This study examined the effects of traffic pollution on the growth, yield, and heavy metal content of spinach, squash, and turnip plants grown at different distances from a road with high traffic density. Two field experiments were conducted over two growing seasons. The study found that vegetative growth, yield, and chlorophyll content decreased with decreasing distance from the road. Lead and cadmium levels in plant tissues also decreased with increasing distance from the road. Washing the edible parts of plants reduced the lead content by 15-30% and cadmium content by 10-25%, with washing being more effective at removing lead than cadmium. Leafy spinach contained the highest heavy metal levels while squash fruits contained the lowest.
Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown in and Around Nas...IOSR Journals
The study was conducted to find out the content of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) in some selected vegetables grown in and around Nashik city, Maharashtra state (India). Vegetable samples from four different sites were collected and digested by using tri-acid digestion method. Concentrations of heavy metals were analyzed by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results of this study showed that there was wide variation in the concentration of these metals in vegetables collected from different sites. Vegetables grown in the vicinity of an industrial area were most contaminated while vegetables grown in rural area were least contaminated. Analytical results indicated that the concentration of lead in 35% vegetable samples collected from industrial area were more than maximum permitted limit. The high concentration of cadmium was found in onion and coriander, while lead content was recorded high in spinach and cauliflower. Arsenic concentration in 25% samples collected from industrial area was more than maximum permitted limit. Copper concentration in most of the vegetable sample was within permissible limit; only two out of forty samples have high concentration of copper. The results of the study showed that consumers are at greater risk of purchasing these fresh vegetables with high levels of heavy metals beyond permissible limits as defined by the Indian Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Waste Water Using Water HyacinthIDES Editor
Water pollution has become one of the most serious
problems of today’s civilization. In the last few years
considerable amount of research has been done on the
potential of aquatic macrophytes for pollutant removal or even
as bio-indicators for heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems. Water
hyacinth is one of the aquatic plant species successfully used
for wastewater treatment. It is very efficient in removing
pollutants like suspended solids, BOD, organic matter, heavy
metals and pathogens. This paper mainly focuses on the
treatment of waste water using the plant ‘water hyacinth’ and
has given emphasis to the removal of heavy metals by the
plant. Water hyacinth’ could grow in sewage; they absorb and
digest the pollutants in wastewater, thus converting sewage
effluents to relatively clean water. Thus, the plants hold
promise as a natural water purification system, which could
be established at a fraction of the cost of a conventional sewage
treatment facility. The study conducted in this regard revealed
how efficiently wastewater could be treated using the plant
‘Water hyacinth’.
IRJET- Application of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) in Wastewater Tre...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for wastewater treatment. Water hyacinth is a free-floating aquatic plant that can effectively remove various pollutants like nutrients, heavy metals, dyes, and organic matter from domestic and industrial wastewater through its root systems and other tissues. Studies have found that water hyacinth treatment can reduce parameters like biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, and nutrients by 50-90% within 2-4 weeks. Advanced techniques like adding microbial populations or aeration can further increase the removal efficiency of water hyacinth-based wastewater treatment systems.
Phytoremediation is a natural process that uses plants to remove contaminants from soil and water. It involves using plants and their associated microorganisms to degrade, extract, and stabilize pollutants in the environment. The document discusses the various methods of phytoremediation including phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytotransformation. It also provides examples of plant species commonly used for different phytoremediation processes and contaminants removed.
A study on physiological, anatomical characterization of selected carrot plan...Innspub Net
Carrots were first used for medical purposes and gradually used as food. It is also a good source of magnesium and manganese. Cadmium is a nonessential element that adversely affects plant growth and development. It is considered as one of the significant pollutants due to its high toxicity and more solubility in water. Experiment was conducted in Old Botanical Garden of University of Agriculture Faisalabad to check the response of carrot genotypes grown under Cadmium Chloride stress (0µM, 10µM, 15µM and 20µM). Variety of carrot (gajar) used was Red Gold. Seeds were sown in 12 pots, which were filled with sand, in 2nd week of November. Germination observed after one week of sowing. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Seeds of carrot (red gold) were purchased from Ayyub Agriculture Research Institute (AARI) Faisalabad and sown directly in the plastic pot. 8 seeds per pot were distributed. Hogland solution was also applied to replicates and then I applied Cadmium Chloride stress to the plants to start my experiment. Cadmium stress decreased the uptake and distribution of essential elements in plant. Studies had revealed that heavy metals cause adverse effects on plant growth, which further lead to decrease plant yield and inhibition of enzymatic activities.In the present study, plant growth characteristics, root length and shoot length decreased under Cd stress. In fact, salt stress decreased all attributes in carrot when the concentrations of Cadmium chloride increased higher and higher.
ABSTRACT- Wastewater treatment is a problem of grave concern in most developing countries. In the last two decades, there has been a lot of research to develop appropriate technologies to alleviate pollution in water resources. Efficient wastewater treatments through conventional methods are expensive and difficult to get optimum results. Currently, phytoremediation is an effective and affordable solution used to remediate toxic pollutants from aquatic ecosystems. The review describes various aquatic plants, which have high potential to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Key-words- Water pollution, Heavy metals, Phytoremediation, Aquatic plants, Wastewater treatment
Effect of potassium fertilization and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) in the ...Innspub Net
A field study was conducted at the college of Agriculture, Baghdad University- Jadiriyah to investigate the effect of adding potassium fertilizer and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) on the population density of two sucking pests of cucumber, cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci during the spring season/2016. Results indicated that potassium sulphate (50, 100 and 150 kg/ha) and organic nutrient (0.8 and 1.6ml/l) reduced both the population density of B. tabaci and T. tabaci nymphs depending on the fertilizer level of the user, the treatment 150 kg/ha for the potassium fertilizer and 1.6 ml/L for organic nutrient was the highest among others when minimized density of nymphs by 1.62 nymphs of B. tabaci/disk leaf and 0.38 nymph of T. tabaci / disk leaf. suggesting a possible increase in cucumber resistance to this pest as a result of the treatments, and the result showed the infestation with B. tabaci was higher in the second half of May, the average number of nymph were 5.35 nymph/ disk leaf, while the highest number of T. tabaci was observed in the first half of May, the average number reached to 2.73 nymph/ disk leaf. The result showed the interaction treatment K150A1.6 was significant superior of percentage of K and increased of content in leaves of Fe, Cu and Zn.
This thesis examines phytoremediation as a more sustainable alternative to traditional brownfield remediation methods. The author outlines how conventional remediation methods are costly, pose health and environmental risks, and lack public support. Meanwhile, phytoremediation uses plants to break down toxic substances in contaminated sites. While still in development, phytoremediation offers lower costs and greater community acceptance than traditional methods. The author analyzes the benefits and drawbacks of conventional remediation and phytoremediation through a review of literature to argue that phytoremediation provides a more sustainable approach to remediating the growing problem of contaminated brownfield sites.
Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown in and Around Nas...IOSR Journals
The study was conducted to find out the content of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) in some selected vegetables grown in and around Nashik city, Maharashtra state (India). Vegetable samples from four different sites were collected and digested by using tri-acid digestion method. Concentrations of heavy metals were analyzed by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results of this study showed that there was wide variation in the concentration of these metals in vegetables collected from different sites. Vegetables grown in the vicinity of an industrial area were most contaminated while vegetables grown in rural area were least contaminated. Analytical results indicated that the concentration of lead in 35% vegetable samples collected from industrial area were more than maximum permitted limit. The high concentration of cadmium was found in onion and coriander, while lead content was recorded high in spinach and cauliflower. Arsenic concentration in 25% samples collected from industrial area was more than maximum permitted limit. Copper concentration in most of the vegetable sample was within permissible limit; only two out of forty samples have high concentration of copper. The results of the study showed that consumers are at greater risk of purchasing these fresh vegetables with high levels of heavy metals beyond permissible limits as defined by the Indian Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Waste Water Using Water HyacinthIDES Editor
Water pollution has become one of the most serious
problems of today’s civilization. In the last few years
considerable amount of research has been done on the
potential of aquatic macrophytes for pollutant removal or even
as bio-indicators for heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems. Water
hyacinth is one of the aquatic plant species successfully used
for wastewater treatment. It is very efficient in removing
pollutants like suspended solids, BOD, organic matter, heavy
metals and pathogens. This paper mainly focuses on the
treatment of waste water using the plant ‘water hyacinth’ and
has given emphasis to the removal of heavy metals by the
plant. Water hyacinth’ could grow in sewage; they absorb and
digest the pollutants in wastewater, thus converting sewage
effluents to relatively clean water. Thus, the plants hold
promise as a natural water purification system, which could
be established at a fraction of the cost of a conventional sewage
treatment facility. The study conducted in this regard revealed
how efficiently wastewater could be treated using the plant
‘Water hyacinth’.
IRJET- Application of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) in Wastewater Tre...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for wastewater treatment. Water hyacinth is a free-floating aquatic plant that can effectively remove various pollutants like nutrients, heavy metals, dyes, and organic matter from domestic and industrial wastewater through its root systems and other tissues. Studies have found that water hyacinth treatment can reduce parameters like biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, and nutrients by 50-90% within 2-4 weeks. Advanced techniques like adding microbial populations or aeration can further increase the removal efficiency of water hyacinth-based wastewater treatment systems.
Phytoremediation is a natural process that uses plants to remove contaminants from soil and water. It involves using plants and their associated microorganisms to degrade, extract, and stabilize pollutants in the environment. The document discusses the various methods of phytoremediation including phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytotransformation. It also provides examples of plant species commonly used for different phytoremediation processes and contaminants removed.
A study on physiological, anatomical characterization of selected carrot plan...Innspub Net
Carrots were first used for medical purposes and gradually used as food. It is also a good source of magnesium and manganese. Cadmium is a nonessential element that adversely affects plant growth and development. It is considered as one of the significant pollutants due to its high toxicity and more solubility in water. Experiment was conducted in Old Botanical Garden of University of Agriculture Faisalabad to check the response of carrot genotypes grown under Cadmium Chloride stress (0µM, 10µM, 15µM and 20µM). Variety of carrot (gajar) used was Red Gold. Seeds were sown in 12 pots, which were filled with sand, in 2nd week of November. Germination observed after one week of sowing. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Seeds of carrot (red gold) were purchased from Ayyub Agriculture Research Institute (AARI) Faisalabad and sown directly in the plastic pot. 8 seeds per pot were distributed. Hogland solution was also applied to replicates and then I applied Cadmium Chloride stress to the plants to start my experiment. Cadmium stress decreased the uptake and distribution of essential elements in plant. Studies had revealed that heavy metals cause adverse effects on plant growth, which further lead to decrease plant yield and inhibition of enzymatic activities.In the present study, plant growth characteristics, root length and shoot length decreased under Cd stress. In fact, salt stress decreased all attributes in carrot when the concentrations of Cadmium chloride increased higher and higher.
ABSTRACT- Wastewater treatment is a problem of grave concern in most developing countries. In the last two decades, there has been a lot of research to develop appropriate technologies to alleviate pollution in water resources. Efficient wastewater treatments through conventional methods are expensive and difficult to get optimum results. Currently, phytoremediation is an effective and affordable solution used to remediate toxic pollutants from aquatic ecosystems. The review describes various aquatic plants, which have high potential to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Key-words- Water pollution, Heavy metals, Phytoremediation, Aquatic plants, Wastewater treatment
Effect of potassium fertilization and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) in the ...Innspub Net
A field study was conducted at the college of Agriculture, Baghdad University- Jadiriyah to investigate the effect of adding potassium fertilizer and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) on the population density of two sucking pests of cucumber, cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci during the spring season/2016. Results indicated that potassium sulphate (50, 100 and 150 kg/ha) and organic nutrient (0.8 and 1.6ml/l) reduced both the population density of B. tabaci and T. tabaci nymphs depending on the fertilizer level of the user, the treatment 150 kg/ha for the potassium fertilizer and 1.6 ml/L for organic nutrient was the highest among others when minimized density of nymphs by 1.62 nymphs of B. tabaci/disk leaf and 0.38 nymph of T. tabaci / disk leaf. suggesting a possible increase in cucumber resistance to this pest as a result of the treatments, and the result showed the infestation with B. tabaci was higher in the second half of May, the average number of nymph were 5.35 nymph/ disk leaf, while the highest number of T. tabaci was observed in the first half of May, the average number reached to 2.73 nymph/ disk leaf. The result showed the interaction treatment K150A1.6 was significant superior of percentage of K and increased of content in leaves of Fe, Cu and Zn.
This thesis examines phytoremediation as a more sustainable alternative to traditional brownfield remediation methods. The author outlines how conventional remediation methods are costly, pose health and environmental risks, and lack public support. Meanwhile, phytoremediation uses plants to break down toxic substances in contaminated sites. While still in development, phytoremediation offers lower costs and greater community acceptance than traditional methods. The author analyzes the benefits and drawbacks of conventional remediation and phytoremediation through a review of literature to argue that phytoremediation provides a more sustainable approach to remediating the growing problem of contaminated brownfield sites.
PHYTOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SOILS (WAQAS AZEEM)Waqas Azeem
This document discusses heavy metals contamination of soil and their uptake in the food chain. It provides details on various techniques used for remediation of contaminated soils, with a focus on phytoremediation. Phytoremediation uses plants and their associated microbes to remove, contain or render harmless contaminants in soil and water. Factors that affect phytoremediation like plant species, soil properties and metal properties are discussed. The use of hyperaccumulator plants for phytoremediation of heavy metals like arsenic is also described.
Here are some potential options for the polluted sand besides dumping in a landfill:
- The sand could be used in phytoremediation. Plants that are known to absorb and break down fats and oils could be grown in the sand to remediate the butter pollution. Once cleaned, the sand could be reused.
- The sand could undergo bioremediation. By providing the right nutrients and environmental conditions, microbes in the sand could break down the butterfat pollution over time. The sand may then be suitable for reuse.
- The solid butter scraped from roads could potentially undergo anaerobic digestion to break it down into biogas and fertilizer. This would reduce its volume and toxicity before landfilling.
The study examined the concentration of heavy metals
in water, soil and vegetables growing wildly on cement-polluted
soil of Rewa city, India. Accumulation of HMs in vegetables
occurs by various sources but soil is considered the major one. In
this study, soil to vegetable transfer factor (TF) for various HMs
were also calculated and data showed that TF values differed
significantly between soil and vegetable, the difference in TF
values among different vegetables may be attributed to
differences in element uptake by different vegetables. However
TF values obtained for all vegetables were below (1) at all sites.
TF were computed to quantify relative differences in
bioavailability of metals to vegetables to identify the efficiency of
a vegetables species to accumulate a HM(s). These factors were
based on roots uptake of metals and discount the foliar
absorption of atmospheric metal deposits. However TF does not
present the risk associated with the metal in any form.
Assessment of heavy metal contamination in green leafyAlexander Decker
This document analyzes heavy metal contamination in two leafy green vegetables, palak and coriander, grown in five areas of Bangalore, India that receive wastewater. Samples of the vegetables, soil, and water were tested for levels of copper, zinc, lead, chromium, cadmium, and manganese. Results found high levels of lead in both vegetables across all areas, exceeding safe limits. Zinc also exceeded limits in some areas. Chromium and cadmium were detected at some sites. The high metal levels found indicate contamination from automobile exhaust, pesticides, and industrial waste in the wastewater used for irrigation. Cytological studies on the plants showed chromosomal abnormalities, suggesting genetic effects from the
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study analyzed concentrations of essential and toxic trace elements in common vegetables sold in Maun, Botswana. Samples of cabbage, rape, tomatoes, onions, and potatoes were purchased from supermarkets and street vendors, digested using aqua regia, and analyzed using ICP-AES. The results showed levels of essential elements like zinc and toxic elements like lead varied between vegetable types and market sources. Leafy vegetables like cabbage had the highest metal concentrations. While vegetables provided essential elements, some exceeded safe levels for toxic metals. The study concluded consumption from these markets should be reduced to avoid potential metal poisoning.
Evaluation of air pollution tolerant tree species for Kothagiri Municipal Town, the Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu.
Senthilkumar P and Paulsamy S.
Journal of research in Biology (2011) 2: 148-152
Abstract:
Air pollution tolerance index (APTI) has been determined by pooling the at-tributes viz., total chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and moisture content of leaves and leaf extract pH for certain locally available tree species in and around Kothagiri Municipal Town, the Nilgiris. Of the 24 species analyzed 6 tree species such as Alnus nepalensis, Callistemon lanceolata, Eucalyptus ficifolia, Ficus elastica, Michelia champaca and Toona ciliate recorded higher APTI values. Hence, it is suggested that these tree spe-cies can be given priority for plantation programme in and around industrial com-plexes, road sides and also new urbanized areas in Kotagiri so as to reduce the effect of air pollution and makes the environment clean.
— The present study was conducted to evaluate the plant growth, physiological and biochemical changes of neem under different salinity levels (4, 8, 10 and 12 dS/m) which have multipurpose use in agroforestry. Growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrate, proline and total phenol were investigated 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after treatment imposition. The results revealed that salinity caused significant differences in all the growth parameters and the maximum reduction were observed when plants were exposed to high salinity (12 dS/m) level and minimum were in control treatments. It was found that total dry matter and relative water content were reduced 72% and 40% in 12 dS/m compared to control plants at 120 DATI, respectively. By increasing saliniy 0 to 12 dS/m, the chlorophyll (the photosynthetic pigment) and carbohydrate (the photosynthetic product) content decreased, but increased the level of proline (an amino acid) and total phenol content (an antioxidant) in different days. The highest accumulation of free proline and total phenol content was recorded in 10 dS/m treatment and it was 77% and 59% greater than control plant, respectively. These findings suggest that though growth and biochemical parameters of neem were affected by salt stress, but all the plants survived in different salinity levels. Among all different salinity levels, neem can performed better up to 10 dS/m salinity level could be due to better antioxidant system of neem to cope up with oxidative damage to stressed plants.
Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce) was examined for its potential to uptake and remove hexavalent chromium (Cr6+), a toxic heavy metal found in tannery wastewater. In laboratory experiments, living P. stratiotes effectively removed 100% of Cr6+ from solutions containing 2-8 ppm of the metal. However, at higher concentrations growth was inhibited. Dead P. stratiotes biomass also demonstrated high biosorption capacity for Cr6+, with optimal removal occurring at pH 1-2 and with greater biomass amounts. Column tests further showed the plant material could effectively filter and remove Cr6+ from wastewater. The findings suggest P. stratiotes may provide
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Phytoremediation is a low cost and effective soil
treatment option for metal reclamation. The use of plants to
remove heavy metals from soil is the phytoremediation. Heavy
metals are among the most dangerous substances in the
environment because of their high level of persistence and
harmfulness to living organisms. The present study in the field
deals with phytoremediation of heavy metals from contaminated
soil around Steel industry at Boisar Industrial area, using Indian
mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plant. The impact of addition of
chelating agents like EDTA (Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid)
and Citric acid on the bioaccumulation efficiency of the plant
were investigated. Mustard plants were grown in soil around
steel industry. The results indicated significant reduction of
metals in the soil and increased accumulation in biomass. EDTA
proved better than citric acid in extraction of metals from the
soil. Order of percentage phytoextraction by plant was Fe+2 >Cd
>Al > Zn > Cr > Cu > Mn.
Assessment of physicochemical and bacteriological drinking water quality of d...IJERA Editor
Water is essential to sustain the life. Water samples have collected from a different urban area of H. D. Kote
town of Mysore district from different sources such as hand pump, public taps, and stored household drinking
water. Physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the water samples were analysed following the
standard methods to evaluate the quality of drinking water. All physic-chemical parameters are within the
permissible limit to WHO. The microbiological analysis shows that that t nearly 53 % of the samples were
observed with coliform contamination. The significant difference among water sources regarding total plate
count was observed, where stored household water has relatively higher compared to tap and borewell water
exceeding the standard limit. Both hand pump and the tap water were not detected with any E. coli
contamination whereas 80% of the household stored water samples have shown E. coli contamination. The
presence of significant counts of coliforms in stored household water indicates post poor sanitation and
existence of human activities. Attention should be given to the collection, storage, and management by
additional treatment to maintain and prevent excessive microbial growth
The document analyzes the potential of three aquatic plant species - water hyacinth, water lettuce, and coontail - to remediate industrial effluent contaminated with heavy metals. The effluent was collected from a fuse shop in Pakistan that processes ammunition parts. Testing found the plants significantly reduced metal concentrations of copper, chromium, cadmium, zinc, nickel, and lead in the effluent over 24 days. Coontail was the most effective at removing metals. The results suggest these native plants could help manage and decontaminate wastewater polluted with heavy metals.
Phytochemical and Heavy Metal Analysis of Gongronema Latifolium, Talinum Tri...Scientific Review SR
This document analyzes the heavy metal content and phytochemical composition of three edible plant species (Gongronema latifolium, Talinum triangulare, and Amaranthus hybridus) grown in southern Nigeria. Soil and plant samples were collected from five locations and analyzed for heavy metals (Zn, Cu, As, Pb, Cd, Hg) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The plants were also analyzed for phytochemicals including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, carotenoids, anthocyanins, and steroids. The results showed zinc had the highest concentration in soil samples, while mercury was lowest. Lead concentration in some plant samples exceeded
The Role Of Trees in the Bioremediation of Drinking Waterearthseva
The document summarizes a research experiment in Sri Lanka that tested using trees for bioremediation of contaminated drinking water. Trees were planted densely around a drinking well to uptake contaminants through their roots. Native tree species formed a "root mat" in the buffer zone. Additional trees were used as wind breaks and crops were grown organically nearby. Water quality was monitored over time, showing reductions in nitrate, nitrite and other contaminants. The experiment demonstrated that establishing forests can help clean contaminated groundwater in a sustainable way.
A study on the removal of metal ions by Eichhornia Crassipes Sooraj Garg
The document summarizes a study on using water hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) to remove metal ions from water. It discusses the objectives of studying the plant's efficiency in removing metals and the effect of pH. It reviews literature on the plant's removal of metals like copper, cadmium, and chromium from over 90% within 25 days. The methodology discusses preparing synthetic wastewater with metals like iron, aluminum, copper and chromium at different pH levels and concentrations. Results show the plant removed over 90% of chromium at pH 4.5 but only 33-77% at other pH levels. Iron removal was 78-80% on average. The plant absorbed more iron than other metals.
Phytoextraction, also called phytoaccumulation, phytoabsorption, or phytosequestration, refers to the use of plants to absorb, translocate, and store toxic contaminants from soil, sediments, and/or sludge in the root and shoot tissues .
Lead is an extremely difficult soil contaminant to remediate because it is a “soft” Lewis acid that forms strong bonds to both organic and inorganic ligands in soil. For the most part, Pb-contaminated soils are remediated through civil engineering techniques that require the excavation and landfilling of the contaminated soil. Soils that present a leaching hazard in the landfill are either placed in a specially constructed hazardous waste landfill, or treated with stabilizing agents, such as cement, prior to disposal in an industrial landfill.
Merge PST software will help Outlook user to merge their multiple Outlook PST files in one single file. Merge PST Software can make it possible to add multiple Outlook PST files in one single file for easy use. PST Merge Tool supports in all version of windows operating system and easy in use.
Good Manufacturing Practices Awareness PostersSachin Sarkhot
Good manufacturing practices (GMP) are the practices required in order to conform to guidelines recommended by agencies that control authorization and licensing for manufacture and sale of food, drug products, and active pharmaceutical products.
These guidelines provide minimum requirements that a pharmaceutical or a food product manufacturer must meet to assure that the products are of high quality and do not pose any risk to the consumer or public.
PHYTOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SOILS (WAQAS AZEEM)Waqas Azeem
This document discusses heavy metals contamination of soil and their uptake in the food chain. It provides details on various techniques used for remediation of contaminated soils, with a focus on phytoremediation. Phytoremediation uses plants and their associated microbes to remove, contain or render harmless contaminants in soil and water. Factors that affect phytoremediation like plant species, soil properties and metal properties are discussed. The use of hyperaccumulator plants for phytoremediation of heavy metals like arsenic is also described.
Here are some potential options for the polluted sand besides dumping in a landfill:
- The sand could be used in phytoremediation. Plants that are known to absorb and break down fats and oils could be grown in the sand to remediate the butter pollution. Once cleaned, the sand could be reused.
- The sand could undergo bioremediation. By providing the right nutrients and environmental conditions, microbes in the sand could break down the butterfat pollution over time. The sand may then be suitable for reuse.
- The solid butter scraped from roads could potentially undergo anaerobic digestion to break it down into biogas and fertilizer. This would reduce its volume and toxicity before landfilling.
The study examined the concentration of heavy metals
in water, soil and vegetables growing wildly on cement-polluted
soil of Rewa city, India. Accumulation of HMs in vegetables
occurs by various sources but soil is considered the major one. In
this study, soil to vegetable transfer factor (TF) for various HMs
were also calculated and data showed that TF values differed
significantly between soil and vegetable, the difference in TF
values among different vegetables may be attributed to
differences in element uptake by different vegetables. However
TF values obtained for all vegetables were below (1) at all sites.
TF were computed to quantify relative differences in
bioavailability of metals to vegetables to identify the efficiency of
a vegetables species to accumulate a HM(s). These factors were
based on roots uptake of metals and discount the foliar
absorption of atmospheric metal deposits. However TF does not
present the risk associated with the metal in any form.
Assessment of heavy metal contamination in green leafyAlexander Decker
This document analyzes heavy metal contamination in two leafy green vegetables, palak and coriander, grown in five areas of Bangalore, India that receive wastewater. Samples of the vegetables, soil, and water were tested for levels of copper, zinc, lead, chromium, cadmium, and manganese. Results found high levels of lead in both vegetables across all areas, exceeding safe limits. Zinc also exceeded limits in some areas. Chromium and cadmium were detected at some sites. The high metal levels found indicate contamination from automobile exhaust, pesticides, and industrial waste in the wastewater used for irrigation. Cytological studies on the plants showed chromosomal abnormalities, suggesting genetic effects from the
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study analyzed concentrations of essential and toxic trace elements in common vegetables sold in Maun, Botswana. Samples of cabbage, rape, tomatoes, onions, and potatoes were purchased from supermarkets and street vendors, digested using aqua regia, and analyzed using ICP-AES. The results showed levels of essential elements like zinc and toxic elements like lead varied between vegetable types and market sources. Leafy vegetables like cabbage had the highest metal concentrations. While vegetables provided essential elements, some exceeded safe levels for toxic metals. The study concluded consumption from these markets should be reduced to avoid potential metal poisoning.
Evaluation of air pollution tolerant tree species for Kothagiri Municipal Town, the Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu.
Senthilkumar P and Paulsamy S.
Journal of research in Biology (2011) 2: 148-152
Abstract:
Air pollution tolerance index (APTI) has been determined by pooling the at-tributes viz., total chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and moisture content of leaves and leaf extract pH for certain locally available tree species in and around Kothagiri Municipal Town, the Nilgiris. Of the 24 species analyzed 6 tree species such as Alnus nepalensis, Callistemon lanceolata, Eucalyptus ficifolia, Ficus elastica, Michelia champaca and Toona ciliate recorded higher APTI values. Hence, it is suggested that these tree spe-cies can be given priority for plantation programme in and around industrial com-plexes, road sides and also new urbanized areas in Kotagiri so as to reduce the effect of air pollution and makes the environment clean.
— The present study was conducted to evaluate the plant growth, physiological and biochemical changes of neem under different salinity levels (4, 8, 10 and 12 dS/m) which have multipurpose use in agroforestry. Growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrate, proline and total phenol were investigated 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after treatment imposition. The results revealed that salinity caused significant differences in all the growth parameters and the maximum reduction were observed when plants were exposed to high salinity (12 dS/m) level and minimum were in control treatments. It was found that total dry matter and relative water content were reduced 72% and 40% in 12 dS/m compared to control plants at 120 DATI, respectively. By increasing saliniy 0 to 12 dS/m, the chlorophyll (the photosynthetic pigment) and carbohydrate (the photosynthetic product) content decreased, but increased the level of proline (an amino acid) and total phenol content (an antioxidant) in different days. The highest accumulation of free proline and total phenol content was recorded in 10 dS/m treatment and it was 77% and 59% greater than control plant, respectively. These findings suggest that though growth and biochemical parameters of neem were affected by salt stress, but all the plants survived in different salinity levels. Among all different salinity levels, neem can performed better up to 10 dS/m salinity level could be due to better antioxidant system of neem to cope up with oxidative damage to stressed plants.
Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce) was examined for its potential to uptake and remove hexavalent chromium (Cr6+), a toxic heavy metal found in tannery wastewater. In laboratory experiments, living P. stratiotes effectively removed 100% of Cr6+ from solutions containing 2-8 ppm of the metal. However, at higher concentrations growth was inhibited. Dead P. stratiotes biomass also demonstrated high biosorption capacity for Cr6+, with optimal removal occurring at pH 1-2 and with greater biomass amounts. Column tests further showed the plant material could effectively filter and remove Cr6+ from wastewater. The findings suggest P. stratiotes may provide
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Phytoremediation is a low cost and effective soil
treatment option for metal reclamation. The use of plants to
remove heavy metals from soil is the phytoremediation. Heavy
metals are among the most dangerous substances in the
environment because of their high level of persistence and
harmfulness to living organisms. The present study in the field
deals with phytoremediation of heavy metals from contaminated
soil around Steel industry at Boisar Industrial area, using Indian
mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plant. The impact of addition of
chelating agents like EDTA (Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid)
and Citric acid on the bioaccumulation efficiency of the plant
were investigated. Mustard plants were grown in soil around
steel industry. The results indicated significant reduction of
metals in the soil and increased accumulation in biomass. EDTA
proved better than citric acid in extraction of metals from the
soil. Order of percentage phytoextraction by plant was Fe+2 >Cd
>Al > Zn > Cr > Cu > Mn.
Assessment of physicochemical and bacteriological drinking water quality of d...IJERA Editor
Water is essential to sustain the life. Water samples have collected from a different urban area of H. D. Kote
town of Mysore district from different sources such as hand pump, public taps, and stored household drinking
water. Physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the water samples were analysed following the
standard methods to evaluate the quality of drinking water. All physic-chemical parameters are within the
permissible limit to WHO. The microbiological analysis shows that that t nearly 53 % of the samples were
observed with coliform contamination. The significant difference among water sources regarding total plate
count was observed, where stored household water has relatively higher compared to tap and borewell water
exceeding the standard limit. Both hand pump and the tap water were not detected with any E. coli
contamination whereas 80% of the household stored water samples have shown E. coli contamination. The
presence of significant counts of coliforms in stored household water indicates post poor sanitation and
existence of human activities. Attention should be given to the collection, storage, and management by
additional treatment to maintain and prevent excessive microbial growth
The document analyzes the potential of three aquatic plant species - water hyacinth, water lettuce, and coontail - to remediate industrial effluent contaminated with heavy metals. The effluent was collected from a fuse shop in Pakistan that processes ammunition parts. Testing found the plants significantly reduced metal concentrations of copper, chromium, cadmium, zinc, nickel, and lead in the effluent over 24 days. Coontail was the most effective at removing metals. The results suggest these native plants could help manage and decontaminate wastewater polluted with heavy metals.
Phytochemical and Heavy Metal Analysis of Gongronema Latifolium, Talinum Tri...Scientific Review SR
This document analyzes the heavy metal content and phytochemical composition of three edible plant species (Gongronema latifolium, Talinum triangulare, and Amaranthus hybridus) grown in southern Nigeria. Soil and plant samples were collected from five locations and analyzed for heavy metals (Zn, Cu, As, Pb, Cd, Hg) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The plants were also analyzed for phytochemicals including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, carotenoids, anthocyanins, and steroids. The results showed zinc had the highest concentration in soil samples, while mercury was lowest. Lead concentration in some plant samples exceeded
The Role Of Trees in the Bioremediation of Drinking Waterearthseva
The document summarizes a research experiment in Sri Lanka that tested using trees for bioremediation of contaminated drinking water. Trees were planted densely around a drinking well to uptake contaminants through their roots. Native tree species formed a "root mat" in the buffer zone. Additional trees were used as wind breaks and crops were grown organically nearby. Water quality was monitored over time, showing reductions in nitrate, nitrite and other contaminants. The experiment demonstrated that establishing forests can help clean contaminated groundwater in a sustainable way.
A study on the removal of metal ions by Eichhornia Crassipes Sooraj Garg
The document summarizes a study on using water hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) to remove metal ions from water. It discusses the objectives of studying the plant's efficiency in removing metals and the effect of pH. It reviews literature on the plant's removal of metals like copper, cadmium, and chromium from over 90% within 25 days. The methodology discusses preparing synthetic wastewater with metals like iron, aluminum, copper and chromium at different pH levels and concentrations. Results show the plant removed over 90% of chromium at pH 4.5 but only 33-77% at other pH levels. Iron removal was 78-80% on average. The plant absorbed more iron than other metals.
Phytoextraction, also called phytoaccumulation, phytoabsorption, or phytosequestration, refers to the use of plants to absorb, translocate, and store toxic contaminants from soil, sediments, and/or sludge in the root and shoot tissues .
Lead is an extremely difficult soil contaminant to remediate because it is a “soft” Lewis acid that forms strong bonds to both organic and inorganic ligands in soil. For the most part, Pb-contaminated soils are remediated through civil engineering techniques that require the excavation and landfilling of the contaminated soil. Soils that present a leaching hazard in the landfill are either placed in a specially constructed hazardous waste landfill, or treated with stabilizing agents, such as cement, prior to disposal in an industrial landfill.
Merge PST software will help Outlook user to merge their multiple Outlook PST files in one single file. Merge PST Software can make it possible to add multiple Outlook PST files in one single file for easy use. PST Merge Tool supports in all version of windows operating system and easy in use.
Good Manufacturing Practices Awareness PostersSachin Sarkhot
Good manufacturing practices (GMP) are the practices required in order to conform to guidelines recommended by agencies that control authorization and licensing for manufacture and sale of food, drug products, and active pharmaceutical products.
These guidelines provide minimum requirements that a pharmaceutical or a food product manufacturer must meet to assure that the products are of high quality and do not pose any risk to the consumer or public.
This document discusses HDUSA's complete front suspension systems for KYMCO vehicles. It offers all-inclusive kits with a one-week rebuild turnaround and the best warranty in the industry. It also mentions stocking many replacement parts and providing adjustable shocks with features like adjustable damping and spring preload. pricing and packaging options are listed for the kits and shocks. Contact information is provided for the western regional office and Brian Bott in sales and marketing.
This document compares the speed, productivity, accuracy, and cost efficiency of manual code rewriting versus digital rewriting. Digital rewriting is 10-30 times faster, allows developers to write 20-50 times more lines of code per day, and has 12-30 times lower cost per line of code compared to manual rewriting. It also reduces bugs per line of code by a factor of 20-50 compared to manual methods.
Gruppo 01 - PSCE 2014/2015 - Soppalco Prefabbricato - 2015_07_29Politropi
Complete .ppt (with animation) can be downloaded from this link:
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Take a look at our new commercial spot (italian language):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsuBNGK8QkM
Hesham Badr has over 12 years of experience in sales management, business development, and customer relationship management. He is currently a Key Government Accounts Supervisor at Orange in Cairo, Egypt, where he is responsible for acquiring and managing key accounts, meeting sales targets, and ensuring high customer satisfaction. Prior to this role, he held several sales and business development positions in various industries such as sports, real estate, shipping, and telecommunications. He has a proven track record of growing customer volume, retaining customers, and meeting sales objectives.
Este documento describe las características físicas, comportamiento, alimentación, reproducción, picadura, daños económicos, ciclo de vida y métodos de prevención y control de los tabanos. Los tabanos son insectos grandes que pican a vertebrados para alimentarse de sangre. Tienen larvas acuáticas y pupas de aspecto de crisálida. Su picadura puede transmitir enfermedades y reducir la producción lechera en hasta un 25%. Es difícil controlarlos debido a su tamaño, corto tiempo en los hu
Clark Mulhern Construction is a Midlands-based contractor that specializes in formwork, reinforcement, concrete placement, and associated ground works. With over 30 years of experience in construction, they provide cost-effective solutions for domestic and commercial projects. They emphasize health and safety, environmental protection, and quality management. Recent project examples include construction of retaining walls, slabs, and a 5 million liter water tank.
Clive Duffield has over 30 years of experience in facilities management, having previously worked as Deputy Building Manager at the Supreme Court in London and in Downing Street. He has extensive experience in areas such as maintenance, health and safety, security, and administrative support. He is seeking a new challenge in facilities management where he can utilize his leadership skills and broad experience.
This document contains the resume of Giovanni Dall'Acqua. It summarizes his extensive leadership experience as a Logistics Officer in the United States Marine Corps, where he held roles with increasing responsibility such as Motor Transportation Platoon Commander, Assistant Operations Officer, and Headquarters and Services Company Executive Officer. It also lists his education credentials and certifications.
This document provides instructions for basic Maya particle animation. It covers how to create and control particles in different environments like space, on surfaces, and along curves. It also discusses how to parent objects to particle motion, set animation keys for particle attributes, and create motion paths along curves. Examples provided include making a text effect using live objects and particles, and a simple virtual experiment that sets keyframes for particle visibility and color over time.
Water hyacinth is a rapidly growing invasive plant that has proven difficult to control through traditional chemical, biological, and mechanical means. However, it can be utilized as a renewable resource with many potential uses. It can be used as animal feed, especially for non-ruminants like pigs and rabbits. It can also be composted and used as organic fertilizer or mulch, improving soil properties and supplying nutrients to crops. Additionally, water hyacinth has the ability to remove pollutants from wastewater, making it useful for phytoremediation and biological treatment of contaminated water sources.
Productivity of some forage grasses under foliar sprinkler irrigation and fol...Innspub Net
Field experiment was conducted during 2013/2014 and 2015 seasons was aimed to evaluate productivity of Rhodes and Blue panic grasses as well as Alfalfa under sprinkler irrigation with foliar application of potassium nitrate that enable plants to cope with water stress. Each two forage grasses beside alfalfa were conducted in separate experiments. Irrigation every 10 days surpassed in total chlorophyll, leaf area, plant height, number of stems/m 2 , forage green yield/fed and forage dry matter yield/fed than those irrigated every 20 days. Highest percentages of water use efficiency, crude fiber and nitrogen free extract as well as yield/fed of crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, ash and nitrogen free extract were produced from irrigation every 7 days. However, highest percentages of crude protein, ether extract and ash were produced from irrigation every 14 days. Forage species significantly differed on total chlorophyll, leaf area/plant, plant height, average of number of stem/cm 2 , forage green yield/fed and forage dry matter yield/fed. A significant effect due to forage species on percentages of water use efficiency, crude protein and fiber, extracting ether, ash and nitrogen free extract and nitrogen free extract as well as crude fiber, extracting ether, ash and nitrogen free extract yield/fed. Sown Rhodes grass produced maximum forage green and forage dry matter yield/fed and its quality compared with other studied forage crops. Foliar spraying of potassium nitrate at 15 ppm significantly increased total chlorophyll, leaf area, plant height, number of stems/m 2 , forage green and forage dry matter yield/fed. The results showed that highest percentages of water use efficiency, crude protein, crude fiber and ether extract, and nitrogen free extract and nitrogen free extract as well as crude fiber, extracting ether, ash and nitrogen free extract yield/fed. It could be stated that irrigation every 10 days and sown Rhodes grass and foliar spraying of potassium nitrate at 15 ppm maximized forage green and forage dry matter yield/fed. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/productivity-of-some-forage-grasses-under-foliar-sprinkler-irrigation-and-foliar-application-of-potassium-nitrate-under-salinity-stress/
Food security in a growing population with limited natural resources is one of
the most important issues of the world. Accumulation of heavy metals in food and
their concentrations increase and reaching to a risk limit can threaten human health.
The purpose of this study, is to study the heavy metals lead and cadmium in
vegetables, cultured on spinach and watercress at 10 Gardens of Ardabil. This study is
cross-sectional and 81 samples in water, soil, and spinach and watercress were
prepared during the months of June, July and August in 2015 and after preparation
according to the standard methods and using atomic absorption spectrophotometer
(Perkin Elmer) for the determination of heavy metals. SPSS software was used for data
analysis. The results showed that the mean level of lead and cadmium in all samples
were less than the EPA standard. Between studied orchards in terms of the amount of
cadmium and lead no statistically significant different was seen. The independent ttest
showed that in terms of cadmium between two species of spinach and watercress
there found a significant difference at the 5% level so that the amount of cadmium in
spinach was more than the watercress. Since the concentration of heavy metals in all
samples at second and third stages in July and August were zero, but in the first step
in June, the amount of heavy metals have been found in some samples showed that
all three samples of first cut had more contamination than second and third cut. And
in this case, the concentration of heavy metal pollution in hibernation at vegetable
gardens Ardabil is possible. The results of spinach cadmium amount in the first cut in
the three garden of viz.,3, 6 and 10 showed that in the garden (3), the amount of
cadmium in water is higher than the standard and is concentrated in spinach and the
gardens of 6 and 10 Cadmium in the soil of the gardens, is slightly higher that is
condensed in spinach thus it can be considered that spinach in terms of cadmium has
bioaccumulation.
Bioremediating Effect of Glomus Hoi and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa on the Organic...IJEAB
This study analyzed the degrading effect of Glomus hoi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the organic content and heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil using Amaranthus cruentus as the test plant. This study was carried out to determine if agricultural activities can be improved using any or both of the micoorganisms. Eight different treatment layouts were used with three replicates for each level of pollution in the treatment layout. Ninety six (96) pots, each containing three kilograms of soil from both sterilized and unsterilized soil were used for the study. Fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum from propagated Arbuscular mycorrhiza was inoculated to a set of twenty four (24) experimental pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil before A. cruentus seedlings were transplanted to them. Another set of twenty four (24) pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil were injected with thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before transplanting A. cruentus seedlings to them. The third set of twenty four (24) pots received dual inoculation of both fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum containing G. hoi and thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before A. cruentus were transplanted to them. The residual twenty four (24) pots served as the control. Thereafter, pot preparation was arranged in the screenhouse in a randomized block design. The A. cruentus seedlings were raised in nursery for a period of two weeks before they were transplanted to the pots, seedlings were left for 3 days to overcome transplanting shock before contaminating the soil with refinery effluent at various concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% v/w. The seedlings were allowed to grow for eight weeks before the termination of the experiment. The pre planting analysis of soil showed that heavy metals analyses (zinc and iron) of sterilized soil had a lower concentration to the unsterilized. The soil pH ranged from 6.3 to 6.8. It also revealed that organic matter and organic carbon content ranged from 0.8% to 1.3% and 0.4% to 1.7%. However, after the experiment, it was discovered in this study that treatments without any microorganism inoculation in sterilized and unsterilized soil had a higher level of % organic carbon and % organic matter content compared to the other treatments that were inoculated with one or two micro-organisms across all the levels of effluent concentration. Heavy metals of soil in all the soil samples were found to increase as the petrochemical effluent increased in concentration. The results obtained were analyzed using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and other descriptive statistics. This study opined that the combined use of G. hoi and P. aeruginosa was more effective in improving the organic contentand the reduce heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil than when either is used singly.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setiger...researchagriculture
This study examined the effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculatum on the uptake and translocation of copper in the tropical gum tree Sterculia setigera grown in copper-contaminated soil. The study found that:
1) Mycorrhizal inoculation increased plant biomass and reduced copper concentrations in roots and shoots, especially at higher soil copper concentrations.
2) Copper uptake efficiency, translocation efficiency, and phytoextraction efficiency were lower in mycorrhizal plants than in non-mycorrhizal plants.
3) The mycorrhizal fungus helped protect the plant from copper toxicity in contaminated soils by decreasing
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setige...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (
Glomus fasciculatum
) on tropical gum tree
(
Sterculia setigera
Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non
-
AMF
inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different
copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg
-
1
) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses
of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non
-
inoculated. Copper
concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the
inoculated and non
-
inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated
in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in
mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels.
However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of
inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non
-
inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree
growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting
their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
The study was planned to assess the correlation between occupational exposure to pesticides and fertilizers and level of Urinary 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and other biochemical parameters among workers of two companies (Kafr El-Zayat Company for pesticides and El-Malyia Company for fertilizers and chemicals) in KafrEl-Zayat district, Egypt. Nineteen participants from pesticides factory (1st group), 17 participants from fertilizers factory (2nd group) and 8 healthy persons were selected from rural region for the study. 8-OHdG levels of pesticide's exposed workers revealed the mean value 10.29 ± 1.60 ng/mg creatinine, but the 2nd group exhibited the
mean value 12.47 ± 2.61 ng/mg creatinine compared with reference group (4.58± 1.03 ng/mg creatinine). The urea level revealed mean values 8.39 ± 0.84 and 13.89 ± 1.63 mg/dl for the 1st and 2nd group, respectively, compared with control group which did not exceed 8.37 ± 1.70 mg/dl. No signifi cant difference obtained in case of uric acid and bilirubin assays, but creatinine levels exhibited lower values than those of control subjects. The correlations between biochemical variables and personal characteristics displayed positive concept with occupational lifespan, exposure period and smoking habits. These fi ndings indicate that 8-OHdG and kidney function measurements may be good and simple biomarkers for assessing occupational exposure to pesticides and fertilizers.
Phytoremediation of Lead-Contaminated Shooting Range Soils using Indian Musta...IRJET Journal
This study examined using Indian mustard and sunflower plants to remove lead from contaminated shooting range soil through phytoremediation. Soil samples were collected from a shooting range and grown with the two plant species. Samples analyzed over 60 days found that both plants reduced lead levels, with Indian mustard removing 67% of lead and sunflower removing 54%. While both plants showed potential for phytoremediation, Indian mustard performed better at removing lead from the contaminated shooting range soil. The study demonstrated that Indian mustard and sunflower are suitable for phytoremediation to degrade lead pollution and improve soil quality in a safe, natural, and cost-effective manner.
Persistence and Mobility of Imidacloprid and Abamectin ResiduesMarwan Haddad
This document summarizes a study on the persistence and mobility of the pesticides imidacloprid and abamectin in greenhouse soil in Palestine. The study found that:
1) The degradation of imidacloprid and abamectin in soil followed second-order reaction kinetics and their leachability/transport to groundwater was rated as moderate to slightly high.
2) Both pesticides showed increasing adsorption on soil surfaces at higher concentrations.
3) The observed half-lives for imidacloprid and abamectin in soil were 61 and 41 days, respectively.
4) Mobility constants for both pesticides in the tested soil were higher than literature
This document summarizes a study that assessed the concentration of essential and non-essential metals in vegetables irrigated with municipal wastewater in Ethiopia. Soil, water, and vegetable samples were collected and analyzed for copper, zinc, iron, lead, and cadmium content using acid digestion and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results showed that vegetables contained higher levels of essential metals like iron, zinc, and copper, while non-essential metals like lead and cadmium were at lower concentrations. The study aimed to evaluate the health risks from metal contamination of vegetables through wastewater irrigation.
notes on agriculture engineering notesssShobhaByadagi
1) The study evaluated the effects of different fertilizer treatments on the growth, nutrients, and yield of two dill cultivars (Balady and Dukat).
2) The results showed that Dukat cultivar generally performed better than Balady cultivar, with taller plants, more leaves, and higher nutrient levels.
3) The best fertilizer treatments were 100% organic fertilizer with biofertilizer and 100% chemical fertilizer, as they led to improved growth, nutrients, and antioxidant levels in both cultivars.
The Response of Chickpea to Irrigation with Treated journal paperMarwan Haddad
This study assessed the effect of irrigation with treated wastewater (TW) versus freshwater (FW) on four chickpea cultivars over three years. Wastewater from a university campus was treated in a small-scale plant to reduce BOD, COD and EC to acceptable levels. Two cultivars, Bulgarit and ICC 11293, showed no reduction in yield or quality when irrigated with TW compared to FW. However, the WIR-32 and Jordan cultivars showed significant growth reductions with TW irrigation. Soil analysis found no significant differences between TW and FW irrigation.
Phytoremediation potential of native plant species for gaseous pollution from...Innspub Net
This study evaluated the phytoremediation potential of native plant species for removing gaseous pollution from brick kilns. Six plant species were selected near two brick kilns to measure their air pollution tolerance index (APTI). Samples were collected at different distances from the kilns and analyzed for chlorophyll content, ascorbic acid, relative water content, and pH. Moringa oleifera had the highest APTI and is identified as the most tolerant species that can effectively remediate hydrogen fluoride pollution. Eucalyptus globules had the lowest APTI and is suggested to be used as a bioindicator of hydrogen fluoride. Based on the results, the study recommends planting Moringa oleifera around brick kilns
Remediation of heavy metals lead, cobalt and copper from industrail wastewate...EditorIJAERD
To fulfil human beings requirement number of industries increases day by day which play important role in
development of country but also causes environment pollution. Effluent of many industries contain heavy metals and
other contaminants. Industrial effluent usually used for agriculture purposes without treatment. Plants take these heavy
metals from industrial water and accumulate it in roots and Arial parts which become the part of animal and human
body through food chain causes various diseases. In this research work plants were grown using wastewater of industrial
effluents. Three sample of wastewater were made of various concentration level of lead, copper and cobalt. Typha
latifoliate was grown in controlled environment. Three sample of wastewater were used. Soil used in pots was of known
concentration of heavy metals. Using x-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to find concentration of contaminants in
soil before and after plantation and atomic absorption spectrometry was used to find concentration of heavy metals in
industrial effluent. Wastewater of various concentration level was obtained by adding domestic water having no heavy
metals. Extraction percentage performed by plants in various lawn was found by analysis of soil before and after the
maturity of plants. soil which was irrigated by fully contaminated wastewater was remediated by 10%. Soil in which
plants were irrigated by diluted wastewater was remediated by 15 and 21% respectively for copper and cobalt. Plants
matured in seventy-five days in winter season.
Remediation of heavy metals lead, cobalt and copper from industrail wastewate...EditorIJAERD
To fulfil human beings requirement number of industries increases day by day which play important role in
development of country but also causes environment pollution. Effluent of many industries contain heavy metals and
other contaminants. Industrial effluent usually used for agriculture purposes without treatment. Plants take these heavy
metals from industrial water and accumulate it in roots and Arial parts which become the part of animal and human
body through food chain causes various diseases. In this research work plants were grown using wastewater of industrial
effluents. Three sample of wastewater were made of various concentration level of lead, copper and cobalt. Typha
latifoliate was grown in controlled environment. Three sample of wastewater were used. Soil used in pots was of known
concentration of heavy metals. Using x-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to find concentration of contaminants in
soil before and after plantation and atomic absorption spectrometry was used to find concentration of heavy metals in
industrial effluent. Wastewater of various concentration level was obtained by adding domestic water having no heavy
metals. Extraction percentage performed by plants in various lawn was found by analysis of soil before and after the
maturity of plants. soil which was irrigated by fully contaminated wastewater was remediated by 10%. Soil in which
plants were irrigated by diluted wastewater was remediated by 15 and 21% respectively for copper and cobalt. Plants
matured in seventy-five days in winter season.
This document summarizes a lab study on using various aquatic plants for bioremediation of wastewater. Three combinations of plants - water hyacinth and Ceratophyllum (WC), water hyacinth and Azolla (WA), and water hyacinth alone (W) - were tested on sewage water samples over 22 days. All three combinations resulted in significant reductions of chemical oxygen demand (COD), a measure of pollution, ranging from 65% to 85%. The study aims to evaluate the efficiency and suitability of aquatic plants like water hyacinth, Ceratophyllum, and Azolla for treating sewage wastewater through bioremediation.
This study evaluated the effects of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) strains on the growth of maize plants in saline soils in Libya. A greenhouse experiment tested 7 AMF strains isolated from Libyan forests at different phosphate fertilization levels. Results showed the Rhizophagus intraradices strain had the highest root infection rate at 92%. Scutellospora sp. and Claroideoglomus etunicatum significantly improved shoot weight. Mycorrhizal inoculation generally increased plant growth measures more than the non-inoculated or phosphate fertilizer treatments. The interaction between AMF inoculation and phosphate levels significantly affected various plant growth characteristics.
Human health risks impact of pesticide applicationAlexander Decker
This document discusses pesticide use and associated health risks in Gaza Strip, Palestine. It finds that large quantities of pesticides are used annually in Gaza's agriculture, especially for controlling pests on vegetables and fruits. Exposure to some of these pesticides has led to increasing numbers of acute toxic cases and congenital malformations reported in health records. Classification of the pesticides identifies some as extremely or highly toxic. The document examines the need to implement pesticide restriction measures and conduct food residue analysis to address health risks.
This document discusses phytoremediation, which uses plants to remove contaminants from soil, water, or sediment. It describes various phytoremediation processes like phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, phytostabilization, and phytotransformation. Case studies examine using water hyacinth and duckweed to remove heavy metals like cadmium and zinc from wastewater. While low-cost and environmentally friendly, phytoremediation has disadvantages like slow cleanup times and potential for contaminants to enter the food chain. Overall, phytoremediation can play a role in remediating contaminated sites in an ecological and sustainable manner.
Similar to Study on the effect of pollution on some vegetable crops (20)
This document describes a new grafting method for propagating seedless watermelon plants. The method involves grafting shoot tips and cuttings from seedless watermelon mother plants onto rootstocks of other cucurbit species, including bottle gourd, pumpkin, and squash. This allows for asexual propagation of seedless watermelon, avoiding the high costs of seed production. The grafted plants showed increased growth, yield, fruit quality, and sugar content compared to seedless watermelon grown without grafting. The new grafting technique provides an effective way to minimize seed costs and produce homogeneous seedless watermelon plants.
This document describes a new grafting method for propagating seedless watermelon plants. The method involves grafting cuttings from seedless watermelon scions onto rootstocks of different gourd varieties, including bottle gourd, pumpkin, and squash. The grafted plants showed increased growth, yields, fruit characteristics, and sugar content compared to seedless watermelon grown without grafting. The new grafting technique could help reduce the high costs of producing seedless watermelon in Egypt by providing a means of asexual propagation to minimize the need for expensive hybrid seeds.
This study examined the effects of vehicle pollution on the growth, yield, and heavy metal content of spinach, squash, and turnip plants grown at different distances from a road with high traffic density. Two field experiments were conducted over two growing seasons. The study found that vegetative growth, yield, and nutrient levels decreased with decreasing distance from the road, while heavy metal levels of lead and cadmium increased. Washing the edible parts of the crops reduced heavy metal content by 10-30%, with washing being more effective at removing lead than cadmium. Leafy spinach contained higher heavy metal levels than the other crops. The results suggest cultivating vegetables at least 80 meters from roads and washing produce to reduce heavy metal consumption
This document describes a study that evaluated 10 F1 hybrid sweet pepper crosses, their 7 parent lines, and a commercial hybrid for fruit yield and quality traits under greenhouse conditions. Significant variations were observed among the hybrids and parents for traits like early yield, total yield, average fruit weight, pericarp thickness, fruit diameter, and ascorbic acid content. The highest levels of positive heterobeltiosis (improvement over the best parent) were recorded for early yield (62.9%), total yield (50.5%), average fruit weight (96.7%), and other traits. Two hybrids, P2 × P3 and P2 × P4, showed the highest positive commercial heterosis (improvement over the commercial hybrid
This study evaluated 7 cherry tomato accessions using a half-diallel mating design to determine suitable parents for developing hybrids. Analysis found preponderance of additive gene action for most traits studied. Parents Solanumlycopersicum var. cerasiforme LYC 196/81 cv. Bubjekosoko (P1), PI 647522 cv. Cal Red Cherry (P3) and PI 639207 cv. Black Cherry (P7) were best general combiners for fruit yield and quality. The cross between P1 and P7 showed highest significant positive specific combining ability for yield and quality traits. Some F1 hybrids showed significant heterosis for evaluated traits.
This document discusses a study on using grafting and magnetic iron treatments to improve cantaloupe production under saline soil and irrigation water conditions. The study found that grafting cantaloupe onto salt tolerant rootstocks and adding magnetic iron significantly increased vegetative growth, yield, and reduced the effects of salinity. Specifically, bottle gourd and calabash gourd rootstocks were the most salt tolerant as evidenced by high leaf sodium content without negative effects. Magnetic iron treatments also increased growth and yield while decreasing stem diameter, total soluble solids, and total sugar content in fruits. The combination of grafting and magnetic iron further increased total yield without affecting fruit quality.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated different grafting methods for watermelon seedlings and their impact on plant growth, yield, and fruit quality. Three grafting methods were compared: splice grafting, hole insertion grafting, and tongue approach grafting. Splice grafting resulted in the highest survival rates of grafted seedlings and led to significant increases in plant growth, early and total yield, and fruit characteristics compared to non-grafted plants and plants grafted using other methods. Histological analysis of the graft unions supported the findings that splice grafting was the most effective grafting technique.
This study evaluated 11 rootstocks for controlling root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) in cucumber. Cucumber scions were grafted onto the rootstocks using tongue grafting. All rootstocks showed compatibility with cucumber scion. Horned cucumber was the most resistant rootstock but yielded less than others. Interspecific hybrid rootstocks like Super Shintosa and Ercole Nun 6001 performed best with increased growth, yield and fruit quality compared to control. Fig leaf gourd rootstock also significantly improved plant characteristics over non-grafted control. Grafting is an effective technique for managing root-knot nematodes in cucumber.
1) The study aimed to propagate seedless watermelon by cuttings to reduce costs associated with importing expensive hybrid seeds.
2) Two types of cuttings were used: shoot tip cuttings and cuttings including one node, and were treated with three concentrations of IBA rooting hormone.
3) Results showed cuttings including one node treated with IBA had higher survival rates than shoot tip cuttings or control plants, due to increased root formation. All cutting treatments also had earlier flowering, yield, and harvest compared to control plants grown from seed.
This document discusses factors that affect the propagation of seedless watermelon by cuttings. It examines the effect of planting container type (speedling trays and pots), cutting type (terminal cuttings and cuttings with a node), and IBA concentration (0, 100, and 200 ppm) on the survival and rooting of watermelon cuttings. The study found that container type did not significantly impact cutting success, while IBA concentration and node cuttings positively affected survival percentage and root formation. Node cuttings performed better than terminal cuttings. IBA and cutting type individually, and their interaction, influenced the cutting propagation results.
1) The study examined the effects of the plant growth regulators BA and IBA, as well as cutting type, on the propagation of seedless watermelon cultivars via cuttings.
2) Results showed that BA treatments improved the physiological status of mother plants and increased cutting production, while IBA concentrations significantly improved cutting survival rates and root development.
3) Cuttings with a node formed more roots and had higher survival rates than terminal cuttings. Interactions between growth regulators and cutting type also significantly impacted propagation success.
2. Bekhit, et. al., (2005)
474
STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF POLLUTION ON SOME VEGETABLE CROPS
*Bekhit, R. S.; *Shahien, M. M.; **EL- Doweny, H. H. A. and **El- Eslamboly, A.
A.S.A
* Vegetable dept., Fac. of Agri., Cairo Univ.
** Hort. Res. Institute, Agric. Res. Center,
ABSTRACT
Two field experiments were carried out during winter seasons of 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 at
a farm in El-Badrashean city, Giza governorate at a distance 20 kilo meter south Giza from Cairo
Assuit road, to study the effect of distance from traffic road on growth and yield characters and lead
and cadmium accumulations in spinach, squash and turnip plants. In addition to study the effect of
washing the edible parts on reducing the above mentioned heavy metals content. Experiments included
three different distances far from the driving road (0-10, 80-90 and 160-170 meters). Traffic density of
the used road was 32458 vehicles/day. The fresh samples were collected after 40, 55 and 70 days from
sowing. Representative samples from plant parts i.e. leaves, roots and fruits were taken for chemical
analysis. Half of these samples were washed with deionized water while the other half was left without
washing. The vegetative parameters of the three crops were increased with increasing the distances
from the traffic road. The chemical constituents of pigments and vitamin C showed a similar trend as
that recorded on the vegetative growth characters. Plants pollution with lead and cadmium were
decreased with increasing distance from traffic road. Washing the edible parts from squash, spinach
and turnip plant led to decreasing the concentration of lead by about 30.47%, 25.44% and 15.79%
respectively. Also, washing in water reduced Cd content by 24.72 %, 22.75% and 10.11%
respectively. Besides, washing was more effective in removing lead than cadmium in fruit crops than
leafy ones. Spinach leaf blades contained high levels from lead and cadmium compared with turnip
roots and squash fruits which contained a low level of lead and cadmium. The concentrations of heavy
metals at the first distance were higher than the maximum codex committee level. Consequently, it
could be recommended that vegetable have to be cultivated far from the traffic road (at least 80-90-
meter) in addition early harvesting as well as washing the edible part before consuming especially,
leafy and root vegetables.
2- INTRODUCTION
Vegetables crops are an important for human diet since they contain carbohydrates,
proteins, as well as vitamins, minerals, and trace elements. Vegetables grown at
environmentally contaminated sites in Egypt could take up and accumulate heavy metals at
concentrations that are toxic to human health.
There are many different forms of pollution, such as chemicals and wastes from
factories, farms, motorcars and even houses. These kinds of pollution are very harmful as they
affect land, water and air. Concentrations of cadmium, nickel, lead and zinc in roadside soil
and vegetation decrease with distance far from traffic (Lagerwerff and Specht, 1970). In this
regard, Davies and Holmes (1972) in England recommended that, it might be prudent not to
grow vegetables within 50m of busy roads. Moreover, Ali (1974) indicated that, plants may
absorb lead through both leaves and roots with translocation within the plant. EI-Mola (1980)
indicated that, the dry matter decreased by increasing the addition of lead nitrate to both
shoots and roots of spinach plants.
Page, et.al. (1981) showed that, relative Cd uptake by range of different crop plants
growing in contaminated soils were in, turnip, spinach > tomato, lettuce > swiss chard, radish,
and carrot.
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Ndiokwere (1984) reported that, concentrations of metals in vegetation could be
reduced to 1/2-1/3 by washing the samples with deionised water. Mohamed (1985) indicated
that washing plant samples grown on roadside soils by water could, loose about 43 to 62% of
their total lead content, indicating the importance of washing for polluted plants before being
used by man or animal.
Ochaia (1987) divided the, mechanisms of metal toxicity into five groups: (1) the
displacement of essential metal ions from biomolecules and other biologically functional
units; (2) blocking essential functional groups of biomolecules, including enzymes and
polynucleotides; (3) modifying the active conformation of biomolecules especially enzymes
and polynucleotides; (4) disrupting the integrity of biomolecules; and (5) modifying other
biologically active agents.
Guttormsen (1990) studied the cadmium and lead levels in Norwegian vegetables and
recorded that a reasonable consumption of the vegetables would not appear to present a health
risk, on the basis of the FAO/WHO provisional tolerable weekly intake of 0.5 mg Cd and 3
mg Pb/60 kg of mean body weight.
In Cairo Mahmoud (1992) reported that, lead is highly toxic to man, animals and
plants, and it has become of a major chemical pollutant of the environment.
Feng et.al. (1993) study the heavy metals pollution of vegetables in Boashen district,
Shanghai. They mentioned that, the heavy metal content of different vegetable types was in
the order of leafy vegetables > root tubers > fruit vegetables.
Ali and Riad (1995) observed that, lead content of washed lettuce was low compared
to unwashed ones. It is found that washing lettuce plant with tap water served in lowering
lead content in the plant by about 30 % compared to the unwashed. Hassan and Gewifel
(1998) in Egypt also recorded that, the traffic densities from roads are located in northern
Egypt especially Cairo–Alexandria road, Alexandria–Matrouh Road and Abbis Road. They
examined these roads during 24 hrs, and reported that traffic densities were 35200 (high
density), 20700 (moderate density) and 1100 (low density) respectively. It was found also that
concentration of Pb, Zn and Cd in radish and lettuce collected from each site in both plants,
generally decreased with the increase of the distance from the road. Moreover, these
concentrations were higher in material collected from sites along Cairo-Alexandria highway
than those collected from Alexandria-Matrouh road or from Abbis road.
CODEX (2000) recorded that, for vegetables, except brassica, leafy vegetables and
mushrooms, the proposal is 0.1 mg/kg. A proposal of 0.3 mg/kg stands for brassica, except
kale, and for leafy vegetables, except spinach.
Thabet (2001) showed that, the highest contamination percentages were found in leafy
vegetable samples collected from Benisuef, Qalubiya, Cairo, Minufiya governorates as 93.8%,
92%, 89.1%, and 86% respectively. However, the contamination percentages in the other
Governorates were 81.3% and 78.6% in Giza and Ismailia, respectively.
The objective of this study aimed to study the effect of cars pollution on the vegetative
growth, fruit characters and yield of squash, spinach and turnip. Also to estimate the heavy
metal concentrations i.e. lead and cadmium and the residues and effect of washing for the
mentioned heavy metal with special emphasis on their toxicological implications and studied
the effect of heavy metal on these vegetable crops growth and yield.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
1 - Effect of exhaust car pollution:-
The study was carried out at a farm in El-Badrashean city, Giza governorate at 20-
kilometer south Giza; on the east of Cairo Assuit Agriculture road .Three different vegetable
4. Bekhit, et. al., (2005)
476
crops i.e. turnip, squash and spinach were used. The experiments were conducted during the
two successive seasons of 2001 /2002 and 2002 / 2003. Planting dates were 6th
and 1st
of
October for the first and second seasons, respectively. A randomized complete block design
with three replicates was adopted. Three different distances far from the traffic road, were
studied, 0-10, 80-90 and 160-170 meters. Traffic densities on the examined road were about
32458 vehicles/day. The fresh samples were collected after 40, 55 and 70 days from sowing.
Half of these samples were washed with distilled water while the other half was left as control
(unwashed). Representative samples were taken for chemical analysis.
The conventional agricultural practices i.e., irrigation, fertilization and weeding were
done as recommended by the Ministry of the Agriculture in Egypt, for turnip, squash and
spinach production. No pesticides and herbicides were used.
1.1 Squash experiment:-
This experiment aimed to study the effect of pollution by exhausts cars on the
squash Cucurbita pepo, L. on vegetative growth characters, , flowering and fruit characters,
yield, chlorophyll pigments a, b and carotenoids and the contents of Pb and Cd contamination
in the different parts of the vegetable samples either washed or unwashed. Eskandarani
variety, which is widely spread in Egypt, was used in this experiment. Each plot area was 10
m2 include 3 rows was 4 meter long and the number of plants in unit area was 25 plants. The
plants were spaced at 40 cm a part in rows and 80 cm a parts.
1.2 Spinach experiment:-
This experiment aimed to study the effect of pollution by exhausts cars on the spinach
Spinacia oleracea, L. on yield, vegetative growth characteristics, total chlorophyll pigments
and the contents of Pb and Cd contamination in the edible part of plant samples either washed
or unwashed plant part of El-Dokki cultivars. Each plot area was 10 m2
and the number of
plants in unit area was 200 plants.
1.3 Turnip experiment:-
The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of pollution by exhausts cars on
the turnip Brassica campestris, L. var. Iraqi on yield vegetative growth characters, total
chlorophyll pigments and the contents of Pb and Cd contamination in the edible part of plant
samples either washed or unwashed. Each plot area was 5 m2
and the number of plants in unit
area was 125 plants.
Recorded data
A. Plant growth characteristics
1. Leaves area (cm2
). 2. Plant fresh weight (g).3. Plant dry weight (g).4. Root size (cm3
).
5. Root fresh weight (g). 6. Root dry weight (g). 7. Fruit fresh weight (g). 8. Fruit dry
weight (g). 9. Number of fruits. 10. Total yield (ton/ feddan)
B. Chemical analysis
1. Determination of leaf pigments: Chlorophyll pigments of total chlorophyll as mg/100 gm
were determined in the leaves according to Wettestein (1957).
2. Heavy metal pollution.
Lead and cadmium contents of Squash, Spanish and Turnip samples were determined
in leaves, stems and petioles, roots and fruits (mg/kg fresh weight) for all intervals of plant
ages either washed or unwashed by using Perian-Elemer Model 3300 Atomic Absorption
Spectrometer according to the method described by Rawe (1973).
Statistical analysis:-
Data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis by the technique of analysis of
variance (ANOVA) for randomized complete blocks design. The treatment means were
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477
compared using least significant difference (LSD) method as mentioned by Gomez and
Gomez (1984).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1 - Effect of distances from traffic road in plant characteristics.
1.1- Squash experiments:
Results in Table (1) showed that sowing the plants far from the road gave the highest
values from plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, leave area and total chlorophyll, were
detected at 160-170 meter distance compared with first distance (0-10m) in all plant ages. On
the other hand there are no significant differences between the second and the third distance
on the plant fresh and dry weight and leave area in all plant ages in the both seasons. These
inhibition of all characteristics may be due to heavy metal contamination from air and soil
resulted by motor cars emission. These results were similar may be due to as shown (Cottonie
et.al., 1976) who indicated that reduction of biomass production and nutritional quality is
observed on crops grown in soils contaminated with moderate levels of heavy metal. Similar,
results were obtained by several investigators e.g., EI-Mola (1980), Ali (1982) and Moursi
(1990). They reported that, vegetative area was increased by increasing distances from the
main source of pollution. Also similar conclusions were reported by Ali ( 1991 and 1992 ),
Abd El- Aziz (2001) and Ibrahium (2001).
Table (1): Effect of different distances from traffic way plant fresh and dry weight (g), leaves
area (cm2
) and total chlorophyll (mg/g fresh weight) of squash plants at 40,55 and
70 days from planting in 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 seasons.
2001/2002
Days
Plant fresh
weight (g)
Plant dry
weight (g)
Leaves area
(cm2
)
Total chlorophyll
40 55 70 40 55 70 40 55 70 40 55 70
Distances
0-10 740.3 1042.7 1422.7 66.3 88.6 107.8 5401.3 7327.8 7327.8 0.031 0.039 0.036
80-90 1464.2 1902.3 2254.4 128.8 157.8 181.1 9842.7 12411.8 14354.4 0.051 0.054 0.059
160-170 1422.7 1878.7 2129.8 118.7 158.7 185.9 10033.0 12764.8 14766.7 0.051 0.057 0.063
L.S.D
at 0.05
101.26 197.1 96.87 8.95 19.55 13.47 1573.6 1486.6 1666.9 0.007 0.006 0.0064
2002/2003
Distances
0-10 671.8 951.3 1197.5 62.1 83.1 100.5 4888.2 6682.7 8032.0 0.031 0.035 0.033
80-90 1333.9 1735.6 2062.2 120.7 147.7 169.4 8937.6 11348.7 13091.3 0.047 0.055 0.06
160-170 1298.4 1712.6 1940.6 111.6 148.2 170.8 9126.8 10725.6 13192.7 0.051 0.057 0.064
L.S.D
at 0.05
94.32 182.6 93.4 8.92 18.70 14.8 1416.6 1680.2 1117.5 0.0056 0.0058 0.0067
As for the results concerning the effect of driving way emission on number of fruits,
fruits fresh weight and dry weight per plant of squash plants are shown in (Table2). Significant
effect was observed by increasing the distance from traffic road. The highest values from
these characters were detected at 160-170 meter distance in both seasons while the lowest
values were obtained at 0-10 meter distance far from the traffic road. Similar conclusions
were reported on strawberry by Abd El-Aziz (2001).
Results in Table (3) show the effect of distances from driving way on squash yield
(Ton/Fed). A significant differences between the first distance and both the second and the
third distances were detected. The highest total yield was obtained from 160-170 and 80-90
meter distance. While, the lowest value was recorded at 0-10 meter distance from the road.
These results may be caused by the effect on Photosynthesis, transpiration, carbohydrate
metabolism and other metabolic activities which were inhibited by cadmium and lead
6. Bekhit, et. al., (2005)
478
accumulation. These results were in agreement with Nasralla (1975) who reported that, the
road dust as source of lead reduced photosynthesis leading to loss of plant yield. Also, agree
with those of Bazzaz et.al. (1974 and 1975), Baszynski et.al. (1980). McCrea (1984) and
Xian (1989) they found that lead pollution caused a severe loss in the yield of several crops.
Table (2): Effect of different distances from traffic way on number of fruit per plant, fruit
fresh weight and fruit dry weight (g) of squash plants at 40,55 and 70 days from
planting in 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 seasons.
2001/2002
Days
Number of fruits
per plant
Fruits fresh
Weight (g)/plant
Fruits dry
Weight (g)/plant
40 55 70 40 55 70 40 55 70
Distances
0-10 3.00 8.00 13.30 111.1 291.8 445.5 8.82 22.16 31.42
80-90 5.00 14.00 19.00 288.5 948.9 1366.1 22.89 66.21 136.42
160-170 4.33 13.67 20.00 294.9 987.7 1962.7 21.58 71.07 154.79
L.S.D at 0.05 1.51 0.76 2.39 88.72 100.2 216.8 6.96 13.94 19.20
2002/2003
Distances
0-10 2.67 7.00 8.33 95.1 251.8 386.2 7.61 19.27 27.44
80-90 3.33 12.67 18.30 247.8 821.6 1711.4 19.81 60.67 119.64
160-170 3.67 13.30 18.0 255.2 853.4 1690.3 18.81 61.88 134.06
L.S.D at 0.05 1.19 1.31 2.00 76.2 87.8 184.9 6.03 8.94 16.52
Table (3): Effect of different distances from traffic way on total yield (ton/feddan) of squash
plants in 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 seasons.
Distances
2001/2002 2002/2003
Yield (Ton/feddan) Yield (Ton/feddan)
0-10 6.45 6.34
80-90 9.73 9.72
160-170 9.87 9.79
L.S.D at 0.05 0.39 0.13
1.2-Spinach experiment
Data in Table (4) show that, there was a significant effect between the first distance
and both the second and the third distance from traffic road on plant fresh weight, plant dry
weight, leave area and total chlorophyll. These morphological characters and total
chlorophyll were significantly increased with distance far from driving way at different plant
ages in both season, The highest values from plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, leave area
and total chlorophyll, were detected at 160-170 meter distance in all plant ages, while the
lowest values were obtained at 0-10 meter from the traffic road. Mean while there is no
significant difference between the second and the third distance on the plant fresh and dry
weight and leave area in all plant ages in both seasons. It may be assumed that this is due to
uptake of the metal into the inner chloroplast space and, hence, that Cd can easily penetrate
the chloroplast envelope, which inhibits photosynthesis (Weigel 1985). Ali (1991) found that,
chlorophyll concentration was significantly affected in leaves of orange trees grown around
Cairo- Alexandria highway. The same author (1992) confirmed that, highly positive
correlations (r>0.9) were found between chlorophyll and soluble protein contents of plants
and the distance from traffic roads. Similar results were obtained by several investigators, e.g.
Ali and Riad (1995), Abd El- Aziz (2001) and Ibrahium (2001).
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479
Table (4): Effect of different distances from traffic way plant fresh and dry weight (g), leaves
area (cm2
) and total chlorophyll (mg/g fresh weight) of spinach plants at 40,55
and 70 days from planting in 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 seasons.
2001/2002
Plant fresh weight
(g) /plant
Plant dry weight
(g) /plant
Leaves area
(cm2
)
Total chlorophyll
(mg/g F.W)
Days 40 55 70 40 55 70 40 55 70 40 55 70
Distances
0-10 46.6 149.4 234.0 3.76 12.64 19.20 1157.3 1536.3 1689.8 0.033 0.035 0.032
80-90 104.5 277.4 331.5 7.69 25.91 32.87 1534.0 2056.0 2610.0 0.053 0.058 0.065
160-170 119.3 292.1 344.4 8.79 26.25 32.34 1631.3 2089.7 2571.0 0.062 0.068 0.073
L.S.D at 0.05 20.7 36.1 27.5 1.82 0.92 4.26 149.8 248 188.6 0.0055 0.0107 0.0071
2002/2003
Distances
0-10 61.9 129.0 230.0 4.78 11.75 17.10 1223.7 1551.7 1638.0 0.033 0.04 0.029
80-90 112.4 277.6 346.6 8.20 25.80 35.39 1651.7 2270.7 2641.7 0.054 0.058 0.067
160-170 126.6 345.5 354.2 9.24 27.41 34.40 1723.0 2076.0 2666.7 0.058 0.062 0.07
L.S.D at 0.05 23.4 89.1 31.9 0.92 1.82 3.54 217.2 288.0 247.4 0.0146 0.0127 0.0155
Data in Table (5) indicated that, there was a significant effect between the first
distance and the second or the third distance from traffic road on total yield (ton/feddan). The
highest values from total yield were detected at 160-170 meter distance, while the lowest
values were obtained at 0-10 meter distance from the traffic road. While, there is no
significant differences between the second and the third distance on the total yield in both
seasons. These results may be due to the affected on photosynthesis, respiration and
transpiration, and allow the penetration of phytotoxic gaseous pollutants. Productivity is
generally decreased and visible injury symptoms may occur. Similar finding agreed with Ali
(1982, 1991) and Farmer (1993).
Table (5) Effect of different distances from traffic way on total yield (ton/feddan) of spinach
plants in 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 seasons.
Distances
2001/2002 2002/2003
Yield (Ton/ feddan) Yield (Ton/ feddan)
0-10 4.790 4.738
80-90 11.160 11.548
160-170 11.58 11.392
L.S.D. at 0.05 1.18 0.512
1.3 - Turnip experiment
The influence of the distances from the traffic way on root fresh and dry weight, root
size, plant fresh and dry weight, leaves area and total chlorophyll were listed in Tables (6, 7).
There was a significant effect between the first distance and both second and third distance
far from driving way in both season, The highest values were detected at 160-170 meter
distance, while the lowest values were obtained at 0-10 meter distance from the traffic road.
There are no significant differences between the second and the third distance on these
characters in both seasons. In this connection Bazzaz et.al. (1974) found that relatively low
concentration of lead, cadmium and nickel inhibited photosynthesis and transpiration of
detached sunflower leaves. Also, agree with Ali (1982), Nasralla and Ali (1985) and Moursi
(1990) they mentioned that accumulation of a very fine air pollution particles including some
heavy metals, led to decrease the dry matter. Vegetative area was increased by increasing
8. Bekhit, et. al., (2005)
480
distances from the main source of pollution. These results agreed with the finding of Abd El –
Aziz (2001) and Ibrahium (2001).
Data presented in Table (8) clarifies the effect of the distance from traffic road in
turnip yield. There was a significant effect between the first distance and both the second and
the third distance from traffic road on total yield (ton/feddan). Data indicate that there was
significantly increase in yield with increasing distance from driving way in both seasons. The
highest value from total yield was detected at 160-170 meter, while the lowest values were
obtained at 0-10 meter from the traffic road. There were no significant differences between
the second and the third distance on the total yield in both seasons. The results were agreed
with finding of Ali (1982).
Table (6)Effect of different distances from traffic way on root size (cm3
( and root fresh and
dry weight (g) of turnip plants at 40,55 and 70 days from planting in 2001/2002
and 2002/2003 seasons.
2001/2002
Days
Root size Root fresh weight Root dry weight (g)
40 55 70 40 55 70 40 55 70
Distances
0-10 102.0 159.7 205.2 65.4 109.0 145.0 5.91 7.71 10.11
80-90 161.9 294.4 360.7 116.1 215.4 241.5 10.48 17.28 22.39
160-170 190.5 283.6 350.7 127.2 211.9 279.3 10.87 17.27 22.80
L.S.D at 0.05 32.1 18.9 33.2 25.2 18.2 83.8 3.50 1.39 2.93
2002/2003
Distances
0-10 105.4 166.2 208.0 68.9 126.5 161.7 6.33 10.36 13.37
80-90 146.0 246.7 298.3 112.4 196.7 215.6 10.92 17.28 21.50
160-170 159.3 247.5 297.7 118.5 201.8 256.4 11.14 17.95 22.75
L.S.D at 0.05 26.4 20.3 18.2 16.6 15.8 76.5 1.34 1.30 2.51
Table (7): Effect of different distances from traffic way on plant fresh and dry weight (g),
leaves area (cm2
) and total chlorophyll (mg/g fresh weight) of turnip plants at
40,55 and 70 days from planting in 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 seasons.
2001/2002
Plant fresh
weight (g)/plant
Plant dry
weight (g)/plant
Leaves area (cm2
) Total chlorophyll
Days 40 55 70 40 55 70 40 55 70 40 55 70
Distances
0-10 199.5 304.7 385.9 15.31 23.32 29.70 839.3 1153.4 1611.4 0.047 0.056 0.063
80-90 327.3 543.1 648.1 28.46 47.56 58.21 2011.8 2468.4 2905.9 0.073 0.088 0.112
160-170 365.4 534.1 680.0 32.1 46.25 58.74 2039.3 2440.7 2861.4 0.075 0.089 0.115
L.S.D at 0.05 30.2 42.4 89.7 2.13 3.74 4.49 250.3 256.1 298.7 0.0125 0.011 0.0162
2002/2003
Distances
0-10 202.4 326.4 335.5 15.76 25.73 33.93 805.6 1340.6 1745.7 0.046 0.055 0.051
80-90 301.0 468.1 547.9 26.64 41.34 50.74 1793.3 2083.4 2416.7 0.072 0.085 0.103
160-170 319.0 460.3 592.4 28.64 42.72 52.56 1753.2 2149.3 2442.3 0.077 0.096 0.111
L.S.D at 0.05 25.0 28.5 1623 1.32 3.53 3.54 50.1 96.6 260.8 0.013 0.0259 0.0165
2. Heavy metal content
2-1. Percentage of removable by washing:
Concerning the effect of washing on lead and cadmium concentration from edible
parts on crops under study, data in Table (9) showed that, the washing treatment led to
9. The 6th
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481
decreasing the concentration of lead in squash, spinach and turnip by about (30.47%, 25.44%
and 15.79% respectively. Also, washing in distilled water reduced Cd content by (24.72%,
22.75% and 10.11%) in the edible parts from squash, spinach and turnip respectively. In the
other hand the washing was more effective in removing lead than cadmium in fruit crops than
leafy ones. These results are similar to those of Ndiokwere (1984), Mohamed (1985) and
Basovic, et.al., (1986) they found that washing in cold running or distilled water reduced Pb
content by 27.45-76.13% compared with unwashed lettuce. Ali and Riad (1995) recorded that,
washing lettuce plants with tap water served in lowering lead content in the plant by about 30
% compared to the unwashed.
Table (8) Effect of different distances from traffic way on total yield (ton/feddan) of turnip
plants in 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 seasons.
Distances
2001/2002 2002/2003
Yield(Ton/ feddan) Yield(Ton/ feddan)
0-10 10.572 10.348
80-90 19.160 18.480
160-170 20.268 18.120
L.S.D. at 0.05 2.382 0.573
Table (9) Means of lead and cadmium concentration on edible parts of squash, spinach and
turnip plants as affected by washed and percentage removable from them.
Crops
Pb Cd
2001/2002
Un W W Removable % Un W W Removable %
Squash 0.448 0.309 31.03 0.089 0.067 24.72
Spinach 0.773 0.573 25.92 0.226 0.174 22.75
Turnip 0.477 0.401 16.06 0.185 0.166 10.11
2002/2003
Squash 0.454 0.316 30.47 0.097 0.067 31.27
Spinach 0.820 0.612 25.44 0.253 0.191 24.37
Turnip 0.549 0.462 15.79 0.205 0.183 10.42
2-2. Effect of distances
The study includes the evaluation of lead and cadmium contaminations in different
edible part of some vegetable crops namely, squash, turnip and spinach grown in the field at
different distances from traffic roads. The influence of the distance from the road on Pb and
Cd concentration in these vegetables are illustrated in Table (10). It is obvious that, there was
decrease in lead and cadmium concentration in all vegetable under these studies by increasing
the distance from traffic road. The highest value from Pb and Cd concentrations was detected
at 0-10 meter distance, while the lowest value was noticed at 160- 170 in all plant ages from
different vegetables in both seasons. These results are in agreement with those obtained by
Nasralla (1975), EI-Mola (1980), Ali (1982), Mohamed (1985), Nasralla and Ali (1985), Ali
and Nasralla (1986), Moursi (1990), Ali (1991, 1992), Ali and Riad (1995), Hassan and
Gewifel (1998) and Abd El–Aziz (2001) they indicated that, motor cars exhaust is an
important source for soil and plant contamination with lead. The highest concentrations of
lead were greatly depending on traffic volumes. Furthermore, lead, concentrations in soils and
grasses were found to decrease with distance far from the road.
Generally unwashed plant parts of squash, spinach and turnip found to contain more
amounts of heavy metals as compared with those of the washed ones with a significant effect.
10. Bekhit, et. al., (2005)
482
In the same table, washing showed significant decrease in lead and cadmium contamination.
Nevertheless, in the first distance (0-10) washing treatment was not succeeded to reduce it
under the maximum guidelines level recommended by CODEX alimentarius commission.
Data in the same Table indicated that spinach leaves were content higher
concentration of lead and cadmium than turnip root and squash fruit in all plant ages in both
seasons. These results are harmony with Page, et.al. (1981) who showed that, relative Cd
uptakebydifferent crop plants growing in contaminated soils were in the range: turnip, spinach
> tomato, lettuce > swiss chard, radish, carrot. In the same trend Chumbley and Unwin (1982)
and Kuboi et.al. (1986) have subsequently examined Cd uptake in 34 plants species of nine
different families. They found that different plant families responded differently and classified
them into three groups: 1. Low accumulation ( Leguminosae). 2. Moderate accumulation
(Gramineae, Liliaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Umbelliferae). 3. High accumulation
(Chenopodiaceae, Cruciferae, Solonaceae and Compositae). Also, the obtained results agreed
with Feng et.al. (1993) who study the heavy metals pollution of vegetables in Boashen
district, Shanghai. They mentioned that, the heavy metal content of different vegetable types
was in the order of leafy vegetables > root tubers > fruit vegetables.
The highest concentration from lead and cadmium was detected in spinach leaves
followed by turnip roots followed by squash fruit. Turnip roots were contain more amounts of
heavy metal especially cadmium, where unexposed plant part to atmospheric Pb contributed
due to it was account heavy metal hyperaccumulate as recorded by Ross (1994) the
exposed plant parts (the leaves) accumulate larger quantities of air-derived metals than do
unexposed plant part (e.g., roots and pea fruit). Although Pb is generally considered not to
be easily translocated within plant tissues, Harrison and Chirgawi's (1989) indicate that
atmospheric Pb contributed to the unexposed plant parts, especially the storage roots of
radish, turnip and carrot.
Squash fruits at the first distance (0-10 meter) contained high level of lead and exceed
for the maximum level recommended by CODEX. Washing treatment wasn’t decreased the
level under that recommended by CODEX in all plant age under study (40-55-70 days). At
the second distance (80-90 meter) squash fruits at 55 and 70 days from planting contained
high values from lead but washing reduced it under the safety level. At the third distance
(160-170 meter) from the traffic road squash fruits were safety in all plant ages in both
seasons. While the contaminations of cadmium in all squash fruit from all plant ages was not
excess the guidelines level of CODEX.
Data in the same Table showed that, spinach leaves at the first distance in all plant
ages in both seasons were contained highly levels from lead and cadmium higher than the
recommended maximum level. Washing treatment did not succeed to reduce this level of both
elements except leaves at 40 days from planting for lead only. While, leaves from spinach
plants grown at the second and third distances in all plant ages were lower in their content
than the guideline level.
Turnip roots from the plants grown at the first distance were contaminated by lead to
the harmful level in all plant ages under study. Washing treatment did not reduce this level to
the safety range. Plants at the second distance were not reaching to the maximum harmful
level except after 55 days from sowing. Washing treatment was not succeeded to decrease it
to the safety level. While at the third distance roots contents were under the safety level for
lead. Cadmium content in turnip roots at the first distance were also higher than
recommended and washing did not succeed to decrease it. Turnip roots obtained from the
second and third distances contained safety level from cadmium in all plant ages.
11. The 6th
Arabian Conference For Horticulture, Ismailia, Egypt
483
Table (10): Effect of distances from traffic road and washed on Pb and Cd concentrations
(mg/kg. fresh weight) on edible part from squash, turnip and spinach plants during
seasons (2001/2002 and 2002/2003) compared with maximum level or guidelines for
maximum limit (ML) of metals in vegetables were adopted from FAO/WHO.
Pb 2001/2002 Recommended Max.
L. for Vegetables
(mg/kg. f. w.)
40 55 70
Un W Un W Un W
Squash fruit
D1 0.183* 0.130* 0.260* 0.194* 0.346* 0.295*
0.1a
D2 0.086 0.050 0.118* 0.065 0.127* 0.086
D3 0.055 0.019 0.081 0.035 0.088 0.053
Spinach leaves
D1 0.328* 0.251 0.425* 0.337* 0.634* 0.543*
0.3a
D2 0.219 0.126 0.168 0.110 0.273 0.192
D3 0.076 0.041 0.092 0.047 0.104 0.071
Turnip root D1 0.243* 0.220* 0.310* 0.258* 0.335* 0.289*
0.1a
D2 0.099 0.078 0.109* 0.088 0.122* 0.101*
D3 0.066 0.049 0.068 0.056 0.080 0.063
2002/2003
Squash fruit
D1 0.185* 0.131* 0.264* 0.197* 0.351* 0.300*
0.1a
D2 0.087 0.052 0.118* 0.067 0.129* 0.091
D3 0.056 0.019 0.082 0.036 0.090 0.054
Spinach leaves
D1 0.346* 0.265 0.450* 0.356* 0.675* 0.579*
0.3a
D2 0.234 0.134 0.181 0.121 0.289 0.213
D3 0.080 0.043 0.097 0.049 0.109 0.075
Turnip root D1 0.280* 0.254* 0.356* 0.297* 0.386* 0.333*
0.1a
D2 0.114* 0.090 0.125* 0.102* 0.140* 0.118*
D3 0.076 0.056 0.078 0.065 0.092 0.072
Cd 2001/2002
Squash fruit
D1 0.053 0.042 0.057 0.044 0.066 0.052
0.1b
D2 0.016 0.012 0.019 0.014 0.021 0.016
D3 0.010 0.005 0.012 0.007 0.013 0.009
Spinach leaves
D1 0.143* 0.110* 0.159* 0.133* 0.123* 0.106*
0.1b
D2 0.044 0.032 0.062 0.044 0.067 0.048
D3 0.021 0.011 0.024 0.017 0.034 0.022
Turnip root D1 0.089 0.084 0.110* 0.103* 0.144* 0.131*
0.1b
D2 0.046 0.037 0.050 0.044 0.049 0.044
D3 0.019 0.015 0.023 0.020 0.024 0.020
2002/2003
Squash fruit
D1 0.053 0.043 0.059 0.046 0.068 0.053
0.1b
D2 0.015 0.011 0.018 0.012 0.020 0.015
D3 0.033 0.004 0.012 0.007 0.013 0.009
Spinach leaves
D1 0.151* 0.111* 0.164* 0.134* 0.181* 0.153*
0.1b
D2 0.047 0.031 0.066 0.045 0.070 0.048
D3 0.020 0.012 0.025 0.018 0.035 0.022
Turnip root D1 0.093 0.085 0.117* 0.105* 0.157* 0.134*
0.1b
D2 0.048 0.049 0.062 0.054 0.060 0.056
D3 0.022 0.019 0.026 0.024 0.029 0.024
D1 : 0- 10 D2 : 80- 90 D3 : 160 – 170 W : washed Un : unwashed
a
Source: FAO/WHO - Codex alimentarius commission, 1999.
b
Source: FAO/WHO - Codex alimentarius commission, 2001.
*
> Recommended Maximum Level for Vegetables.
This may simply reflect relatively high air lead concentrations and the low
efficiency of soil lead uptake compared to the other trace metals studied. There are
rather few corroborative published data. Hovmand et.al., (1983) reported that
anything from 20 to 60 % of Cd uptake by a range of different edible crops could be
air-derived. The leaves of kale and the grain of barley showed highest Cd
concentration derived from air pollution, at 50- 60 % and 40-60 % respectively. The
studies of Harrison and Johnston (1987) and Harrison and Chirgawi (1989) indicate a
relative ease of uptake of Zn and Cd from soil, but not for Pb. Their experiments also
12. Bekhit, et. al., (2005)
484
indicate that metals in atmospheric pollution can contribute substantially to the metal
fund of the plant and be translocated to unexposed plant parts. El- Syied (1998)
recorded that, the highest values from Cd of concentration index were found in clover
tops, turnip roots and orange pulps. Indicated also, the highest values from lead were
found in turnip roots, clover tops and corn tops.
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