket Skimming
High price, Low volumesHigh price, Low volumes
Skim the profit from theSkim the profit from the
marketmarket
Suitable for products thatSuitable for products that
have short life cycles orhave short life cycles orhave short life cycles orhave short life cycles or
which will face competitionwhich will face competition
at some point in the futureat some point in the future
(e.g. after a patent runs out)(e.g. after a patent runs out)
Examples include:Examples include:
Playstation, jewellery, digitalPlaystation, jewellery, digital
technology, new DVDs, etc.technology, new DVDs, etc.
Plasma screens: Currently at
high prices but for how long?
2007 - 2010 28Hamdard University Students
29. Product mixProduct mix
PricingPricing
Strategy for setting a product’s price changesStrategy for setting a product’s price changes
when the product is a part of product mixwhen the product is a part of product mix
Five product mix pricing situationsFive product mix pricing situations
1.1. Product line pricingProduct line pricing
2.2. Optional product pricingOptional product pricing
3.3. Captive product pricingCaptive product pricing
4.4. ByBy--product pricingproduct pricing
5.5. Product bundle pricingProduct bundle pricing
2007 - 2010 29Hamdard University Students
30. Product LineProduct Line
PricingPricing
Companies usually develop product linesCompanies usually develop product lines
rather than single productrather than single product
It is setting price steps between productIt is setting price steps between product
line itemsline itemsline itemsline items
For example Sony offers not just one typeFor example Sony offers not just one type
of television but several lines of televisionsof television but several lines of televisions
each containing many modelseach containing many models
Thus men’s clothing stores might carryThus men’s clothing stores might carry
men’s suits at three price levelsmen’s suits at three price levels
2007 - 2010 30Hamdard University Students
31. Optional ProductOptional Product
PricingPricing
Offering to sell optional or accessoryOffering to sell optional or accessory
products along with their main productproducts along with their main product
For example a car buyer may choose toFor example a car buyer may choose toFor example a car buyer may choose toFor example a car buyer may choose to
order power windows cruise control, and aorder power windows cruise control, and a
CD changer.CD changer.
2007 - 2010 31Hamdard University Students
32. Captive ProductCaptive Product
PricingPricing
Companies that make product that must be usedCompanies that make product that must be used
along with the main product are using Captivealong with the main product are using Captive
Product Pricing.Product Pricing.
For Example: HFor Example: H--P makes very low margin on itsP makes very low margin on its
printers but very high margin on printer cartridgesprinters but very high margin on printer cartridgesprinters but very high margin on printer cartridgesprinters but very high margin on printer cartridges
and other supplies.and other supplies.
In case of services this strategy is called twoIn case of services this strategy is called two--partpart
pricing. the price of the service is broken into a fixedpricing. the price of the service is broken into a fixed
fee plus a variable usage rate.fee plus a variable usage rate.
Thus a telephone company charges a monthly rateThus a telephone company charges a monthly rate
(the fixed fee) plus charges for calls beyond some(the fixed fee) plus charges for calls beyond some
minimum numbersminimum numbers
2007 - 2010 32Hamdard University Students
33. ByBy--ProductProduct
PricingPricing
Setting a price for By Products in order toSetting a price for By Products in order to
make the main product price moremake the main product price more
competitive.competitive.competitive.competitive.
2007 - 2010 33Hamdard University Students
35. Product BundleProduct Bundle
PricingPricing
Sellers often combines several of theirSellers often combines several of their
products and offer the bundle at a reducedproducts and offer the bundle at a reduced
price.price.
Price bundling can promote the sale ofPrice bundling can promote the sale ofPrice bundling can promote the sale ofPrice bundling can promote the sale of
products consumers might not otherwise buy,products consumers might not otherwise buy,
but the combine price may be low enough tobut the combine price may be low enough to
get them to buy the bundle.get them to buy the bundle.
Thus theatres and sports teams sell seasonThus theatres and sports teams sell season
tickets at less than the cost of single tickets.tickets at less than the cost of single tickets.
2007 - 2010 35Hamdard University Students
37. Value PricingValue Pricing
Price set in accordancePrice set in accordance
with customerwith customer
perceptions about theperceptions about the
value of thevalue of the
product/serviceproduct/serviceproduct/serviceproduct/service
Examples include statusExamples include status
products/exclusiveproducts/exclusive
productsproducts Companies may be able to set prices
according to perceived value.
2007 - 2010 37Hamdard University Students
39. Segmented PricingSegmented Pricing
In segmented pricing, the company sells aIn segmented pricing, the company sells a
product or service at two ore more prices evenproduct or service at two ore more prices even
though the difference in prices is not basedthough the difference in prices is not based
on difference in cost.on difference in cost.
1.1. Customer Segment Pricing.Customer Segment Pricing.
2.2. Product Form Pricing.Product Form Pricing.
3.3. Location Pricing.Location Pricing.
4.4. Time Pricing.Time Pricing.
2007 - 2010 39Hamdard University Students
40. Customer Segment Pricing :Customer Segment Pricing :
Different customers pay different prices for the sameDifferent customers pay different prices for the same
product or services.product or services.
For Example: Museums charge different fee forFor Example: Museums charge different fee for
students and senior citizens.students and senior citizens.
Product Form Pricing :Product Form Pricing :Product Form Pricing :Product Form Pricing :
Different version of the products are pricedDifferent version of the products are priced
differently but not according to difference in theirdifferently but not according to difference in their
costs.costs.
For Instance, Black & Decker prices its mostFor Instance, Black & Decker prices its most
expensive iron at $54.98 which is $12 more than theexpensive iron at $54.98 which is $12 more than the
price of its next most expensive iron.price of its next most expensive iron.
2007 - 2010 40Hamdard University Students
41. Location Pricing :Location Pricing :
Company charges different prices for differentCompany charges different prices for different
locations even though the cost of offering eachlocations even though the cost of offering each
location is the same.location is the same.
For Instance Theatres varies their seat prices becauseFor Instance Theatres varies their seat prices because
of audience preferences for certain locations.of audience preferences for certain locations.
Time Pricing :Time Pricing :
A firm varies its price by the season, the month, the day, andA firm varies its price by the season, the month, the day, and
even the hour. Public utilities vary their prices to commercialeven the hour. Public utilities vary their prices to commercial
users by time of day and weekend versus weekdays.users by time of day and weekend versus weekdays.
For Instance: the telephone company offers lower offFor Instance: the telephone company offers lower off--peakpeak
charges, and resorts give seasonal discounts.charges, and resorts give seasonal discounts.
2007 - 2010 41Hamdard University Students
42. Geographic PricingGeographic Pricing
FOB PricingFOB Pricing
Uniform Delivery PricingUniform Delivery Pricing
Zone PricingZone Pricing
Reference Base PricingReference Base PricingReference Base PricingReference Base Pricing
Freight Absorption PricingFreight Absorption Pricing
2007 - 2010 42Hamdard University Students
46. Psychological PricingPsychological Pricing
Used to play on consumer perceptionsUsed to play on consumer perceptions
Classic exampleClassic example -- £9.99 instead of £10.99!£9.99 instead of £10.99!
Links with value pricingLinks with value pricing –– high value goodshigh value goods
priced according to what consumers THINKpriced according to what consumers THINKpriced according to what consumers THINKpriced according to what consumers THINK
should be the priceshould be the price
2007 - 2010 46Hamdard University Students
48. Loss LeaderLoss Leader
Goods/services deliberately sold below cost toGoods/services deliberately sold below cost to
encourage sales elsewhereencourage sales elsewhere
Typical in supermarkets, e.g. at Ramadan, sellingTypical in supermarkets, e.g. at Ramadan, selling
bottles Pepesi of 2 liter at Rs. 20 in the hope thatbottles Pepesi of 2 liter at Rs. 20 in the hope thatbottles Pepesi of 2 liter at Rs. 20 in the hope thatbottles Pepesi of 2 liter at Rs. 20 in the hope that
people will be attracted to the store and buypeople will be attracted to the store and buy
other thingsother things
Purchases of other items more than covers ‘loss’Purchases of other items more than covers ‘loss’
on item soldon item sold
e.g. ‘Free’ mobile phone when taking one.g. ‘Free’ mobile phone when taking on
contract packagecontract package2007 - 2010 48Hamdard University Students
49. Promotional PricingPromotional Pricing
Special event PricingSpecial event Pricing
Cash rebateCash rebate
Low intrest FinancingLow intrest Financing
Long Warranty/Free MaintanceLong Warranty/Free MaintanceLong Warranty/Free MaintanceLong Warranty/Free Maintance
DiscountDiscount
2007 - 2010 49Hamdard University Students
52. Going Rate (Price Leadership)Going Rate (Price Leadership)
2007 - 2010 52Hamdard University Students
53. Going Rate (Price Leadership)Going Rate (Price Leadership)
In case of price leader, rivals haveIn case of price leader, rivals have
difficulty in competing on pricedifficulty in competing on price –– too hightoo high
and they lose market share, too low andand they lose market share, too low and
the price leader would match price andthe price leader would match price and
force smaller rival out of marketforce smaller rival out of market
May follow pricing leads of rivals especiallyMay follow pricing leads of rivals especiallyMay follow pricing leads of rivals especiallyMay follow pricing leads of rivals especially
where those rivals have a clear dominancewhere those rivals have a clear dominance
of market shareof market share
Where competition is limited, ‘going rate’Where competition is limited, ‘going rate’
pricing may be applicablepricing may be applicable –– banks, petrol,banks, petrol,
supermarkets, electrical goodssupermarkets, electrical goods –– find veryfind very
similar prices in all outletssimilar prices in all outlets
2007 - 2010 53Hamdard University Students
55. Tender PricingTender Pricing
Many contracts awardedMany contracts awarded
on a tender basison a tender basis
Firm (or firms) submitFirm (or firms) submit
their price for carryingtheir price for carrying
A European consortium led by Airbus
recently won a contract to supply
refuelling services to the RAF – priced
at £13 billion!
their price for carryingtheir price for carrying
out the workout the work
Purchaser then choosesPurchaser then chooses
which represents bestwhich represents best
valuevalue
Mostly done in secretMostly done in secret
2007 - 2010 55Hamdard University Students
57. Price DiscriminationPrice Discrimination
Charging a differentCharging a different
price for the sameprice for the same
good/service in differentgood/service in different
marketsmarkets
Prices for rail travel differ for the same
journey at different times of the day
Requires each market toRequires each market to
be impenetrablebe impenetrable
Requires different priceRequires different price
elasticity of demand inelasticity of demand in
each marketeach market
2007 - 2010 57Hamdard University Students
59. Destroyer Pricing/PredatoryDestroyer Pricing/Predatory
PricingPricing
Deliberate price cuttingDeliberate price cutting
or offer of ‘freeor offer of ‘free
gifts/products’ to forcegifts/products’ to force
rivals (normally smallerrivals (normally smaller
and weaker) out ofand weaker) out of
Microsoft – have been accused of predatory
pricing strategies in offering ‘free’ software as
part of their operating system – Internet
Explorer and Windows Media Player - forcing
competitors like Netscape and Real Player out
of the market.
and weaker) out ofand weaker) out of
business or prevent newbusiness or prevent new
entrantsentrants
AntiAnti--competitive andcompetitive and
illegal if it can be provedillegal if it can be proved
2007 - 2010 59Hamdard University Students
61. Full Cost PricingFull Cost Pricing –– attempting to set price toattempting to set price to
cover both fixed and variable costscover both fixed and variable costs
Absorption Cost PricingAbsorption Cost Pricing –– Price set to ‘absorb’Price set to ‘absorb’
some of the fixed costs of productionsome of the fixed costs of production
Absorption/Full Cost PricingAbsorption/Full Cost Pricing
some of the fixed costs of productionsome of the fixed costs of production
2007 - 2010 61Hamdard University Students
63. Marginal costMarginal cost –– the cost of producing ONEthe cost of producing ONE
extra or ONE fewer item of productionextra or ONE fewer item of production
MC pricingMC pricing –– allows flexibilityallows flexibility
Particularly relevant in transport where fixedParticularly relevant in transport where fixed
costs may be relatively highcosts may be relatively high
Marginal Cost PricingMarginal Cost Pricing
costs may be relatively highcosts may be relatively high
Allows variable pricing structureAllows variable pricing structure –– e.g. on ae.g. on a
flight from London to New Yorkflight from London to New York –– providingproviding
the cost of the extra passenger is covered, thethe cost of the extra passenger is covered, the
price could be varied a good deal to attractprice could be varied a good deal to attract
customers and fill the aircraftcustomers and fill the aircraft
2007 - 2010 63Hamdard University Students
64. Marginal Cost PricingMarginal Cost Pricing
•Example:
Aircraft flying from Bristol to EdinburghAircraft flying from Bristol to Edinburgh –– Total Cost (including normalTotal Cost (including normal
profit) = £15,000 of which £13,000 is fixed cost*profit) = £15,000 of which £13,000 is fixed cost*
Number of seats = 160, average price = £93.75Number of seats = 160, average price = £93.75
MC of each passenger = 2000/160 = £12.50MC of each passenger = 2000/160 = £12.50
If flight not full, better to offer passengers chance of flying at £12.50 and fillIf flight not full, better to offer passengers chance of flying at £12.50 and fill
the seat than not fill it at all!the seat than not fill it at all!
*All figures are estimates only*All figures are estimates only
2007 - 2010 64Hamdard University Students
66. Contribution = Selling PriceContribution = Selling Price –– VariableVariable
(direct costs)(direct costs)
Prices set to ensure coverage of variablePrices set to ensure coverage of variable
costs and a ‘contribution’ to the fixed costscosts and a ‘contribution’ to the fixed costs
Contribution PricingContribution Pricing
costs and a ‘contribution’ to the fixed costscosts and a ‘contribution’ to the fixed costs
Similar in principle to marginal cost pricingSimilar in principle to marginal cost pricing
BreakBreak--even analysis might be useful in sucheven analysis might be useful in such
circumstancescircumstances
2007 - 2010 66Hamdard University Students
68. Setting price to ‘target’ a specified profit levelSetting price to ‘target’ a specified profit level
Estimates of the cost and potential revenue atEstimates of the cost and potential revenue at
different prices, and thus the breakdifferent prices, and thus the break--even have toeven have to
be made, to determine the markbe made, to determine the mark--upup
Target PricingTarget Pricing
be made, to determine the markbe made, to determine the mark--upup
MarkMark--up = Profit/Cost x 100up = Profit/Cost x 100
2007 - 2010 68Hamdard University Students
70. Calculation of the average cost (AC) plus a markCalculation of the average cost (AC) plus a mark
upup
AC = Total Cost/OutputAC = Total Cost/Output
CostCost--Plus PricingPlus Pricing
2007 - 2010 70Hamdard University Students
72. Any pricing decision must be mindful ofAny pricing decision must be mindful of
the impact of price elasticitythe impact of price elasticity
The degree of price elasticity impacts onThe degree of price elasticity impacts on
the level of sales and hence revenuethe level of sales and hence revenue
Influence of ElasticityInfluence of Elasticity
the level of sales and hence revenuethe level of sales and hence revenue
Elasticity focuses on proportionateElasticity focuses on proportionate
(percentage) changes(percentage) changes
PED = % Change in QuantityPED = % Change in Quantity
demanded/% Change in Pricedemanded/% Change in Price
2007 - 2010 72Hamdard University Students
73. Price Inelastic:Price Inelastic:
% change in Q < % change in P% change in Q < % change in P
e.g.e.g. a 5% increase in price would be met by aa 5% increase in price would be met by a
fall in sales of something less than 5%fall in sales of something less than 5%
Influence of ElasticityInfluence of Elasticity
fall in sales of something less than 5%fall in sales of something less than 5%
Revenue would riseRevenue would rise
A 7% reduction in price would lead to a rise inA 7% reduction in price would lead to a rise in
sales of something less than 7%sales of something less than 7%
Revenue would fallRevenue would fall
2007 - 2010 73Hamdard University Students
74. Price Elastic:Price Elastic:
% change in quantity demanded > % change in% change in quantity demanded > % change in
priceprice
e.g.e.g. A 4% rise in price would lead to sales fallingA 4% rise in price would lead to sales falling
Influence of ElasticityInfluence of Elasticity
e.g.e.g. A 4% rise in price would lead to sales fallingA 4% rise in price would lead to sales falling
by something more than 4%by something more than 4%
Revenue would fallRevenue would fall
A 9% fall in price would lead to a rise in sales ofA 9% fall in price would lead to a rise in sales of
something more than 9%something more than 9%
Revenue would riseRevenue would rise
2007 - 2010 74Hamdard University Students