This document describes a new grafting method for propagating seedless watermelon plants. The method involves grafting cuttings from seedless watermelon scions onto rootstocks of different gourd varieties, including bottle gourd, pumpkin, and squash. The grafted plants showed increased growth, yields, fruit characteristics, and sugar content compared to seedless watermelon grown without grafting. The new grafting technique could help reduce the high costs of producing seedless watermelon in Egypt by providing a means of asexual propagation to minimize the need for expensive hybrid seeds.
This document discusses propagation of plants through grafting and budding. It describes reasons for using grafting and budding such as propagating plants that do not root easily from cuttings, changing cultivars, and repairing damaged plants. Key terms used in grafting and budding like scion, stock, and callus are defined. Factors that affect the success of grafting and budding are discussed, including the appropriate time of year, compatibility of the stock and scion, temperature, age of plant parts used, and care of grafted plants. Various grafting and budding methods are described along with tools and materials needed and handling of scion material.
Grafting is an ancient asexual propagation technique where the rootstock and scion from two plants are joined together to form a single plant. The production of grafted vegetable plants first began in Japan and Korea in the late 1920s with watermelons grafted onto pumpkin rootstocks. Now common in parts of Asia, Europe and the Middle East, grafting is used to improve traits like disease tolerance, abiotic stress resistance, and yield in important vegetable crops. Modern grafting methods include hole insertion grafting, tongue approach grafting and cleft grafting. Healing chambers are used to promote graft union formation and robotic grafting systems can produce hundreds of grafted plants per hour.
The document discusses different methods of propagating grapevines, including sexual reproduction using seeds, asexual reproduction using cuttings and tissue culture. It focuses on grafting as the primary method, explaining the terminology, biology, and different types of grafting such as cleft and bench grafting. Grafting is necessary to combine desirable varieties with rootstocks that are resistant to diseases like phylloxera. The document provides details on grafting material, environmental conditions needed for successful grafting, and the grafting process.
This document discusses research advances in grafting and propagation techniques for vegetables. It begins by explaining what grafting is and its benefits, such as improved yield, stress tolerance, and production in non-traditional areas. Various grafting methods are described, and case studies of grafting for crops like tomato, cucumber, and cucurbit vegetables in India are provided. The history and current status of vegetable grafting are reviewed. The document also discusses specific benefits like increased resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, improved growth, nutrient uptake and yield, and enhanced fruit quality.
This document provides information on vegetative propagation techniques for perennial crops. It was produced by Roots of Peace for extension agents, farmers, and teachers in Afghanistan. The document defines two main categories of vegetative propagation - rooting and graftage. Under rooting, it describes techniques like stock division, layering, and root cuttings. Under graftage, it details budding methods like T-budding and grafting methods like whip grafting and cleft grafting. Tables list common plants propagated through different rooting and graftage options. The document aims to support perennial crop development in eastern Afghanistan.
1. The document discusses various methods of plant propagation including sexual propagation through seeds and asexual propagation through vegetative methods like stem cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding.
2. Sexual propagation involves multiplying plants using seeds which has advantages like producing hardier plants but disadvantages like offspring not being true-to-type.
3. Asexual propagation methods like stem cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding allow for true-to-type reproduction and are used when seeds are not viable options.
4. Specific techniques for each method are described including rooting stem cuttings, layering branches in the soil, grafting using approaches like wedge grafting, and b
Grafting overview for vegetable crops acornorganic
Grafting vegetable plants can provide benefits like increased disease resistance, vigor, and yields. While commonly used for tomatoes, grafting is not as widely applied to other crops. Grafting separates the scion and rootstock, allowing plant breeders to focus on different goals for each. Rootstocks often use interspecific hybridization to provide benefits to the scion like stronger roots. Potential downsides include increased costs and labor. The document then provides an overview of the grafting process and different grafting techniques for solanaceous and cucurbit crops.
different grafting methods in minor fruit crops urvashiboricha
This document discusses various grafting methods used in propagation of different fruit crops like persimmon, aonla, avocado, rambutan, passionfruit, jamun, woodapple and jackfruit. For persimmon, tongue and wedge grafting using tools in April gave highest results. For aonla, softwood grafting in January had highest success. Budding and grafting are used for avocado propagation. For passionfruit, grafting in June using 25cm scion length at 10cm height gave maximum success. For jamun, softwood grafting in March was most successful. For woodapple, grafting on 8 month old rootstock performed best. For jackfruit, epicotyl
This document discusses propagation of plants through grafting and budding. It describes reasons for using grafting and budding such as propagating plants that do not root easily from cuttings, changing cultivars, and repairing damaged plants. Key terms used in grafting and budding like scion, stock, and callus are defined. Factors that affect the success of grafting and budding are discussed, including the appropriate time of year, compatibility of the stock and scion, temperature, age of plant parts used, and care of grafted plants. Various grafting and budding methods are described along with tools and materials needed and handling of scion material.
Grafting is an ancient asexual propagation technique where the rootstock and scion from two plants are joined together to form a single plant. The production of grafted vegetable plants first began in Japan and Korea in the late 1920s with watermelons grafted onto pumpkin rootstocks. Now common in parts of Asia, Europe and the Middle East, grafting is used to improve traits like disease tolerance, abiotic stress resistance, and yield in important vegetable crops. Modern grafting methods include hole insertion grafting, tongue approach grafting and cleft grafting. Healing chambers are used to promote graft union formation and robotic grafting systems can produce hundreds of grafted plants per hour.
The document discusses different methods of propagating grapevines, including sexual reproduction using seeds, asexual reproduction using cuttings and tissue culture. It focuses on grafting as the primary method, explaining the terminology, biology, and different types of grafting such as cleft and bench grafting. Grafting is necessary to combine desirable varieties with rootstocks that are resistant to diseases like phylloxera. The document provides details on grafting material, environmental conditions needed for successful grafting, and the grafting process.
This document discusses research advances in grafting and propagation techniques for vegetables. It begins by explaining what grafting is and its benefits, such as improved yield, stress tolerance, and production in non-traditional areas. Various grafting methods are described, and case studies of grafting for crops like tomato, cucumber, and cucurbit vegetables in India are provided. The history and current status of vegetable grafting are reviewed. The document also discusses specific benefits like increased resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, improved growth, nutrient uptake and yield, and enhanced fruit quality.
This document provides information on vegetative propagation techniques for perennial crops. It was produced by Roots of Peace for extension agents, farmers, and teachers in Afghanistan. The document defines two main categories of vegetative propagation - rooting and graftage. Under rooting, it describes techniques like stock division, layering, and root cuttings. Under graftage, it details budding methods like T-budding and grafting methods like whip grafting and cleft grafting. Tables list common plants propagated through different rooting and graftage options. The document aims to support perennial crop development in eastern Afghanistan.
1. The document discusses various methods of plant propagation including sexual propagation through seeds and asexual propagation through vegetative methods like stem cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding.
2. Sexual propagation involves multiplying plants using seeds which has advantages like producing hardier plants but disadvantages like offspring not being true-to-type.
3. Asexual propagation methods like stem cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding allow for true-to-type reproduction and are used when seeds are not viable options.
4. Specific techniques for each method are described including rooting stem cuttings, layering branches in the soil, grafting using approaches like wedge grafting, and b
Grafting overview for vegetable crops acornorganic
Grafting vegetable plants can provide benefits like increased disease resistance, vigor, and yields. While commonly used for tomatoes, grafting is not as widely applied to other crops. Grafting separates the scion and rootstock, allowing plant breeders to focus on different goals for each. Rootstocks often use interspecific hybridization to provide benefits to the scion like stronger roots. Potential downsides include increased costs and labor. The document then provides an overview of the grafting process and different grafting techniques for solanaceous and cucurbit crops.
different grafting methods in minor fruit crops urvashiboricha
This document discusses various grafting methods used in propagation of different fruit crops like persimmon, aonla, avocado, rambutan, passionfruit, jamun, woodapple and jackfruit. For persimmon, tongue and wedge grafting using tools in April gave highest results. For aonla, softwood grafting in January had highest success. Budding and grafting are used for avocado propagation. For passionfruit, grafting in June using 25cm scion length at 10cm height gave maximum success. For jamun, softwood grafting in March was most successful. For woodapple, grafting on 8 month old rootstock performed best. For jackfruit, epicotyl
Vegetative propagation of minor fruit cropAjaykumarKarna
1) The document discusses various methods of propagation used for minor fruit crops in India, including budding, grafting, layering, and seed propagation.
2) It provides details on the specific propagation methods recommended for different minor fruit crops like aonla, bael, custard apple, and others. This includes the commercial method and ideal timing for each crop.
3) The success rates of different budding methods (patch, chip, T-budding) varied depending on the month performed, with the highest rates occurring between May-July generally.
Advances in propagation techniques of subtropical and temperate cropAjaykumarKarna
This document discusses propagation techniques for subtropical and temperate fruit crops. It describes sexual propagation using seeds and asexual propagation methods including cuttings, budding, grafting, and layering. Specific propagation methods are outlined for apple, pear, and peach crops. Apple is commonly propagated using whip and tongue grafting. Pear is propagated using T-budding or tongue grafting, and micropropagation is also described. Peach is propagated using T-budding and cleft grafting, with the timing of techniques varying by region.
Principle & different method of cutting & layering]Pawan Nagar
This document discusses different types of cuttings used for plant propagation, including stem cuttings, root cuttings, leaf cuttings, and leaf bud cuttings. It focuses on stem cuttings, dividing them into hardwood, semi-hardwood, softwood and herbaceous cuttings. Hardwood cuttings are taken from mature, lignified growth and include straight, mallet and heel cuttings. Semi-hardwood cuttings are taken from partially woody shoots and require treatment with auxins, cool temperatures, shade and high humidity for proper rooting. Physiological and anatomical factors that influence the rooting of cuttings are also examined.
This document discusses vegetative propagation, an important technique in modern Indian agriculture. Vegetative propagation involves reproducing plants through plant parts like stems, roots, and leaves rather than seeds, allowing for mass production of plants with desired traits. Some common vegetative propagation methods described include stem and root cuttings, layering, and grafting. Layering involves inducing roots to grow on stems still attached to the parent plant, while grafting joins tissue from two plants. Vegetative propagation is useful for reproducing plants that are difficult to grow from seed and maintaining genetic uniformity.
Recent advances and commercial propagation technique in fruit cropsPawan Nagar
Recent advances and commercial propagation techniques in fruit crops are discussed. Asexual propagation methods like stem cuttings, layering, grafting, and tissue culture are described as they allow for reproducing exact duplicates of desirable plants and increasing quality. Tissue culture, also called micropropagation, is highlighted as it provides a rapid means of clonally propagating plants using small explants in sterile culture.
Layering is a method of vegetative propagation where a stem is induced to root while still attached to the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple layering, where a stem is bent to the ground and covered with soil, and air layering, where a stem is girdled and surrounded with moist moss to promote root formation. Layering has advantages over other propagation methods as it prevents water and carbohydrate stress on the new plant and ensures a high success rate. Factors like wounding, moisture, and growth regulators can influence the rooting of layers.
Stem cuttings are the most common method of vegetative plant propagation. A stem cutting is a portion of a stem that includes at least one node and is rooted to form a new plant. There are several types of stem cuttings including softwood, semi-hardwood, and hardwood cuttings. Softwood cuttings are taken from new, succulent growth while hardwood cuttings are taken from dormant, mature stems. Leaf cuttings can also be used to propagate some plants by rooting leaf blades or sections. Proper environmental conditions and sometimes treatment with rooting hormones helps promote root formation on cuttings.
Vegetative propagatio and its role in forest improvement (forestry) siddharth...Siddharth Pandey
This document provides an overview of vegetative propagation techniques. It defines vegetative propagation as reproduction from vegetative organs like stems, roots, and buds to produce offspring identical to the parent plant. The main methods discussed are cuttings, layering, grafting, budding, and micropropagation. Advantages include mass production of desirable varieties and traits without using seeds. The document also discusses appropriate uses of vegetative propagation and its role in forest improvement through techniques like establishing clonal seed orchards and banks.
Breadfruit trees are commonly propagated through vegetative methods like root shoots, root cuttings, and air layering of branches. Root shoots and cuttings are collected from healthy roots after the fruiting season, when carbohydrate levels are highest. Shoots begin developing after 3-4 weeks and are transplanted when 20-25cm tall. Air layering involves removing bark from branches and wrapping with media to encourage root growth over 2-6 months. Seed propagation is rare as seedlings are not true to type. Young plants require shade but mature trees full sun. Careful acclimation is needed when transplanting.
Layering is a plant propagation technique where a stem or root of a plant forms roots while still attached to the parent plant. When root formation is complete, the layered portion is then removed from the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple, trench, serpentine, stool/mound, tip, and air layering. Air layering is a technique where a portion of the stem is girdled and wrapped in moist sphagnum moss to induce root formation, without burying the stem in soil. It has the advantages of being relatively simple and usually very successful, but requires more time and effort than other layering methods.
This is a ppt on grafting.... It giives a brief information about it..... It tells about the process of grafting..... It also tells the techniques of grafting...... And also it gives an example of grafting....
This document discusses several plant propagation methods including grafting, budding, cuttings, and layering. Grafting and budding involve joining two genetically distinct plants so that they unite and continue growing as a single plant. Cuttings are pieces of plant tissue placed under suitable conditions to regenerate a new plant. Layering is the development of roots on a stem while still attached to the parent plant. The document provides detailed descriptions and illustrations of techniques for each propagation method.
Layering and grafting are vegetative propagation techniques for native plants. Layering involves bending stems to the ground to form roots while still attached to the mother plant, providing advantages like less maintenance than cuttings. Grafting joins parts from two plants so they grow as one, allowing benefits like changing varieties or taking advantage of particular rootstocks. Both techniques can help propagate native species when resources are limited.
The document provides details about plant grafting, including different types of grafting techniques and steps for performing cleft grafting. It describes cleft grafting as one of the simplest and most popular forms of grafting where one or more scions are inserted into a vertical slit made in the rootstock. The key steps for cleft grafting include preparing the rootstock and scions, inserting the tapered scions into the cleft with cambium layers aligned, and sealing the graft with wax or paint.
Layering is a method of plant propagation where a stem or branch is rooted while still attached to the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple/ground layering, tip layering, trench layering, air layering, and mound layering. Factors like girdling the stem, applying rooting hormones, preventing light, and maintaining proper moisture levels can influence the success of layering. Layering allows plants to be propagated without detaching from the parent, providing nutrients and promoting higher survival rates compared to cuttings. However, it is a slower process that produces fewer plants compared to other propagation methods.
This document discusses tomato grafting techniques. It defines grafting as joining parts of two plants so they unite and grow as a single plant. Benefits of grafting tomatoes include resistance to soil-borne diseases and nematodes from rootstocks, as well as desirable traits from scion cultivars. Methods covered include tubing, tongue, and cleft grafting. Healing grafts is critical and involves high humidity, warm temperatures, and initial darkness. Rootstocks discussed increase disease resistance or vigor.
IMPORTANCE OF ROOTSTOCK IN CANOPY MANAGEMENT AND FRUIT PRODUCTIONAbhimanyu Tomar
The document discusses canopy management in fruit crops through the use of dwarfing rootstocks. It explains that dwarf rootstocks allow for higher density planting and better light penetration to optimize fruit production and quality. Several factors influence a rootstock's dwarfing effects, including genetic differences, hormonal interactions, and bark thickness. Standard, semi-dwarf, and dwarf rootstocks are compared. The rootstocks' effects on tree size, nutrition, flowering, and disease resistance are examined. Regional soil and climate adaptations must also be considered when selecting rootstocks. New dwarfing rootstocks continue to be evaluated for different fruit species.
Grafting involves uniting a scion from one plant to a stock plant to produce desirable traits. Reasons for grafting include changing plant size, increasing plants that cannot be reproduced otherwise, producing disease or pest resistance, altering form or variety, and enabling earlier flowering. For grafting to be successful, the scion and stock must be compatible and their cambium layers must be in contact. Grafting is also dependent on the physiological stage of the plants and cut surfaces must be protected from drying.
Grafting tomatoes onto disease-resistant rootstocks can increase yields by 30-50% compared to non-grafted plants. Grafting provides resistance to soilborne diseases like fusarium wilt and verticillium wilt. Research in high tunnels and open fields showed grafted plants had higher total fruit yields across multiple harvests. Grafting costs can be offset by increased yields and reduced need for soil fumigation against disease. Proper techniques and care are needed when grafting and during the healing process.
The document provides information about various gardening and landscaping topics. It discusses gardening, landscaping, kitchen gardening, seasonal flowers, greenhouses, organic farming, grafting, and vermicomposting. Specifically, it defines gardening and landscaping, lists the purposes of kitchen gardening and benefits of landscaping. It also explains the basic elements of landscape design, seasonal vegetables, tips for growing seasonal flowers, types of greenhouses, what is organic farming, the process of grafting, and how to set up vermicomposting with worms.
This document discusses plant propagation methods. It describes sexual propagation using seeds and asexual propagation using vegetative parts like cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding. Sexual propagation transmits traits through pollination and seeds but asexual methods preserve the mother plant's characteristics and rapidly multiply plants. The document outlines common asexual techniques including stem cuttings, layering types, grafting approaches, and budding styles. It also defines plant anatomy terms and explains the germination process.
This document discusses the factors that influence seed germination: water, oxygen, temperature, light, and dormancy. It explains that seeds need water and oxygen to undergo respiration which provides energy for the germination process to start. Most seeds require temperatures between 68-85°F for germination. The amount of light needed can vary depending on how deep the seeds are planted - too deep limits light and oxygen, too shallow risks too much light. Dormancy is when seeds are alive but not growing, and proper conditions are needed to break dormancy for the seeds to be capable of germinating.
Vegetative propagation of minor fruit cropAjaykumarKarna
1) The document discusses various methods of propagation used for minor fruit crops in India, including budding, grafting, layering, and seed propagation.
2) It provides details on the specific propagation methods recommended for different minor fruit crops like aonla, bael, custard apple, and others. This includes the commercial method and ideal timing for each crop.
3) The success rates of different budding methods (patch, chip, T-budding) varied depending on the month performed, with the highest rates occurring between May-July generally.
Advances in propagation techniques of subtropical and temperate cropAjaykumarKarna
This document discusses propagation techniques for subtropical and temperate fruit crops. It describes sexual propagation using seeds and asexual propagation methods including cuttings, budding, grafting, and layering. Specific propagation methods are outlined for apple, pear, and peach crops. Apple is commonly propagated using whip and tongue grafting. Pear is propagated using T-budding or tongue grafting, and micropropagation is also described. Peach is propagated using T-budding and cleft grafting, with the timing of techniques varying by region.
Principle & different method of cutting & layering]Pawan Nagar
This document discusses different types of cuttings used for plant propagation, including stem cuttings, root cuttings, leaf cuttings, and leaf bud cuttings. It focuses on stem cuttings, dividing them into hardwood, semi-hardwood, softwood and herbaceous cuttings. Hardwood cuttings are taken from mature, lignified growth and include straight, mallet and heel cuttings. Semi-hardwood cuttings are taken from partially woody shoots and require treatment with auxins, cool temperatures, shade and high humidity for proper rooting. Physiological and anatomical factors that influence the rooting of cuttings are also examined.
This document discusses vegetative propagation, an important technique in modern Indian agriculture. Vegetative propagation involves reproducing plants through plant parts like stems, roots, and leaves rather than seeds, allowing for mass production of plants with desired traits. Some common vegetative propagation methods described include stem and root cuttings, layering, and grafting. Layering involves inducing roots to grow on stems still attached to the parent plant, while grafting joins tissue from two plants. Vegetative propagation is useful for reproducing plants that are difficult to grow from seed and maintaining genetic uniformity.
Recent advances and commercial propagation technique in fruit cropsPawan Nagar
Recent advances and commercial propagation techniques in fruit crops are discussed. Asexual propagation methods like stem cuttings, layering, grafting, and tissue culture are described as they allow for reproducing exact duplicates of desirable plants and increasing quality. Tissue culture, also called micropropagation, is highlighted as it provides a rapid means of clonally propagating plants using small explants in sterile culture.
Layering is a method of vegetative propagation where a stem is induced to root while still attached to the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple layering, where a stem is bent to the ground and covered with soil, and air layering, where a stem is girdled and surrounded with moist moss to promote root formation. Layering has advantages over other propagation methods as it prevents water and carbohydrate stress on the new plant and ensures a high success rate. Factors like wounding, moisture, and growth regulators can influence the rooting of layers.
Stem cuttings are the most common method of vegetative plant propagation. A stem cutting is a portion of a stem that includes at least one node and is rooted to form a new plant. There are several types of stem cuttings including softwood, semi-hardwood, and hardwood cuttings. Softwood cuttings are taken from new, succulent growth while hardwood cuttings are taken from dormant, mature stems. Leaf cuttings can also be used to propagate some plants by rooting leaf blades or sections. Proper environmental conditions and sometimes treatment with rooting hormones helps promote root formation on cuttings.
Vegetative propagatio and its role in forest improvement (forestry) siddharth...Siddharth Pandey
This document provides an overview of vegetative propagation techniques. It defines vegetative propagation as reproduction from vegetative organs like stems, roots, and buds to produce offspring identical to the parent plant. The main methods discussed are cuttings, layering, grafting, budding, and micropropagation. Advantages include mass production of desirable varieties and traits without using seeds. The document also discusses appropriate uses of vegetative propagation and its role in forest improvement through techniques like establishing clonal seed orchards and banks.
Breadfruit trees are commonly propagated through vegetative methods like root shoots, root cuttings, and air layering of branches. Root shoots and cuttings are collected from healthy roots after the fruiting season, when carbohydrate levels are highest. Shoots begin developing after 3-4 weeks and are transplanted when 20-25cm tall. Air layering involves removing bark from branches and wrapping with media to encourage root growth over 2-6 months. Seed propagation is rare as seedlings are not true to type. Young plants require shade but mature trees full sun. Careful acclimation is needed when transplanting.
Layering is a plant propagation technique where a stem or root of a plant forms roots while still attached to the parent plant. When root formation is complete, the layered portion is then removed from the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple, trench, serpentine, stool/mound, tip, and air layering. Air layering is a technique where a portion of the stem is girdled and wrapped in moist sphagnum moss to induce root formation, without burying the stem in soil. It has the advantages of being relatively simple and usually very successful, but requires more time and effort than other layering methods.
This is a ppt on grafting.... It giives a brief information about it..... It tells about the process of grafting..... It also tells the techniques of grafting...... And also it gives an example of grafting....
This document discusses several plant propagation methods including grafting, budding, cuttings, and layering. Grafting and budding involve joining two genetically distinct plants so that they unite and continue growing as a single plant. Cuttings are pieces of plant tissue placed under suitable conditions to regenerate a new plant. Layering is the development of roots on a stem while still attached to the parent plant. The document provides detailed descriptions and illustrations of techniques for each propagation method.
Layering and grafting are vegetative propagation techniques for native plants. Layering involves bending stems to the ground to form roots while still attached to the mother plant, providing advantages like less maintenance than cuttings. Grafting joins parts from two plants so they grow as one, allowing benefits like changing varieties or taking advantage of particular rootstocks. Both techniques can help propagate native species when resources are limited.
The document provides details about plant grafting, including different types of grafting techniques and steps for performing cleft grafting. It describes cleft grafting as one of the simplest and most popular forms of grafting where one or more scions are inserted into a vertical slit made in the rootstock. The key steps for cleft grafting include preparing the rootstock and scions, inserting the tapered scions into the cleft with cambium layers aligned, and sealing the graft with wax or paint.
Layering is a method of plant propagation where a stem or branch is rooted while still attached to the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple/ground layering, tip layering, trench layering, air layering, and mound layering. Factors like girdling the stem, applying rooting hormones, preventing light, and maintaining proper moisture levels can influence the success of layering. Layering allows plants to be propagated without detaching from the parent, providing nutrients and promoting higher survival rates compared to cuttings. However, it is a slower process that produces fewer plants compared to other propagation methods.
This document discusses tomato grafting techniques. It defines grafting as joining parts of two plants so they unite and grow as a single plant. Benefits of grafting tomatoes include resistance to soil-borne diseases and nematodes from rootstocks, as well as desirable traits from scion cultivars. Methods covered include tubing, tongue, and cleft grafting. Healing grafts is critical and involves high humidity, warm temperatures, and initial darkness. Rootstocks discussed increase disease resistance or vigor.
IMPORTANCE OF ROOTSTOCK IN CANOPY MANAGEMENT AND FRUIT PRODUCTIONAbhimanyu Tomar
The document discusses canopy management in fruit crops through the use of dwarfing rootstocks. It explains that dwarf rootstocks allow for higher density planting and better light penetration to optimize fruit production and quality. Several factors influence a rootstock's dwarfing effects, including genetic differences, hormonal interactions, and bark thickness. Standard, semi-dwarf, and dwarf rootstocks are compared. The rootstocks' effects on tree size, nutrition, flowering, and disease resistance are examined. Regional soil and climate adaptations must also be considered when selecting rootstocks. New dwarfing rootstocks continue to be evaluated for different fruit species.
Grafting involves uniting a scion from one plant to a stock plant to produce desirable traits. Reasons for grafting include changing plant size, increasing plants that cannot be reproduced otherwise, producing disease or pest resistance, altering form or variety, and enabling earlier flowering. For grafting to be successful, the scion and stock must be compatible and their cambium layers must be in contact. Grafting is also dependent on the physiological stage of the plants and cut surfaces must be protected from drying.
Grafting tomatoes onto disease-resistant rootstocks can increase yields by 30-50% compared to non-grafted plants. Grafting provides resistance to soilborne diseases like fusarium wilt and verticillium wilt. Research in high tunnels and open fields showed grafted plants had higher total fruit yields across multiple harvests. Grafting costs can be offset by increased yields and reduced need for soil fumigation against disease. Proper techniques and care are needed when grafting and during the healing process.
The document provides information about various gardening and landscaping topics. It discusses gardening, landscaping, kitchen gardening, seasonal flowers, greenhouses, organic farming, grafting, and vermicomposting. Specifically, it defines gardening and landscaping, lists the purposes of kitchen gardening and benefits of landscaping. It also explains the basic elements of landscape design, seasonal vegetables, tips for growing seasonal flowers, types of greenhouses, what is organic farming, the process of grafting, and how to set up vermicomposting with worms.
This document discusses plant propagation methods. It describes sexual propagation using seeds and asexual propagation using vegetative parts like cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding. Sexual propagation transmits traits through pollination and seeds but asexual methods preserve the mother plant's characteristics and rapidly multiply plants. The document outlines common asexual techniques including stem cuttings, layering types, grafting approaches, and budding styles. It also defines plant anatomy terms and explains the germination process.
This document discusses the factors that influence seed germination: water, oxygen, temperature, light, and dormancy. It explains that seeds need water and oxygen to undergo respiration which provides energy for the germination process to start. Most seeds require temperatures between 68-85°F for germination. The amount of light needed can vary depending on how deep the seeds are planted - too deep limits light and oxygen, too shallow risks too much light. Dormancy is when seeds are alive but not growing, and proper conditions are needed to break dormancy for the seeds to be capable of germinating.
Este documento describe los componentes básicos de un sistema informático, incluyendo el hardware, software y personal informático. Define el hardware como los elementos materiales externos e internos que configuran la computadora, y el software como los programas fundamentales necesarios para que la computadora funcione. También menciona el "humanware" como el hardware y software diseñado considerando la experiencia del usuario humano.
Bruno Mars is an American singer, songwriter, and record producer born in 1985 in Hawaii. Some of his most popular songs from 2010-2013 included "Grenade", "Just the Way You Are", and "Locked Out of Heaven". The document discusses the song "Uptown Funk" recorded by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars. It was liked for its rhythm and danceable nature. The song is about the "funk of the street" and the favorite line "Don't believe me, just watch" warns against judging without knowledge. A video of the song performance is also included.
This document summarizes international real estate statistics and activity in the United States. It notes that approximately 1 in 12 homes sold in the US is an international transaction. It provides data on the top countries where international buyers are coming from, including China, Canada, India, the UK, and Mexico. It also gives the average prices paid by international buyers from different countries. Resources for further information on international real estate are listed at the end.
The document discusses the emergence of computation for interdisciplinary large data analysis. It notes that exponential increases in computational power and data are driving changes in science and engineering. Computational modeling is becoming a third pillar of science alongside theory and experimentation. However, continued increases in clock speeds are no longer feasible due to power constraints, necessitating the use of multi-core processors and parallelism. This is driving changes in software design to expose parallelism.
viaMAXI is a mobility consulting and interim management firm. It helps clients launch new mobility products and services to capitalize on trends like urbanization and the sharing economy. viaMAXI provides strategic consulting, project management, and interim management support. It helps clients define business models, set up operations, launch new offerings, and operate them successfully. The firm was founded by Andreas Nelskamp and Nick Brooks, who have extensive experience in transportation, startups, and operations.
Las redes sociales son sitios web que permiten a las personas registrarse y contactar a otros para compartir contenido e interactuar sobre intereses comunes. Se originaron en 1995 y han evolucionado rápidamente, con Facebook convirtiéndose en la red social más popular luego de expandirse más allá de las universidades. Las redes sociales se caracterizan por estar basadas en los usuarios, ser interactivas y establecer relaciones a través del intercambio de información e intereses.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Open Source and the Law of Interfaces -- Oracle v Google after Fed Cir-1Paul Arne
This document discusses the implications of the Oracle v. Google court decisions on open source software licenses. It summarizes that the Federal Circuit decision suggests there is an inverse relationship between a programmer's right to use interfaces in another software program without infringing intellectual property, and the scope of "copyleft" open source licenses. Specifically, if interface information is considered expressive and protected by copyright, then use of that interface would require licensing the code under the open source license. However, if an interface is considered an unprotected idea, the code would not be subject to the open source license terms. The document explores these concepts in the context of how software is built from libraries and interfaces, applicable copyright law, and how open source licenses operate
Cinema 36 is showing four films this week:
- Inside Stories, a documentary showing at 9:05pm on Friday.
- A film playing at 5:03pm on Saturday.
- Another playing at 7:30pm on Sunday.
- The final film plays at 7:00pm on Monday.
Archive files combine multiple files into a single file for easier storage and portability. They sometimes become corrupt, requiring recovery software. This document describes archive file formats like Zip, Rar, Tar, and 7z. It introduces an archive recovery tool that can repair corrupt archive files of these types quickly and efficiently. The tool supports recovery of .zip, .rar, .tar, tar.gz, and .7z files and more information can be found at the provided link.
The Cordova Firefly Plugin document discusses creating a Cordova plugin to enable HTML5 developers to utilize Amazon's Firefly feature in their Cordova apps. It describes brainstorming a solution using Cordova to add Firefly support to the existing ingestion system for web apps. A demo is shown of creating the Cordova Firefly plugin in real time. Lessons learned include working around OS constraints, developing Cordova and Firefly plugins, and exposing APIs. Areas for improvement include fully implementing resolving plugins and separating code into proper packages.
1) The study aimed to propagate seedless watermelon by cuttings to reduce costs associated with importing expensive hybrid seeds.
2) Two types of cuttings were used: shoot tip cuttings and cuttings including one node, and were treated with three concentrations of IBA rooting hormone.
3) Results showed cuttings including one node treated with IBA had higher survival rates than shoot tip cuttings or control plants, due to increased root formation. All cutting treatments also had earlier flowering, yield, and harvest compared to control plants grown from seed.
This document discusses factors that affect the propagation of seedless watermelon by cuttings. It examines the effect of planting container type (speedling trays and pots), cutting type (terminal cuttings and cuttings with a node), and IBA concentration (0, 100, and 200 ppm) on the survival and rooting of watermelon cuttings. The study found that container type did not significantly impact cutting success, while IBA concentration and node cuttings positively affected survival percentage and root formation. Node cuttings performed better than terminal cuttings. IBA and cutting type individually, and their interaction, influenced the cutting propagation results.
Growth and yield adaptability of selected varieties of strawberry (Fragaria x...Innspub Net
This study aims to evaluate the growth adaptability, yield performance and Pest infestation on three introduced strawberry varieties at Bataan namely; Sweet Charlie, Festival and Summer Princess. Evaluation test was based on the Plant height, Number of Runners, Days to flower, Number of fruit bears, Weight of fruit per pot, Computed Yield and Pest degree infestation. This was conducted at the Greenhouse Nursery of BPSU, Abucay Campus. In terms of growth adaptability, Sweet Charlie obtained the most prominent character followed by Festival variety and Summer Princess. On the yield performance, all varietal tested are comparable to each other, However, Summer princess revealed as least in growth adaptability, study shows that, summer princess yielded better than the two remaining varieties tested under greenhouse condition. Thus, summer princess variety is a more noticeable and promising variety that can tribe in Bataan condition. On Insect and Disease assessment, most prevalent insects found are Cutworm and Aphids while on diseases, Anthracnose fruit rot and Angular leaf spot were observed these are caused by fungi. Further studies may focus on the cultural management practices, field test to find out more promising cultivars that will thrive best to Bataan, Sensory evaluation is also recommended.
The effect of seed coat removal on seed germination of terminalia superba eng...Innspub Net
The influence of four constant temperatures: 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C and three germination media: 1% water agar, heat sterilized river sand and seed testing paper (STP) on the germination of decoated seeds of Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels. were investigated. The germination media were placed in 90 mm diameter plastic Petri dishes with seventy five decoated seeds in 3 replicates of 25 seeds. The statistical design used in the investigation was a completely randomized design in a 3 x 4 factorial (germination media × incubation temperatures). Decoated seeds of T. superba germinated at all the four temperatures investigated. The optimum temperatures were determined as 25°C, 30°C and 35°C. All the three media can be considered ideal for the reason that these temperatures interacted with the germination media to record germination percentages ranging from 73 to 89% in the study. Mean germination time (MGT) was significantly (p < 0.001) shorter when agar was used as germination media compared to when germination was carried out on STP and soil. The shapes of germination curves describing the cumulative germination of decoated seeds of T. superba at all temperatures and on all the germination media investigated are S-shaped.
Growth, Yield and Quality of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Cultivars throu...AI Publications
Two weeks old rooted cuttings of three commercial hybrid varieties; Triple plus, Temptation and Campairo were grown on cocopit substrate media with five replications on randomized complete block desigh (RCBD) in greenhouse condition at Mendel School Research Farm,Hwacheon. Transplanting was done on June 9, 2013 with spacing of 30 cm between plant and 45 cm between rows. Plants were trained as single stem and harvesting of the fruits were done upto 2.5 meter height. The major objective of this experiment was to evaluate their performance on stem cuttings. On the basis of overall characteristics, Triple plus showed superior performance; early flowering, higher plant uniformity, vigorous plant, higher leaf density, less powdery mildew infection, distinct stem pubescence, earlier fruit set, bigger size of fruits with thicker flesh, higher yield of fruits in tons per hectare and per plant, as compared to other cultivars has been selected and recommended for commercial cultivation through stem cuttings. It was followed by Temptation. Beside this, stem cuttings is an alternative planting materials in all the tested cultivars where apical branches during pruning could be used as alternative planting materials for tomato cultivation.
Effect of Seedling Density on Growth Attributes of Cauliflower variety Kathma...AI Publications
Nursery management including optimum seedling density is an important factor for better crop performance. A study was carried out to examine the effect of seedling density on growth attributes of cauliflower seedlings cv. Kathmandu local in the field of Lamjung Campus in Oct., 2018. Experiment consists of four treatments which were replicated five times and laid out in RCBD. Seed spacing treatments viz. 0.5cm x 1.0cm, 1.0cm x 1.0cm, 1.5cm x 1.5cm and 2.0cm x 2.0cm were maintained in a raised nursery beds. Field germination percentage was recorded up to 60% at fourth day after sowing (DAS) whereas in lab it was up to 74%. Above and below ground seedling biomass, unfold leaves area, number of true leaves, plant height and root length were recorded at 23 DAS by destructive method. ImageJ package was used for leaf area measurement. Data were tabulated in MS Excel and analyzed by GenStat. Root length (4.85cm) was significantly higher in spacing of 2cm x 2cm which was at par with 1.5cm x 1.5cm whereas lower in 0.5cm x 1.0cm. Significantly maximum value for fresh weight of root (0.045gm), fresh weight of shoot (0.91gm), dry weight of shoot (0.11gm) and dry matter percentage (12%) was observed in 1.5cm x 1.5cm spacing. Seedlings greater than 1.5cm to 2cm spacing performed better than closer spacing in most of the variable of interests, however, there was no significant differences observed in number of true leaves, leaf area and plant height. A trial with wider spacing considering seedling health is recommended.
— A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of potting media on sprouting and seedling growth of grape cuttings. Three grape varieties viz. Red globe, Thomson seedless and Crimson seedless were planted in four different growth media: CS-Canal silt, CSFYM-Canal silt (75%) + FYM (25%), CSB-Canal silt (25%) + Bagasse (75%) and CSBCP-Canal silt (25%) + Bagasse (50%) + Coco peat (25%). The experiment was conducted in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) along with three replications. The results revealed that almost all observed parameters were significantly influenced by the potting media. However, grape varieties and their interaction with the potting media exhibited non-significant effect for sprouting percentage and most of the seedling related attributes of growth. Minimum days to sprouting (6.78),highest sprouting percentage (84.44), maximum rooting percentage (84.44) and maximum chlorophyll content of leaves (56.23) were observed from the cuttings planted in CSBCP. However, maximum number of sprouts (5.55), number of leaves (13.77), fresh weight of leaves (2.27g), fresh weight of the roots (2.16 g), were observed from CSB. No grape seedling mortality was also observed CSB and CSBCP growth media. On the basis of varietal comparison, Thompson seedless exhibited the best results for number of leaves per cutting (11.50), fresh weight of the roots (1.64 g) and number of roots per cutting (29.17 g) as compared to rest of the grape varieties. The research establishes the potential for locals to use available materials in potting media preparation for healthier and stronger grape seedlings for subsequent improved grape plantation.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated different grafting methods for watermelon seedlings and their impact on plant growth, yield, and fruit quality. Three grafting methods were compared: splice grafting, hole insertion grafting, and tongue approach grafting. Splice grafting resulted in the highest survival rates of grafted seedlings and led to significant increases in plant growth, early and total yield, and fruit characteristics compared to non-grafted plants and plants grafted using other methods. Histological analysis of the graft unions supported the findings that splice grafting was the most effective grafting technique.
Micro-propagation of Alstroemeria Hybrida Cv. PlutoIJEAB
The experiment entitled micropropagation of Alstroemeria hybrida cv. Pluto was conducted to standardize protocol for aseptic establishment, callus induction, proliferation, and rooting from rhizome tips, rhizome sections, shoot tips, shoot nodal segments and inflorescence buds. Highest culture asepsis of 79.20 per cent at 2 weeks of culture and 68.08 per cent at 4 weeks of culture was recorded in rhizome tips following sterilization treatment with Carbendazim 200 ppm for 30 minutes + HgCl2 (0.1 %) dip for 10 minutes and final treatment with ethyl alcohol (70 %) for 1 minute. Rhizome tips and rhizome section explants survived sterilant treatment better than other explants. MS-liquid medium supplemented with BAP + IBA: 1.5 + 0.2 mg l-l proved best for culture establishment (89.42 %) in case of rhizome tips and (56.13 %) in case of rhizome sections. MS-solid medium with plant growth regulator combinations BAP + IBA: 1.0 + 0.2 mg l-1 fortified with activated charcoal resulted in an establishment of (78.25 %) in rhizome tips and (40.24 %) in case of rhizome sections. Callus induction was highest in MS-solid medium fortified with BAP + NAA: 0.5 + 4.5 mg l-l. Rhizome tips cultured on MS-medium BAP + IBA + GA3 + Activated charcoal: 2.0 + 0.4 + 0.5 + 1000 mg l-l gave highest proliferation (88.85 %) along with highest number of erect shoots (5.75) , number of new rhizome buds ( 3.75), rhizome fresh weight/shoot complex (6.05), and multiplication index (2.76). Highest Rooting (54.81 %) along with lowest days to appearance of root (10.87), highest number of roots (3.12) and highest root length (16.42 mm) was recorded in MS-liquid medium fortified with NAA 1.5 mg l-1. Abbreviations used— AC; Activated charcoal, BAP; 6-Benzyl amino purine, BA; 6-Benzyladenine, 2, 4-D; 2, 4dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid,GA3; Gibberelic acid, IAA; Indole-3-acetic acid, IBA; Indole-3-butyric acid, MS; Murashige and Skoog’s (1962) medium, NAA; Naphthalene acetic acid and µm; Micro molar.
The effect of seed coat removal on seed germination of Terminalia superba Eng...Innspub Net
The influence of four constant temperatures: 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C and three germination media: 1% water agar, heat sterilized river sand and seed testing paper (STP) on the germination of decoated seeds of Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels. were investigated. The germination media were placed in 90 mm diameter plastic Petri dishes with seventy five decoated seeds in 3 replicates of 25 seeds. The statistical design used in the investigation was a completely randomized design in a 3 x 4 factorial (germination media × incubation temperatures). Decoated seeds of T. superba germinated at all the four temperatures investigated. The optimum temperatures were determined as 25°C, 30°C and 35°C. All the three media can be considered ideal for the reason that these temperatures interacted with the germination media to record germination percentages ranging from 73 to 89% in the study. Mean germination time (MGT) was significantly (p < 0.001) shorter when agar was used as germination media compared to when germination was carried out on STP and soil. The shapes of germination curves describing the cumulative germination of decoated seeds of T. superba at all temperatures and on all the germination media investigated are S-shaped.
The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm and laboratory of Institute of
Sustainable Agrotechnology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia, with the objective
toinvestigate the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of aqueous extract of mungbean on seed germination and
seedling growth of three crop species, mungbean, sweet corn and okra. Different treatments of mungbean
aqueousextracts (vegetative fresh, vegetative after 2 weeks drying, vegetative after 4 weeks drying, flowering
fresh, flowering after 2 weeks drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, flowering fresh, flowering after 2 weeks
drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, maturity fresh, maturity after 2 weeks drying, maturity after 4 weeks
drying and water as control) were used to test their effect on the test species. The experiment was randomly
distributed and according to Completely Randomized Design(CRD) with five replicates. The results showed the
fresh vegetative aqueous extract of mungbean had a significant effect (stimulatory) on germination percent and
growth parameters such as number of root, root length and shoot height, of the three crop species. The study
revealed that the aqueous extract of mungbean have different effects (inhibitory and stimulatory) on the
seedlings and the mode of action depends on the associated plant species.Our results suggest that the aqueous
extract of mungbean from the different growth stages and drying periods have an allelopathic effect.
This document provides information about chickpea (Cicer arietinum) including its taxonomy, origin, morphology, and breeding objectives. Taxonomically, chickpea belongs to the genus Cicer in the legume family Fabaceae. It originated in the Middle East and has since spread worldwide. The plant has hairy stems, leaves, and flowers. It produces small pods containing 1-3 seeds that can be desi or kabuli types. Breeding objectives for chickpea include increasing yield, drought tolerance, heat tolerance, and tolerance to stresses like cold, salinity, and alkalinity. Wild Cicer species are an important genetic resource for broadening the domesticated chickpea
A study of the growth and productivity of tomato using different rootstock of eggplant was conducted at the experimental area of the College of Agriculture, Isabela state University, Echague Isabela. The study was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design. The treatments were as follows: T1– Control (Non-grafted), T2- Grafted onto a Rootstock of wild eggplant, T3– Grafted onto a Rootstock of Hybrid Eggplant (Casino F1), and T4– Grafted onto a Rootstock of Open Pollinated Variety (OPV) Eggplant (Aurora Green). The height of the plants at 20, 40, 60, and 80 days after transplanting were not influenced by the different eggplant rootstocks. The grafted plants regardless of rootstock obtained the highest number of branches and marketable fruits per plant. Significantly bigger fruit diameter, heavier marketable fruits per plant and per sampling area. The non- grafted plants obtained the lowest values in all the parameters gathered. The computed yield of tomato per 1,00 square meters using different sources of eggplant showed that the rootstock of wild eggplant obtained the heaviest fruit yield with 10.82 tons as well as the highest return on investment with 432.43 present.
Plant exploration, germplasm collection, conservation and utilizationSyed Zahid Hasan
Sequentially given germplasm exploration, collection, conservation,evaluation and utilization sof Agroforestry plants.
Some information and pictures collected from google.
Genetic and Morphological Diversity Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasica ca...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the genetic and morphological diversity of 49 Ethiopian mustard landraces collected from different regions. The landraces were evaluated for traits like days to flowering, days to maturity, seed yield, and oil content. Significant variation was found among genotypes for most traits, indicating genetic diversity. The highest heritability was found for thousand seed weight. This diversity provides opportunities for selection and breeding to improve traits like yield.
Chickpea Seed Production Manual ~ icrisat.orgSeeds
This document provides an overview of chickpea seed production. It discusses the types of chickpea, general plant characteristics, climatic requirements, plant growth and development, seed systems in India, seed classes, seed production technology, management of diseases and insect pests, roguing, harvesting, threshing, seed processing, and storage. The goal is to provide comprehensive information on improved seed production technologies to grow a healthy chickpea seed crop and store chickpea seeds, which will be useful for all those involved in formal and informal seed systems.
This document provides an overview of organic strawberry production methods. It discusses various planting systems used in organic strawberry production such as raised bed plasticulture, matted row systems, and ribbon row systems. It also covers strawberry varieties, fertility management, and weed, pest and disease control techniques. The key points are:
- Raised bed plasticulture is commonly used, though critics argue it is not environmentally sustainable due to the plastic usage. Alternatives like matted row systems are discussed.
- Variety selection is important, with June-bearing and everbearing varieties available. Trials show 'Honeoye' performs well organically.
- Fertility is crucial as strawberries
Use of Cover Crops in Organic Sweetpotato Production to Improve Yield: A Case...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
This case study evaluated the use of cereal rye and rapeseed cover crops for organic sweetpotato production. The cover crops were either tilled into the soil or crimped on the surface prior to transplanting sweetpotato slips. Tilling the cover crops resulted in significantly less weed coverage in the early growing season compared to crimping. Sweetpotato plants grown in tilled cover crop plots exhibited higher vigor throughout the season. Tilling also led to higher sweetpotato tuber yields, with cereal rye producing more than rapeseed. In contrast, crimped cover crop plots showed reduced plant vigor and yielded no tubers. This case suggests tilling cover crops can improve weed control and increase yields for
Methodological approach to indigenous fruit trees breeding: case of Dacryodes...Innspub Net
This document summarizes a study on breeding methods for the indigenous fruit tree Dacryodes edulis in Cameroon. Controlled cross-pollination tests were conducted on 14 female D. edulis trees using pollen from 6 male parents, examining the influence of male parent provenance and pollen type on fruit set. The results showed the fruiting index, which determines yield, was significantly affected by the combined factors of male parent provenance, pollen type, and female parent. Six combinations with high fruit set and fruiting index were identified as potential candidates for further breeding from the Boumnyebel and Makenene provenances. Progeny from these crosses will be evaluated in future trials to
Similar to New grafting method for seedless watermelon plants propagation (20)
This document describes a new grafting method for propagating seedless watermelon plants. The method involves grafting shoot tips and cuttings from seedless watermelon mother plants onto rootstocks of other cucurbit species, including bottle gourd, pumpkin, and squash. This allows for asexual propagation of seedless watermelon, avoiding the high costs of seed production. The grafted plants showed increased growth, yield, fruit quality, and sugar content compared to seedless watermelon grown without grafting. The new grafting technique provides an effective way to minimize seed costs and produce homogeneous seedless watermelon plants.
This study examined the effects of traffic pollution on the growth, yield, and heavy metal content of spinach, squash, and turnip plants grown at different distances from a road with high traffic density. Two field experiments were conducted over two growing seasons. The study found that vegetative growth, yield, and chlorophyll content decreased with decreasing distance from the road. Lead and cadmium levels in plant tissues also decreased with increasing distance from the road. Washing the edible parts of plants reduced the lead content by 15-30% and cadmium content by 10-25%, with washing being more effective at removing lead than cadmium. Leafy spinach contained the highest heavy metal levels while squash fruits contained the lowest.
This study examined the effects of vehicle pollution on the growth, yield, and heavy metal content of spinach, squash, and turnip plants grown at different distances from a road with high traffic density. Two field experiments were conducted over two growing seasons. The study found that vegetative growth, yield, and nutrient levels decreased with decreasing distance from the road, while heavy metal levels of lead and cadmium increased. Washing the edible parts of the crops reduced heavy metal content by 10-30%, with washing being more effective at removing lead than cadmium. Leafy spinach contained higher heavy metal levels than the other crops. The results suggest cultivating vegetables at least 80 meters from roads and washing produce to reduce heavy metal consumption
This document describes a study that evaluated 10 F1 hybrid sweet pepper crosses, their 7 parent lines, and a commercial hybrid for fruit yield and quality traits under greenhouse conditions. Significant variations were observed among the hybrids and parents for traits like early yield, total yield, average fruit weight, pericarp thickness, fruit diameter, and ascorbic acid content. The highest levels of positive heterobeltiosis (improvement over the best parent) were recorded for early yield (62.9%), total yield (50.5%), average fruit weight (96.7%), and other traits. Two hybrids, P2 × P3 and P2 × P4, showed the highest positive commercial heterosis (improvement over the commercial hybrid
This study evaluated 7 cherry tomato accessions using a half-diallel mating design to determine suitable parents for developing hybrids. Analysis found preponderance of additive gene action for most traits studied. Parents Solanumlycopersicum var. cerasiforme LYC 196/81 cv. Bubjekosoko (P1), PI 647522 cv. Cal Red Cherry (P3) and PI 639207 cv. Black Cherry (P7) were best general combiners for fruit yield and quality. The cross between P1 and P7 showed highest significant positive specific combining ability for yield and quality traits. Some F1 hybrids showed significant heterosis for evaluated traits.
This document discusses a study on using grafting and magnetic iron treatments to improve cantaloupe production under saline soil and irrigation water conditions. The study found that grafting cantaloupe onto salt tolerant rootstocks and adding magnetic iron significantly increased vegetative growth, yield, and reduced the effects of salinity. Specifically, bottle gourd and calabash gourd rootstocks were the most salt tolerant as evidenced by high leaf sodium content without negative effects. Magnetic iron treatments also increased growth and yield while decreasing stem diameter, total soluble solids, and total sugar content in fruits. The combination of grafting and magnetic iron further increased total yield without affecting fruit quality.
This study evaluated 11 rootstocks for controlling root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) in cucumber. Cucumber scions were grafted onto the rootstocks using tongue grafting. All rootstocks showed compatibility with cucumber scion. Horned cucumber was the most resistant rootstock but yielded less than others. Interspecific hybrid rootstocks like Super Shintosa and Ercole Nun 6001 performed best with increased growth, yield and fruit quality compared to control. Fig leaf gourd rootstock also significantly improved plant characteristics over non-grafted control. Grafting is an effective technique for managing root-knot nematodes in cucumber.
1) The study examined the effects of the plant growth regulators BA and IBA, as well as cutting type, on the propagation of seedless watermelon cultivars via cuttings.
2) Results showed that BA treatments improved the physiological status of mother plants and increased cutting production, while IBA concentrations significantly improved cutting survival rates and root development.
3) Cuttings with a node formed more roots and had higher survival rates than terminal cuttings. Interactions between growth regulators and cutting type also significantly impacted propagation success.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
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(
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−
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∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
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Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
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cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
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CDM. Therefore unlike low-
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Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
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counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
2. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 33(11):8071-8090, 2008
NEW GRAFTING METHOD FOR SEEDLESS WATERMELON PLANTS
PROPAGATION
*
Khereba, A.H. A.;
*
Bekhit, R.S.; **
Kamooh, A.A. and **
El-Eslamboly, A.A.S
*
Vegetable Dept., Fac. Of Agri., Cairo Univ.
**
Hort. Res., Inst. Agri. Res. Center
ABSTRACT
Watermelon Citrullus lanatus is an important vegetable crop grown in
Egypt. Seedless watermelon cultivars are preferred by most consumers because
of their sweeter taste and lack of hard seeds. The growing costs of seedless
watermelon (triploid hybrid watermelon) in Egypt is very expensive because its
very expensive seed price, triploid seeds do not germinate well and the less
homogenous germination and growth. For this reason, this study aimed to
propagate seedless watermelon by developing new pattern of grafting technique
for watermelon plants propagation to minimize the amounts of imported
watermelon hybrids seeds in general and seedless watermelon in particular and
decreasing the cost of seedling production and producing homogenous plants
characteristics.
Grafting is a method of asexual plant propagation widely used in
horticulture. It is most commonly used for the propagation of trees and shrubs
grown commercially. While, vegetable crops are often grafted including tomato,
pepper, eggplant, cucumber, melon and watermelon. The main advantage of
grafting in this case is for diseases resistant rootstocks. The new method of
grafting in this study is the first method for using the grafting as a propagation
method in vegetable crops. Grafting did not use before this method as a method
of propagation in the vegetables and non-woody plants.
The new approach of grafting technique is depending on dividing the
mother plants from seedless (Chiffon F1) and seeded watermelon (Aswan F1
hybrid) plants which grown in the plastic house conditions after 75 days from
transplanting. Three types of cuttings were used as a scions. The first type is the
cutting from terminal growing point of the main stem and lateral branches 6-10cm
in length 0.45-0.6 cm in diameter, the second type is cutting included two nodes,
buds and leaves and the third type is cuttings included one node, bud and leaf for
using its as scions and grafting them onto four rootstocks i.e., Lagenaria siceraria,
Bottle and Calabash gourd, Pumpkin Cucurbita moschata and Ercole Cucurbita
maxima × Cucurbita moschata by using the hole insertion method.
The experiment was conducted in randomized complete blocks design with
three replicates during the season of 2007/2008 including twelve grafting
treatments and the control seedless watermelon hybrids were sown without
grafting. The obtained results showed that, the Cucurbita rootstocks had a lower
survival rate than Lagenaria rootstocks with all types of cuttings. The grafted
plants by this technique showed significant increment in most characteristics such
as vegetative growth, early and total yield, fruit characteristics, total sugars and
reducing or non-reducing sugars as compared with the seedless watermelon
without grafting as a control.
Kay words: Watermelon, Rootstock, Grafting, Seedless, Gourd,
Propagation, Triploid, Legenaria, Cucurbita,
3. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 33(11), November, 2008
8072
INTRODUCTION
Watermelon Citrullus lanatus is an important crop cultivated in Egypt.
Watermelon is now considered one of the cash crops besides being a favorable
summer fruit. In 2006, acreage planted with watermelon was 164, 529 feddans
with an average yield of 12.31 ton/fed, according to statistical data of Ministry of
Agriculture.
Triploid (seedless) hybrids, first reported in Japan in 1947 (Kihara, 1951),
have gradually found their way onto the market. The high cost of seed production
and difficulty in germination make triploid watermelon a choice candidate for
commercial micropropagation to provide transplants directly to the grower.
Increasing the number and diversity of tetraploid parents for triploid hybrids will
increase the number of triploid varieties available (Garret, et al., 1995 and Zhang,
et al., 1995).
Seedless watermelons, which are highly prized by consumers (Marr and
Gust 1991), are produced from triploid plants that arise from seed obtained by
cross-pollination of the female flower of a tetraploid plant (4X=44) inbred line as
the female parent with pollen from a diploid plant (2X=22) inbred line as the male
parent of the hybrid (Adelberg, et al., 1997). Highest yields of pure triploid seed
are obtained by labor-intensive hand pollination of each tetraploid flower and
preventing self-pollination by tetraploid pollen. This also requires trained workers
(Kihara, 1951).
Tetraploid lines have conventionally been produced from inbred diploid
lines by colchicine treatment of seedling shoot tips, doubling the chromosome
number. Chemical ploidy, mutation, and low fertility are routine problems of
primary tetraploids (Adelberg, et al., 1997).
In 1995 in the United States, commercial growers were paying $140-
$180per 1000 seed; several fold the price of diploid hybrid seed. These prices are
offset in the market, where triploid fruit can bring significantly higher prices than
diploid fruit. Many watermelon growers pay specialty nurseries to grow
transplants from seed, raising the cost by another $50 per 1000 transplants. The
high cost of seed production and difficulty in germination make triploid
watermelon a choice candidate for commercial micropropagation to provide
transplants directly to the grower. Increasing the number and diversity of
tetraploid parents for triploid hybrids will increase the number of triploid varieties
available (Adelberg, et al., 1997).
Despite costly inputs, triploid seed do not germinate well. Triploid seeds
have small, triploid embryos encased in a thick tetraploid seed coat. To optimize
emergence, triploid seed should be scarified, planted flat and germinated at
temperatures above 27 °C with careful moisture control and then drenched with
warm water just after emergence to remove the still pliable seed coat. Four weeks
after planting, the seedlings are ready for transplanting to the field. Triploid seed
can be germinated under field conditions if carefully pregerminated (Adelberg, et
al., 1997).
Seedless watermelon hybrids are highly sterile that develop fruits, but no
seeds (Kihara, 1951). The seeds for growing them are produced by crossing a
normal watermelon with one that has been changed genetically by treatment with
a chemical called colchicine. The seeds from this cross produce plants that, when
4. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 33(11), November, 2008
8073
pollinated with pollen from normal plants, produce seedless watermelon
(Fiacchino and Walters 2000).
The growing costs of seedless watermelon (triploid hybrid watermelon) in
Egypt is very expensive due to introducing the seeds, its price is about (2.0 L.E
/seed) moreover the maximum percent of germination is 70% (according to
Syngenta Company).
Grafting is a method of asexual plant propagation widely used in
horticulture where the tissues of one plant are encouraged to fuse with those of
another. It is most commonly used for the propagation of trees and shrubs grown
commercially. It is most commonly used for the propagation of trees and shrubs
grown commercially. Fruit tree propagation is usually carried out through asexual
reproduction by grafting the desired variety onto a suitable rootstock.
In most cases, one plant is selected for its roots, and this is called the stock
or rootstock. The other plant is selected for its stems, leaves, flowers, or fruits and
is called the scion. While, nonwoody plants and vegetable crops are often grafted
including tomato, cucumber, eggplant and watermelon. The main advantage of
grafting in this case is for disease-resistant rootstocks.
Since the beginning of civilization, fruit and nut trees have been grafted
because of the difficulty in propagating by cuttings, and the superiority and high
value of the grafted crop. Grafting is among the most expensive propagation
techniques, surpassing even micropropagation. Budding, which is a form of
grafting, is three times more costly than cuttings, and 14 times more expensive
than seedling propagation (Maynard and Bassuk, 1990). The horticulture and
forestry industries have sought to develop clonal propagation systems that avoid
labor-intensive graftage. Yet, traditional and highly efficient grafting and budding
systems are essential for the propagation of many woody plant species. New
markets continue to require grafted and budded plants for improved plant quality,
fruit yield, superior forms, and better adaptation to greater ecological ranges. In
the southeastern United States, where high temperatures and periodic flooding of
soils (low soil oxygen) are the norm, cultivars of birch, fir, and oak are grafted
onto adapted rootstock (Raulston, 1995).
Chua and Teoh, (1973) indicated that, grafting approach, as used for
propagating durian, rambutan, Averrhoa carambola and mango is described and
its advantages are discussed. The propagation techniques described were used
for apples and peaches in Colombia, where temperatures are higher than
optimum for deciduous fruit. Clear polyethylene strips about 2 - 3.5 cm wide were
wrapped above and below T- or inverted T-buds; with cleft and bark grafts strips 6
- 10 cm wide were wrapped tightly around the stub of the rootstock and the scion
base to retain moisture (Larsen, 1976).
In forestry, grafting is used almost exclusively for the clonal production of
genetically improved seed orchards of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata), hoop pine
(Araucaria cunninghamii), slash pine (P. elliottii), Caribbean pine (P. caribaea),
eucalyptus (Eucalyptus nitens), Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and others
(Porada, 1993). The major advantage of using grafts is that superior germplasm
from older, elite trees can be clonally regenerated as parent trees for seed
orchards. Frequently, trees selected for breeding or seed orchard purposes are
so old (often greater than 15 or 20 years) that clonal production by rooted cuttings
is either impossible or far more costly than grafting. Where graft incompatibility is
5. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 33(11), November, 2008
8074
not a serious problem, grafting scions of elite trees onto established seedling
rootstock is a quick, straightforward, and cost effective way of developing seed
orchards (Hartmann, et al., 2002).
Vegetative propagation techniques commonly employed for Juglans nigra
include rooting, grafting and budding. Predictable propagation rates are difficult to
determine, regardless of technique. Reports of successful rooting trials indicate
the importance of utilizing axillary bud-origin shoots. Grafting and budding
success is dependent upon proper scion wood collection and handling, in addition
to a knowledge of the effects of callusing temperature and the physiological
condition of the rootstock (Coggeshall, et al,. 1997). Vegetative propagation of
major tree spices grown in India, including Myristica fragrans, Syzygium
aromaticum, Cinnamomum verum [C. zeylanicum], C. aromaticum, Pimenta
dioica, Garcinia gummigutta (syn. G. cambogia), G. indica, Tamarindus indica
and Punica granatum, is described. Propagation methods including cuttings, air
layering, budding, grafting and micropropagation are discussed (Rema, et al.,
1997).
Cultivar stability in fruit tree species is ensured by grafting on particular
rootstocks and a fruit tree can be considered as a symbiosis between scion and
rootstock (Errea, 1998). Hua-Biao, et al., (1999) recorded that C. praecox is a
popular ornamental shrub which must be propagated vegetatively as seeds do
not come true to type. The traditional methods of side, top and bud grafting and of
taking cuttings have low success rates, so an alternative method was developed.
A success rate of 90% has been achieved and 150-200 grafts can be done per
person per day.
The demand for Carabao mangoes which are true-to-type and precocious
is high in the Philippines. True-to-type propagation and nursery practices of
Carabao mangoes for large scale production of quality planting materials were
investigated. The processes involved are described and included sourcing for
quality seeds during the season, proper handling of seeds and preparation,
sowing, transplanting, growing Carabao seedlings for rootstocks in organically
enhanced soil media for 6-8 months, proper selection of scions, grafting and
further seedling growth and hardening. One production cycle took about one year
(Javier, et al., 1997).
Mohamed, (2000) recorded that; in Egypt tree fruits (except Figs) are
usually propagated by grafting.
The production of grafted plants first began in Japan and Korea in the late
1920s with watermelon Citrullus lanatus grafted onto gourd rootstock (Lee, 1994).
The grafting was used in vegetables production for resistant the soil
problems and soil borne diseases, increasing tolerance to low and high
temperature and for growth activation, in general the aims also expanded until
today when grafting serves a spectrum of purposes: (1) to boost plant growth and
development; (2) to control wilt caused by pathogens; (3) to reduce viral, fungal
and bacterial infection; (4) to strengthen tolerance to thermal or saline stress; (5)
to increase nutrient and mineral uptake to the shoot (Rivero, et al., 2003).
The traditional methods such as tongue approach grafting, one cotyledon
graft, side grafting, hole insertion grafting (Oda, 1995), stem grafting and
hypocotyl graft. All of this methods were used the rootstock and the scion in
seedling stage, when the scions and rootstocks having one or two true leaves,
6. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 33(11), November, 2008
8075
while, the new method was depending on mother plants grown in the nursery
greenhouse and collected the shoot tip and cuttings for using as a scion and
grafted it on the different rootstock.
This study aim to use the grafting for propagation of seedless watermelon
to produce many grafting seedlings from one triploid seed and to control many
problems such as, decreasing the cost of triploid seedless watermelons seeds,
solving the problem of low germination and in addition to the many benefits when
planted the grafted plants in the field or greenhouse. This technique is perfectly
compatible method with sustainable agriculture and eco production system
especially when we use resistant rootstock. Grafting provide increasing tolerance
to diseases and vigor to crops and should be considered a low-input, sustainable
horticulture practice for the future.
The study aims to develop new pattern of grafting technique for watermelon
plants propagation to minimize the amounts of imported watermelon hybrids, in
general, and seedless watermelon in particular. Also, this technique decreased
the cost of seedless watermelon seedling production and producing homogenous
plants characteristics.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Grafting is one of the methods for plant propagation widely used in
horticulture. This is often done to produce a hardier or more disease resistant
plant or to propagate desirable cultivars or forms selected for their stems, leaves
or flowers. It is most commonly used for the propagation of trees and shrubs
grown commercially. In most cases, one plant is selected for its use as a root and
this is called the stock or rootstock. The other plant is selected for its desirable
vegetative stems, leaves, flowers, or fruits and is called the scion.
The aim of the present study was suggested as a new method for seedless
watermelon hybrid plants propagation by new approach of grafting technique
which depending on dividing the mother plants to cuttings for using as scions and
grafting them onto other rootstock which should be equal in diameters
comparably.
Three types of cuttings were taken from mother plants, which were planted
in the plastic house conditions after 75 days from transplanting for grafting. The
scions used in these studies were as follows
(A)- Cutting from terminal growing point of the main stem and lateral
branches 6-10cm in length 0.45-0.6 cm in diameter.
(B)- Cutting included two nodes, buds and leaves.
(C)- Cuttings included one node, bud and leaf.
7. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 33(11), November, 2008
8076
The experiment was conducted during 2007/2008 season.
2.1. Plant materials
2.1.1. Watermelon cultivars
The seedless watermelon cultivar (Chiffon F1 as yellow flesh from
Syngenta seed Company) and seeded watermelon commercial F1 hybrid Aswan
(Sakata Seed Company) was used as pollinator. Seedless and seeded
watermelon were grafted onto four rootstocks, i.e., Bottle gourd Lagenaria
siceraria, Balabash gourd Lagenaria siceraria, Pumpkin Cucurbita moschata and
Ercole Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata (hybrid Nun 6001F1 Holland
Nunhems). Watermelon hybrids without grafting Chiffon as a seedless hybrid and
seeded hybrid Aswan were used as a control. This experiment included seedless
watermelon hybrid, which grafted into different rootstock by different scion parts
and the control.
Triploid and diploid watermelon seeds were sown in the plastic house at
Dokki on 13th
November in 2007 in the foam seedling trays with 84 cells filled with
mixture of peat-moss and vermiculite at the ratio (1:1 v/v), 300 gm ammonium
sulphate, 400 gm calcium superphosphate, 150 gm potassium sulphate, 50 ml.
nutrient solution and 50 gm of a fungicide were added for each 50 kg of the peat
moss. Seedless and seeded watermelon seedlings transplanted on 22nd
December, 2007, in plastic house in El-Dokki location as a mother plants.
Mother plants were subjected to the conventional agricultural practices i.e.,
irrigation, fertilization, pests and diseases management as commonly followed by
the Ministry of Agriculture in Egypt, for producing good watermelon vegetative
growth.
In this respect all female flowers or any fruit set were removed. After 75
days from transplanting the good and healthy mother plants free of pests and
diseases especially virus diseases were selected for obtaining different types of
scions. Suitable branches were chosen for scions from the shoot tip, upper,
middle and bottom nodal segments from the all primary or secondary branches,
nodal cuttings included one or two buds.
Lagenaria rootstock seeds were sown in seedling trays for a period of 10
days while Cucurbit rootstocks as local Pumpkin cultivar and Ercole Cucurbita
maxima × Cucurbita moschata were sown in seedling trays for a period of 7 days
before there transferred into plastic pots of 10 cm diameter, containing the same
volume from the mixture of peat moss and vermiculite. Grafting process was
performed after 20 and 25 days from their transplanting in Lagenaria siceraria
rootstock and Cucurbit rootstocks as local pumpkin cultivar and Ercole Cucurbita
maxima × Cucurbita moschata respectively or when the stem diameter reached
6-8 mm in Lagenaria rootstocks and 6 mm in Cucurbita rootstocks. Rootstock
seedlings were subjected to acclimatization before and after grafting to increase
the percentage of survival rate. Before grafting, the rootstock were put under
sunlight condition for 2-3 days and the soil should be kept dry to avoid spindly or
elongation growth as mentioned by (Oda, 1995)
The grafting method used the hole insertion by removing all the growing
points by sharp stainless razor blades to prevent future shoot growth of the
rootstock. This is one of the advantages of this type of graft. A specialized tool,
such as a bamboo stick or small drill bit or piercing the center of the rootstock by
a hedge-shape stick, is used to remove all of the meristem from the rootstock
8. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 33(11), November, 2008
8077
leaving a small hole with a small splice along both sides. The sticks pierce must
inter the stock at a depth of 1cm. The chosen scion is then slant cut in a similar
shape as the piercing stick and placed within the hole. After grafting the plastic
grafting clip was used at the place of grafting to keep the scion and rootstock
together during healing.
Grafted seedlings were removed immediately into the shaded plastic low
tunnel for healing and hardening which these are a key factors for the survival of
grafted plants as mentioned by (Oda, 2007). Recommended temperatures for this
process are 25–32ºC. A layer of water were kept in the polyethylene floor liner
and the doors were kept closed to maintain high humidity over 85% RH. The pots
including the grafted plants were put on bricks to support the plants above the
water level. The grafted seedlings should wilt initially but were recovered within
three days. Four to five days after grafting, the hardening process was began by
peeling away the top (silver) layer of shade net of 60-mesh nylon netting to
exclude virus-transmitting insects. The double door reduces the chance for entry
of insects with workers. The water of the floor pan was drained. The chamber’s
plastic-covered door was opened; the screen door was kept closed to prevent
insect infestation. These conditions were maintained for four to five days.
Grafted plants were moved out of the tunnel and placed into a screen
house, nine days after grafting. The plants were stayed in the screen house for
seven to eight days for further development and hardening. The entire process
takes 30 to 33 days from sowing.
Grafted watermelon seedlings were transplanted on May 13 to the open
field. Each experiment included thirteen treatments. Twelve from these were
grafting treatments all of rootstock with different segments plant parts (shoot tip,
nodal cuttings included one bud and nodal cuttings included two buds) and one
treatment was ungrafted watermelon plants. Each plots consisted of two rows
each row was 5m. length and 2m width, plants were spaced at 1m interval on one
side of the row. Grafted seedlings from Aswan cultivar on all rootstock was used
as a pollinator and planted in every third row. Each treatment included 10 plants
in each replicate.
Grafted plants were transplanted to the field in Kaha experimental, Kalubia
Governorate at a density of 2200 plants per feddan 70% seedless and 30%
seeded as a pollinator. The grafted seedlings were planted above the soil level to
avoid any infection and avoid any adventitious roots from the scion which can
develop and grow into the soil. If this occurs, disease can bypass the resistant
rootstock and may lead to infection and death of the entire plant. The
conventional agricultural practices i.e., irrigation, fertilization, and weeding and
pest control followed standard commercial practices, were done as recommended
by the Ministry of the Agriculture in Egypt, for watermelon production. Plots were
harvested on 26 July, 12 and 28 August 2008.
2.2. Experimental design and statistical analysis
A randomized complete blocks design with three replicates was used in the
experiment. Data were statistically analyzed using analyses of variance by the
technique of analysis of variance ANOVA, with the Stat soft statistical package
MSTATC software program (Michigan State University,. East Lansing, MI, USA).
Probabilities of significance among treatments and Means were compared with
9. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 33(11), November, 2008
8078
least significant difference L.S.D. (P≤0.05) were used to compare means within
and among treatments according to Gomez and Gomez (1984).
2.3. Studied characteristics:-
3.3.1. Survival rates:-
Survive rates were measured after 12 days from the grafting by account the
success seedlings and dividing it on the total number of the grafting seedlings
The following data were recorded during growth period until the end of
harvesting.
2.3.2. Vegetative growth characteristics:
Vegetative growth characters were measured after harvesting in samples of
four plants randomly chosen from each plot.
*- Plant length (cm):
It was measured as the average length, in centimeters, of four random
plants. The measurement started from the surface of the ground to plant stem
apex.
*- Leaves area (cm2
):
It was expressed as the mean leaf area in cm2
using the dry weight
method. The leaves were cleaned from dust and then weighted to nearest 0.001
g. Previously determined were 20 disks of known area.
2 D ry w eight of plant leaves
Leaves area cm = 20 the area of disk
D ry w eight of 20 disks
Where, the area of a disk is about 1.0 cm
*- Plant fresh weight (gm):
It was measured as the total weight of three plants from each plot without
roots.
2.3.3. Yield and its components:
The fruits were harvested at two times 80 and 100 days from planting. The
following traits were evaluated:
*- Total weight of fruits /plant:
It represents the total weight of the harvested fruits throughout the entire
season in kg per plant.
*- Early yield:
It was estimated as the weight of fruits/fed of all harvested fruits during the
first 3 weeks from the starting harvest.
*- Total yield (ton/fed.):
The yield of all fruits harvested throughout the entire season. This was
calculated by transferring the total yield per plot to ton per feddan.
2.3.4. Fruit characteristics:
Fruit characteristics were determined by measuring the following
measurements:
*- Fruit length (cm).
*- Fruit diameter (cm).
*- Fruit shape index:
It was calculated by dividing fruit length on fruit diameter.
10. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 33(11), November, 2008
8079
- Fruit size (cm3
):
It was measured by using water displacement technique by displacement
the same size from water in normative beaker and estimated the same size from
water. This was done in a special container which was filled with water until
overflows form the spout. Fresh fruits were immersed and the overflow water
volume was measured in a graduated cylinder.
2.3.5. Chemical determinations:-
*- Total soluble solids (T.S.S. %):
It was estimated in fruit juice by using a hand refractometer. Three fruits
were taken at random from each treatment for this test. This was estimated
according to the methods of A.0.A.C. (1975).
*- Total, reducing and non-reducing sugars:
They were determined of each fruit samples according to Malik and Singh
(1980) method, since sugars were extracted from 0.5-gram ground dried material
by distilled water, then determined by phenol sulfuric method and Nelson
arsenate-molibdate colorimeteric method for total and reducing sugars,
respectively. The non-reducing sugars were calculated by the difference between
total and reducing sugars
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Survival rates
The survival rates of plants grafted onto different rootstocks by different
parts from mother plants as scions are presented in (Table1). Data in the table
indicated that significant differences were observed between the different
rootstock and different parts from mother plants on survival rates, the lowest
survival rate was found 66,66% when used the pumpkin as rootstock with cutting
included two nodes, leaves and bud as scions, while pumpkin as rootstock and
used cutting included one node, leaf and bud showed 68,89.
The highest rate was 94,44% with Lagenaria (2) as rootstock and shoot tip
as scions. Data in this table indicated that in general, Cucurbita type rootstocks
had a lower survival rate than Lagenaria type rootstocks.
Lagenaria (2) with shoot tip gave the best results followed by Ercole (C.
maxima × C. moschata) rootstocks with all parts from mother plants as scions.
Pumpkin rootstocks had a lower survival rate than the other treatments. On the
other hand, no significant differences among pumpkin with other parts as a scions
was noticed. While Ercole with shoot tip showed significant increment compared
with Ercole with cutting included one node or two nodes, whereas, no significant
differences between them. No significant differences between Lagenaria (1) and
Lagenaria (2) with all cuttings as scions. These results were agreement with (Oda
et al., 1993). Cucurbita type rootstocks had a lower survival rate than Lagenaria
type rootstocks. Yetisir and Sari (2003b) reported that survival rate was low (65%)
in Cucurbita type rootstocks, it was high (95%) in Lagenaria type rootstocks.
11. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 33(11), November, 2008
8080
Table 1. Effect of grafting seedless watermelon on several rootstocks by
different cuttings from mother plants as scions on survival rate
percentage of seedlings in 2007/2008 season.
Rootstocks Scions Survive rate %
Lagenaria
(1)
Cuttings
Shoot tip 85.55
One node 92.22
Two nodes 89.99
Lagenaria
(2)
Cuttings
Shoot tip 94.44
One node 89.10
Two nodes 92.22
Pumpkin Cuttings
Shoot tip 74.44
One node 68.89
Two nodes 66.66
Ercole Cuttings
Shoot tip 88.89
One node 74.46
Two nodes 73.33
L.S.D. 0.05 10.80
3.2. - Vegetative growth characteristics:
The growth performances of plants grafted onto different rootstocks were
compared with control. Grafted plants in all rootstocks with all parts from mother
plant as scions showed significant increment compared with control as shown in
table 2.
Table 2. Effect of grafting seedless watermelon on several rootstocks by
different cuttings from mother plants as scions on plant length (cm),
leaves area (cm2
) and plant fresh weight (kg) compared with the
control in 2007/2008 season.
Rootstocks
Scions
Vegetative characters
Plant
length
(cm)
Leaves
area (cm
2
)
Plant fresh
weight(Kg)
Lagenaria (1) Cuttings
Shoot tip 341.8 47399 2.100
One node 382.7 45537 2.155
Two nodes 367.4 44786 2.230
Lagenaria (2) Cuttings
Shoot tip 437.8 53475 2.713
One node 401.3 52070 2.650
Two nodes 404.3 52887 2.590
Pumpkin Cuttings
Shoot tip 367.8 53606 2.410
One node 398.8 53900 2.312
Two nodes 399.8 49196 2.190
Ercole Cuttings
Shoot tip 415.5 55925 2.640
One node 434.5 55043 2.710
Two nodes 432.0 55696 2.750
Control 310.4 38252 2.110
L.S.D. 0.05 58.6 8123 0.360
12. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 33(11), November, 2008
8081
Data in Table (2) indicate that there was a significant effect between
different grafting treatments and control on plant length leaves area and plant
fresh weight. Dearly indicate that plant length, leaves area and plant fresh weight
were significantly increased with most grafting treatment especially when grafting
on Lagenaria (2) by shoot tip scions and Ercole rootstocks by all type of cuttings
whereas these pattern of grafting technique produced the highest values from
these characteristics. Grafting watermelon significantly affected plant growth.
Control plants had short plant length, less leaves area and low plant fresh weight.
Vegetative growth characteristics was positively influenced by grafting when
compared with the control. The root system of Lagenaria (2) and Ercole
rootstocks were much pronounced than that of watermelon, which might facilitate
the uptake of more nutrient resulting better growth of the grafted plant. The
results showed that the increasing in watermelon vegetative growth through the
use of grafted plants can be attributed mainly to disease control and secondly to
better plant growth. Increased plant growth responses, not related to the control
of a major pathogen, are a well-known phenomenon in grafted plants (Lee,.
1994). The rootstock's vigorous root system is often capable of absorbing water
and nutrients more efficiently than scion roots, and may serve as a supplier of
additional endogenous plant hormones (Lee,. 1994 and Pulgar et al., 2000).
Cucurbits usually show a significant amount of xylem sap after vine cut, greatly
influenced by the rootstock and containing high concentrations of minerals,
organic substances, and plant hormones (cytokinins and gibberellins) (Kato and
Lou, 1989, Masuda and Gomi,. 1982). These results were agreement with those
of Alan et al., (2007) and Bletsos (2005) they found that, grafting due to positively
affected on plant vigour and height, fruit yield and quality, marketable yield, fruit
size in early production and total soluble solids. Salam et al., (2002) reported
also, that both the length of vine and number of lateral branches produced in the
grafted plants were higher than those of the nongrafts.
3.3. Yield and its components:-
Results in Table (3) show that there were significant differences between
the grafted and ungrafted plants in early yield and total yield (kg/plant and
ton/feddan). Lagenaria (2) and Ercole rootstocks showed a significant increment
compared with Lagenaria (1), pumpkin, and control.
Grafted plants flowered about 20 days earlier and showed more vigorous
vegetative growth than the control plants. Grafted plants by shoot tip on
Lagenaria(2) gave 66.8% higher in total yield (kg/plant) than the control plants.
Similarly, grafted plants showed 101–284% higher in early yield compared with
control plants. In total yield, Lagenaria type rootstocks produced a higher yield
than Cucurbita type and the control, while control plants had 12.93 kg/plant. In
total yield (ton/fed.) Lagenaria (2) rootstocks with shoot tip as scion produced
71.96%higher yield than the control. In contrast, Lagenaria(1) rootstocks with
cutting included two nodes as scion had 0.56% higher yield than the control, while
pumpkin rootstocks with shoot tip as scions had 4.64% less yield than the control.
The study showed that rootstock choices influence plant growth as well as yield
13. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 33(11), November, 2008
8082
and quality of scion fruit, suggesting an important consideration in the potential
use of grafting applications in watermelon.
Early yield was significantly lower in the control than the other grafting
treatments, the highest early and total yield was observed in the grafted plants on
Lagenaria (2) by shoot tip as a scion. The early production of the grafted plants
by shoot tip on Lagenaria (2) was increased by 262.56%, as compared to the
control, while, early production of the grafted plants by cutting included one node
as scion on Ercole was increased by 284.03%, as compared to the control. This
might be due to the higher vegetative growth of the grafting plants. Research has
shown that possible mechanisms for increased yield are likely due to increased
water and nutrient uptake among vigorous rootstock genotypes. Stomatal
conductance was improved in tomato when grafted onto vigorous rootstock
(Fernandez- Garcia et al., 2002). Nutrient uptake for macronutrients such as
phosphorus and calcium were enhanced by grafting (Leonardi and Giuffrida 2006
and Ruiz, et al., 1996)
Table 3. Effect of grafting seedless watermelon on several rootstocks by different
cuttings from mother plants as scions on total yield (kg/plant), early yield
(ton/fed.) and total yield (ton/fed.) compared with control in 2007/2008
season.
Rootstocks
Scions
Yield
Early yield
(ton/fed.)
Total yield
(kg/plant)
Total yield
(ton/fed.)
Lagenaria (1) Cuttings
Shoot tip 3.8525 13.36 22.05
One node 4.4920 14.50 23.93
Two nodes 3.9833 13.00 21.45
Lagenaria (2) Cuttings
Shoot tip 6.8068 22.23 36.68
One node 5.8131 18.00 29.70
Two nodes 6.2928 18.56 30.62
Pumpkin Cuttings
Shoot tip 3.7915 12.33 20.34
One node 4.8826 14.74 24.31
Two nodes 4.2039 13.28 21.91
Ercole Cuttings
Shoot tip 6.4016 20.30 33.49
One node 7.2099 19.24 31.75
Two nodes 6.5539 18.22 30.06
Control 1.8774 12.93 21.33
L.S.D. 0.05 1.0068 1.40 2.31
Many authors have stated that a rootstock promoted higher yields in grafted
plants (Chouka and Jebari (1999) and Ruiz and Romero (1999)). These
increases can be explained by an interaction of some or all of the following
phenomena: increased water and plant nutrient absorption (Kato and Lou (1989),
augmented endogenous hormone production (Zijlstra, et al., (1994), and
enhanced scion vigor (Leoni, et al., (1990), resistance to soil pathogens
(Edelstein, et al., (1999) and Lee (1994)).
Salam et al., (2002) studied the effect of grafting on the growth and yield of
watermelon. They showed that grafting also produced higher number of fruits per
plant (5.25) and larger fruit (30.30 cm) which ultimately produced higher yield
14. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 33(11), November, 2008
8083
(56.92 t/ha) than non grafted plants. The grafts produced 3.5 times higher yield
than non grafts.
Yield was increased by grafting in watermelon (Ruiz and Romero 1999;
Yetisir and Sari 2003a), and similar results have been found in cucumber (Pavlou,
et al., 2002). Yields can be increased in watermelon production even under
optimum growing conditions (Yetisir and Sari 2003a). Furthermore, fruit quality,
as indicated by fruit firmness, can be increased in watermelon by grafting onto
certain rootstock (Roberts et al., 2005 and Rivard 2006).
Maroto, 2002 mentioned that average yield of the main cultivar (without
considering the yield of the pollenizers) in the grafted plots reached 89 ton per
hectare for the eight years of experimentation. This was a remarkably high yield
for an early cycle watermelon production. Grafted watermelons with saline-
tolerant rootstocks showed yield increase up to 81% under greenhouse
production (Colla et al., 2006).
3.4. Fruit characteristics:-
Fruit characteristics of watermelon grafted onto different rootstocks are
presented in (Table 4). The biggest fruit was obtained from the Lagenaria (2)
rootstock with shoot tip scions reached to 7100cm3 whereas fruits from the
control plants reached to 4416 cm3.
These results showed that grafted plants improved plant growth and yield
without any harmful effects on fruit quality. The positive effects of grafting can
change according to the rootstock being used.
It is obvious from Table (4) that there was a significant increment in fruit
size, length and diameter without any significant effect on fruit shape index. Fruit
yield was positively influenced by grafting versus control. It is evident from the
data, in the same table, that the Lagenaria (2) rootstock with shoot tip scion
produced larger fruits. No significant effect on fruit shape index which may be due
to this parameter was genetic characteristics not changed by environmental
condition. These results agree with that obtained by (Miguel et al.. 2004) they
observed that grafting watermelon on 'Shintoza' rootstock increased both fruit set
and fruit size compared to the non-grafted plants. Bletsos (2005) recorded that,
grafting positively affected plant vigour and height, fruit yield, quality, marketable
yield and fruit size in early production.
15. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 33(11), November, 2008
8084
Table 4. Effect of grafting seedless watermelon on several rootstocks by
different cuttings from mother plants as scions on fruit length (cm),
fruit diameter (cm), fruit shape index and fruit size (cm3
) compared
with control in 2007/2008 season.
Rootstocks
Scions
Fruit characters
Fruit
length
(cm)
Fruit
diameter
(cm)
Fruit
shape
index
Fruit
size (cm
3
)
Lagenaria (1) Cuttings
Shoot tip 23.1 21.6 1.069 4616.7
One node 22.4 20.7 1.082 5050.0
Two nodes 23.8 22.4 1.062 4508.3
Lagenaria (2) Cuttings
Shoot tip 28.3 26.4 1.072 7100.0
One node 27.4 26.1 1.050 5766.7
Two nodes 26.9 25.2 1.067 5825.0
Pumpkin Cuttings
Shoot tip 22.6 21.7 1.041 4291.7
One node 22.5 21.3 1.056 5133.3
Two nodes 23.6 22.4 1.053 4500.0
Ercole Cuttings
Shoot tip 27.8 26.0 1.070 6416.7
One node 27.6 26.1 1.057 6016.7
Two nodes 27.3 25.3 1.079 5691.7
Control 24.6 22.3 1.103 4416.7
L.S.D. 0.05 1.9 1.7 N.S 477.4
3.5. Chemical analysis
Results detected in Table (5) show that there were significant differences
between the watermelon fruits produced from grafted and ungrafted plants in total
soluble solids. The soluble solids contents were significantly affected by grafting.
All combination from rootstocks with all type of scions gave similar results
concerning soluble solids, the total soluble solid percent (TSS %) of fruits
produced in grafted plants were significantly higher than that of non grafts. In this
connection, Georgiev (1972) and Ahmed et al., (1987) also reported that brix
percent of watermelon was higher when grafted on squash and bottle gourd,
respectively, than the control (non-graft). Lo'Pez-Galarza et. al., (2004) in all
samplings, total sugar concentrations and soluble solids contents were smaller (P
-grafted plants. Bletsos (2005)
recorded that, grafting positively affecting on melon plant vigour and height, fruit
yield and quality, marketable yield, fruit size in early production and total soluble
solids (oBrix). In these respect, several investigators obtained similar results e.g.,
Salam et. al. (2002), Yetısır et al., (2003) Yetisir and Sari, 2003a, Alan et al.,
2007 in watermelon. Huitron et al., (2007) on watermelon recorded that, none of
these rootstocks significantly affected the quantity of total soluble solids,
presenting values above 11.17 degrees Brix. Fruits from grafted plants had a
thicker rind and slightly lower total soluble solids content than the fruit from non-
grafted plants as recorded (Alexopoulos et al., 2007).
16. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 33(11), November, 2008
8085
Table 5. Effect of grafting seedless watermelon on several rootstocks by
different parts from mother plants as scions on T.S.S, reducing and
non reducing sugars (g/100g) fresh weight and total sugar compared
with control in 2007/2008 season.
Rootstocks
Scions
Chemical analysis
T.S.S
Sugars % (g/100g) fresh weight
Total Sugar
R NR
Lagenaria (1) Cuttings
Shoot tip 12.3 4.978 3.568 8.547
One node 12.7 5.328 3.421 8.749
Two nodes 12.8 5.218 3.591 8.809
Lagenaria (2) Cuttings
Shoot tip 12.7 4.945 3.642 8.587
One node 13.2 5.574 3.649 9.224
Two nodes 13.3 4.945 3.503 8.448
Pumpkin Cuttings
Shoot tip 12.6 5.497 3.356 8.853
One node 12.8 5.046 3.532 8.578
Two nodes 12.5 4.738 3.679 8.416
Ercole Cuttings
Shoot tip 12.8 4.770 3.685 8.456
One node 13.2 4.925 3.727 8.652
Two nodes 12.7 5.049 3.934 8.984
Control 11.3 4.097 2.950 7.047
L.S.D. 0.05 0.8 0.735 0.453 0.955
Reducing, nonreducing and total sugars contents of watermelon juice are
presented in the same table demonstrate significant increment in reducing,
nonreducing and total sugar compared with control except pumpkin rootstocks
with cutting included two nodes and Ercole rootstock with shoot tip scions in
reducing sugar and pumpkin rootstocks with shoot tip scions in non reducing
sugar while total sugar showed significant differences between the fruit produced
from grafting and ungrafting plants.
These results may be due to as recorded by Ying et al., 2004 sugar
accumulation correlated with sugar metabolism and their related enzyme
activities during fruit development.
CONCLUSION
This study has developed a new method of propagation and easy produce
many seedless watermelon seedlings by grafting. This method has shown a
remarkable success and can be used in many vegetable crops such as cucurbits
and Solanaceae.
The method has succeeded in propagating seedless watermelon through
out obtaining several plants from one plant, homogenous plants and reducing the
amount of seeds are usually used in cultivation.
The results show that using Lagenaria (2) with the three kinds of cuttings is
the best treatment and the second best is Ercoli rootstock with all kinds of
cuttings as scions. Grafting seedless watermelon using these rootstocks by this
method produced high early and total yield with the best fruit characters
compared with ungrafted plants.
17. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 33(11), November, 2008
8086
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