This document discusses research advances in grafting and propagation techniques for vegetables. It begins by explaining what grafting is and its benefits, such as improved yield, stress tolerance, and production in non-traditional areas. Various grafting methods are described, and case studies of grafting for crops like tomato, cucumber, and cucurbit vegetables in India are provided. The history and current status of vegetable grafting are reviewed. The document also discusses specific benefits like increased resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, improved growth, nutrient uptake and yield, and enhanced fruit quality.

1. Research Advances In Grafting And
Propagation Techniques In Vegetables
Versha kumari and Sunidhi Mishra
Ph.D Scholar
Department of Vegetable science

2. What is Grafting ?
• Sustainable vegetable production
• Improvement in yield quality
• Stress tolerance (Abiotic and biotic)
• Production of vegetable in non- traditional areas
• Vegetable cultivation in frazil region eco-system
• Finally to combat problem of malnutrition

3. What is Vegetable Grafting
Scion
Rootstock

4. History and Current Status
• The production of grafted vegetable plants first began in Japan
and Korea in the late 1920s with watermelon (Citrullus lanatus
Matsum. et Nakai) grafted onto pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata)
rootstock (Lee 1994)
• Soon after, watermelons (Citrullus lanatus) were grafted onto bottle
gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) rootstocks.
• Eggplant (Solanum melongena) was grafted onto scarlet eggplant
(Solanum integrifolium Poir.) in the 1950s.
• Later, grafting was introduced to North America from Europe in
the late 20th century and it is now attracting growing interest, both
from greenhouse growers and organic producers (Kubota et al.
2008)

5. • More over, in organic cultivation of vegetables grafting
eliminates the use of chemicals in disease control.
• Because of the above said reasons it is now attracting growing
interest, both from greenhouse growers and organic producers.
• This process is now common in Asia, parts of Europe and the
Middle East (Davis et al. 2008).
“It is an old technology with new techniques”

6. (Davies et al., 2008; Lee, 1994; Lee, 2003; Lee and Oda, 2003; Lykas et al., 2008; Oda, 2007;
Rivero et al., 2003)
What can we benefit from growing
grafted vegetables?
● Resistance/tolerance to biotic stress
● Tolerance to environmental stresses(abiotic tress)
e.g., low temperature, salinity, drought, flooding
● Enhanced nutrient and water uptake
● Improved plant growth
● Yield increase
● Rootstock effect on fruit quality

7. Scion
Rootstock Desirable belowground qualities
Desirable aboveground traits
● Complementary to breeding programs
- “graft hybrid”
- rapid deployment of new genetic sources
- take full advantage of germplasm
What can we benefit from growing
grafted vegetables?

8. Benefits of Vegetable Grafting
Resistance/tolerance to biotic stress(soil born diseases)
•Fusarium wilt: cucumber, melon, watermelon,tomato
•Fusarium crown and root rot: tomato, cucumber, watermelon
•Monosporascus wilt: melon, watermelon
•Verticillium wilt: tomato, eggplant, watermelon
•Phytophthora blight: pepper
•Bacterial wilt: tomato, eggplant
•Root-knot nematodes: tomato, eggplant, pepper
Barrett et al., 2012; Davies et al., 2008; Lee, 1994; Lee, 2003; Lee and Oda, 2003; Louws
et al., 2010; Oda, 2007; Rivero et al., 2003

9. • Earlier methyl bromide fumigation was used to control green
house diseases
• Banned in 2005 in European countries
• Some undesirable effects on fruit quality
All these burst open into the technology
“Grafting of Vegetables”
Grafting is a cultural practice that constitutes an important
component of the IPM systems under protected cultivation of
Solanaceous and Cucurbitaceous vegetables.
(Habana, 2008)

10. Rootstock, major grafting methods, and purpose of grafting for vegetables
Vegetable Popular rootstock species Grafting method y Purpose x
Watermelon •Guard(Lagernaria siceraria var. hispida)
•Interspecific hybridisation
•Wax guard(Benincasa hispida Cogn.)
•Pumpkin(Cucurbita moschata L.)
•Squash(Cucurbita pepo L.)
•Sicyos angulatus
1
1,2
1,3
2,3
1,2
2
1,2
1,2,3
1,2
1,2,3
1,2,3
5
Cucumber Fig leaf guard(Cucurbita ficifolia)
F1 (Cucurbits maxima x Cucurbits moschata)
Cucumis sativus , Sicyos angulatus
2
2
2
2
1,2,3
1,2,4
1,2
2,5
Melon Cucumis melon 3 3,4
Tomato Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (L.)Mill
Lycopersicon hirsutum
Lycopersicon esculentum
3,4
3,4
3,4
5
5
5
Brinjal Solanum integrifolium
Solanum torvum
2,3
2,3
6
6,7
Y:graftng method-1.hole insertion method, 2.tongue approach grafting,3.cleft grafting,4.tube grafting.
X:purpose of grafting-1.tolerance to fungal wilt,2.growth promotion,3.low temperature tolerance,4.growth period &
extension,5.resistant to nematode,6.bacterial wilt tolerance,7.reduction of virus infection

11. Low temperature tolerance
• Grafting is useful to initiate flowering and fruit set at low temperature.
• Grafted plants have more content of Linolenic acid, which helps in the
survival of plants under low temperature (Pandey and Rai, 2003).
• Concentration of proline, vitamin-c and water soluble sugars were higher
in grafted seedling than in ungrafted seedling (Ai et al, 1999).
• Grafted plants can survive at 10o C also.
• Grafts may save the energy of poly house in cooler parts of the world.
• Grafts have been used to induce resistance against low temperature (Bulder
et al., 1990).

12. High temperature tolerance
• Use grafted tomato may give certain degree of resistance against
thermal stress.
(Rivero et al, 2003)
• The use of eggplants as rootstocks for tomato at higher temperature
seemed to be more promising.
(Abdelmageed and Gruda,2009)
• Eggplants grafted onto a heat-tolerant rootstock of eggplant seemed
to be promising and resulted in a prolonged growth stage and yield
increase up to 10%.
(Wang et al., 2007)
• Chilli grafted on sweet pepper rootstocks has given highest yields
under high-temperature conditions.
(Palada and Wu, 2008)

13. High salt tolerance
• Grafts have been used to enhance vegetable tolerance to salinity and give
high yield.
(AVRDC, 2000)
• Grafting provides an alternative way to improve salt tolerance.
(Estan et al, 2005)
Flood Tolerance
• Inter-generic grafting imparts flood tolerance in cucurbits.
(Pandey and Rai, 2003 IIVR, Varanasi)
• Grafting improved flooding tolerance of bitter gourd (Momordia charanthia
L. cv. New Known You ) when grafted onto sponge gourd (Luffa cylindria
Roem cv. Cylinder).
(Liao and Lin, 1996)

14. • AVRDC recommends growing tomatoes on eggplant
accessions EG195 or EG203 and sweet pepper on chilli
accessions PP0237-7502, PP0242-62 and Lee B for flood
tolerance.
(AVRDC, 2003 & 2009)

15. Reports on grafting of cucurbits against abiotic Stresses
Ashok kumar b. and Kumar Sanket, 2017
11
11

16. 11
11

17. HIGH YIELD
Grafting increases yield through…
• Enhanced water uptake.
• Enhanced nutrient uptake.
• Manipulating harvest period.

18. • Grafted plants gave more yield than the non-grafted ones in the
greenhouse as well as in the open-field
(Khah et al, 2006)
• Grafts have been used to improve yield when plants are cultivated
in problematic soils
(Kacjan-Marsic and Osvald, 2004)
• Yield and Water Use Efficiency were higher in grafted plants
(Oztekin et al, 2009)

19. Improving quality traits
• Grafting increases number of marketable fruits and decrease number
of malformed fruits in tomato.
(Pandey and Rai, 2003)
• Flavor, pH, sugar, color, carotenoid content, and texture can be
affected by grafting and the type of rootstock used.
(Davis et al, 2008).
• An increase in ascorbic acid content in tomato was found with
grafting.
(Zhu et al. 2006)
• Grafted fruit had a better colour and highest lycopene content in
tomato.
(Chung et al., 1997)

20. An increase in the quality parameters is indicated as(+),a decrease as (-),& no changed as (0).
Data from the source :Arvanitoyannis et al.,2005;Crino et al,2007.
HORTSCIENCE,VOL.29(4),APRIL,1994
crop size firmness sweetness colour Vit.c carotenoids
Tomato + - + + +
Eggplant + - +
Cucumber 0 + -
Watermelon + + + +
Melon + + 0 +
Capsicum + 0 + +
GRAFTING CAN AFFECT FRUIT QUALITY OF
VEGETABLES

21. Grafting Methods for
Vegetables

22. Methods of Grafting
1. Cleft Grafting
2. Tongue Approach/Approach Grafting
3. Hole Insertion/Top Insertion Grafting
4. One Cotyledon/Slant/Splice grafting
5.Tube Grafting
6. Pin Grafting

23. CLEFT GRAFTING
• It is a simple and easy method
• It is suitable for rootstocks with wide hypocotyls
• Can be practiced in all vegetables

25. Tongue Approach/Approach Graft
• Most widely used by farmers
and small nurseries
• This method requires more
space and labor compared to
other methods but high seedling
survival rate can be attained
even by beginners.
• Grafted seedlings have a
uniform growth rate
• It is not suitable for rootstocks
with hollow hypocotyls

26. Hole Insertion/Top Insertion Grafting
• This is most popular in cucurbits.
• When scion and rootstock have hollow
hypocotyls, this method is preferred
(Hang et al., 2005)
• One person can produce 1,500 or more
grafts/day
• To achieve a high rate of success, relative
humidity should be maintained at 95%.
• After healing temperature should
maintain at 21-36◦C up to transplanting.

27. Slant grafting
• It has recently been adopted by
commercial seedling nurseries
(Sakata et al., 2007).
• It is applicable to most
vegetables.
• It has been developed for robotic
grafting.
• Grafted plants should be
maintained in the dark at 25 ◦C and
100% humidity for three days for
graft union.

28. Tube Grafting
• It is similar to slant grafting except that in this method root stock &
scion joined are held with an elastic tube instead of clips.
• It is more popular in tomato, brinjal.

29. Grafting methods for different rootstocks
ASHOK KUMAR B.*AND KUMAR SANKET, 2017,
SCION PLANT ROOTSTOCK METHOD
Eggplant S.torvum
S. sissymbrifolium
S. khassianum
Tongue grafting
Cleft method
Both tongue and cleft
Tomato L. pimpinelifolium
S.nigrum
Cleft method
Both tongue and cleft
Cucumber C.moschata
Cucurbita maxima
Hole insertion and Tongue grafting
Tongue grafting
Water melon Benincasa hispida
C.moschata
C.moschata x C. maxima
Hole insertion and Cleft method
Hole insertion and Cleft method
Hole insertion
Bitter gourd C.moschata Hole insertion and Tongue grafting
Bottle gourd C.moschata, Luffa sps. Hole insertion and Tongue grafting

30. Automated Grafting
• The first semiautomatic cucumber grafting
system was commercialized in 1993.
• A simple grafting machine can produce 350–600
grafts/hour with 2 operators, whereas manual
grafting techniques produce about 1,000 grafts /
person / day. (Gu, 2006).
• A fully automated grafting robot performing 750
grafts/hour with a 90-93% success rate.
(Kubota et al, 2008)
Semi automated grafted machine
developed by Helper Robotic
Company, Korea
Robots model Developed by Vegetable
crops
AG1000
robot
Fully
automated
Osaka, Japan Co.,1994 Solanaceous
vegetables
Arnabat
S.A.
Semi-
automated
Barcelona,(Spain),2000 Cucurbits and
Solanaceous
GR-800 &
GR-600
Semi-
automated
Helper Robotech
Co.,Korea (2004)
Cucurbits

31. CASE STUDIES IN
GRAFTING

32. Vegetable grafting done in India
 Chilli and Tomato grfted on Brinjal
plant-July,10,2012: Such a wonder is
done by Dr. Shreeram Palav of Jalna
Maharashtra. KKV Dapoli
 Imparting disease resistance through
grafting in brinjal-in devil plant.
 Ranchi based farmer Manohar Lal has
resulted this unique distinctive plant that
bears tomato and eggplant.
 Narayan Chawda (MAHASAMUND)
identified various rootstock- scion
combinations in cucurbit and
solanaceous vegetables to mitigate
adverse effects of stressful conditions.

33. CUCURBIT GRAFTING IN INDIA
GRAFT UNION
Momordica cochinchinensis is a dioecious plant. The female plants are grafted
on to the Male plants to increase its production. 98% of graft success is
observed at NBPGR regional station, Thrissur, Kerala
ICAR News, 2011, V. 17(1)

34. TOMATO
• Grafting in tomato is started around 1960 and 1970 (Edelstein
2004).
• Tomato production during the hot-wet season in most of the
Southeast Asian countries is constrained by biotic and abiotic
factors including flooding, impact of heavy rains, high temperature
and high incidence of soil borne diseases such as bacterial wilt and
nematodes (Palada and Wu 2007).
Grafted & non- grafted tomato plant with fruits

35. Rootstocks suggested for improving yield and
quality
SCION ROOTSTOCK REFERENCE
Cecilia F1 Maxifort, Beaufort Mohammed et al 2009
Heman, Spirit Qaryouti et al. 2007
Jermy Maxifort, Vigomax Miskovic et al. 2009
Boludo Radja Flores et al 2010
Rita Beaufort Romano,Paratore 2001

36. Rootstocks suggested for improving biotic stress
resistance
DISEASE ROOTSTOCK REFERENCE
Fusariumf wilt Maxifort (no symptom) Rivard, Louws 2008a
Robusta (intermediate) Rivard , Louws 2008a
Bacterial wilt CRA 66, Hawaii 7996 Rivard , Louws 2008a
RST 105 (100% control),
Dai Honmei (intermediate)
Rivard , Louws 2008b
Southern blight Bigpower, Maxifort, Beaufort Rivard et al. 2010

37. R=Resistant , HR=Highly Resistant, MR=Moderately Resistant, S=Susceptible
Disease resistance and vigour of commercial
tomato rootstocks.
Ratings are based on seed supplier information. Vigor is measured on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1
represents poor and 5 represents excellent.)
Rootstocks TMV
Corky
Root
Fusarium Wilt
Verticillium
Wilt (r1)
Root-knot
Nematode
Bacterial
Wilt
Southern
BlightRace
1
Race
2
Beaufort R R R R R MR S HR
Maxifort R R R R R MR S HR
(Unreleased) R S R R R R HR MR
TMZQ702 R S R R R R MR MR
Dai Honmei R R R S R R HR MR
RST-04-105 R R R R R R HR MR
Big Power R R R R R R S HR
Robusta R R S R R S S ?
HORTSCIENCE.VOL.29,APRIL 2009

38. Rootstocks suggested for improving abiotic stress
resistance.
ABIOTIC STRESS SCION ROOTSTOCK REFERENCE
Salinity Fanny,Goldmar AR-9704 Garcia et al. 2004
Jaguar Radja, Pera Estaan et al. 2005
Durianta F1 Maxifort, Vigomax Oztekin et al. 2009
High temperature Eggplant line EG203
Tomato line H7996
Burleigh et al. 2005

39. POMATO
• Pomato plant is a result of grafting of tomato on potato plants.
• We can reap tomatoes on the top of the plant and potatoes under the soil.
Tomato
Potato

40. Cucurbits
• Research on cucurbit grafting began in Japan around 1920 with a
study on watermelon. Pumpkin was initially used as a rootstock with
watermelon to prevent fusarium wilt.
• In 1949 Imazu recommended pumpkin (Cucrbita moschata) as root
stock to musk melon (cucumis melo var. inodorus) cultivar
Haramadhu as it confers resistant to fusarium wilt and improves plant
vigor
• Based on the results of various trials, mainly on Cucurbita spp., the
fusarium-wilt-resistant bottle gourd variety Renshi was eventually
released in the 1980s
• China produces more than half of the world's watermelons and
cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) and approximately 20% of these are
grafted (Davis et al. 2008).

41. Rootstocks suggested for improving yield and quality.
CROP SCION ROOTSTOCK REFERENCE
Muskmelon Ofir Adir Cohen et al. 2007
Cucumber -- Pumpkin Davis et al. 2008
Watermelon -- Bottlegourd Yetisir et al. 2006
Rootstocks suggested for improving biotic stress resistance.
CROP DISEASE ROOTSTOCK REFERENCE
Cucumber Stem & Root rot Peto42.91, TS 1358, TZ 148 Pavlou et al. 2002
Fusarium wilt Brava (Interspecific hybrid) Edelstein et al. 1999
Muskmelon Fusarium wilt Muskmelon, cucurbit sps. Cohen et al. 2007
Squash interspecific hybrids Crino et al. 2007
Nematode Cucumis & Cucurbit asps. Siguenza et al. 2005
GummyStem blight Squash interspecific hybrids Crino et al. 2007

42. Rootstocks suggested for improving abiotic stress
resistance
ABIOTIC STRESS CROP ROOTSTOCK REFERENCE
Low temperature Cucurbits Shin-tosa Okimura et al.
1986
Drought Watermelon Waxgourd Sakata et al. 2007
Bittergourd Sponge gourd Liao and Lin,
1996

43. Miguel et al., 2004, Spain

44. MORINGA (DRUMSTICK) - Usually propagated by limb cutting, but now
propagation by seeds are going to become more popular
“Propagation by seeds is the major method by which plants reproduce in nature and one
of the most efficient and widely used propagation methods for cultivated crops.”
Hartmann and Kester
Propagation by seeds...
Recent advances in other propagation techniques in
vegetables
GLOBE ARTICHOKE - Seed propagated varieties have converted
this vegetable from a perennial into an annual crop and lower phenol content in seed-
propagated.
N Ceccarelli, M Curadi, P Picciarelli 2010
SA John, HA Musnad, H Burgstaller,2008
GARLIC (ALLIUM SATIVUM L.) a popular condiment, is completely sterile, and thus
is propagated only vegetatively. Going on studies of flowering physiology and fertility
restoration, should focus on bolting genotypes which produce inflorescences with a
high ratio of normal flowers to topsets.
R. Kamenetsky, I.L. Shafir, M. Baizerman, F. Khassanov, C. Kik, H.D. Rabinowitch

45. PROPAGATION BY CUTTINGS
• A cutting is a piece of a plant cut away and rooted to become a new plant.
• Cuttings are typically made from stems or branches.
• Also made from roots, rhizomes or sprouts.
• Some plants can be propagated by division, an extreme form of cutting where
the entire plant is cut in half.
• Part of the plant is left in place; part is replanted to become a new plant.
BRANCHES AND STEMS
• To propagate woody or fibrous plants.
• Tomatoes, peppers and cucurbits
• Starting a plant from an existing stem is faster than starting it from seed.
• Start with a 6-inch cutting.
• Dip the cut end in rooting hormone.
• Either place the cutting in a glass of water or put it in damp potting mixture.
• Cuttings like greenhouse conditions when they are rooting.

46. • Cuttings are best taken from healthy green plants in the early morning
when the stems are fully hydrated and swollen.
1. Cut 1/8 inch behind the second set of leaves from the outer tip of the
cucumber stem with pruning shears, making the cut straight across the stem in
one quick swipe. The stem cutting should be about 3 to 5 inches long.
2. Pinch off the second set of leaves by hand at the leaf node, just above where
the leaf and the stem meet. Keep the first set of leaves intact, because they will
help produce roots and supply energy to the new cucumber plant.
3. Dip the cut end of the stem cutting upright into indole-3-butyric acid
powered rooting hormone, until the hormone generously covers to just above
both leaf nodes from the second set of leaves. Lightly tap the stem cutting on
the brim of the hormone container to knock off additional hormone power.
How to Start Cucumber Vines From Cuttings

47. Cassava planting by cuttings- Cassava is propagated vegetatively
by mature stem/stakes. About 8-10 months old stakes from disease
free plant are used for planting. The stakes should be about 25-30
cm. in length and 2-3 cm in width having 5-6 buds on each stake.
Vegetable science and technology in India by- Vishnu Swarup
Sweet potatoes are propagated from slips (vine cuttings) - Taken
from freshly harvested vines .it should be taken from middle and
top part of vine It should be 20-30 cm with 3-4 nodes.
SWEET POTATO

48. 1. Vine cutting propagation involves the production of small tubers from
direct planting of yam vines in soil medium.
2. Establish the mother plant (plant from which vine will be collected) or
screen house.
Propagation in yam -Vine cutting
3. At about 2 months after establishment of mother plant prepare a place for
vine cuttings which could be a screen house or constructed makeshift shade.
4. Collect vines from mother plants between 60 and 90 days after planting.
Vines must be collected very early in the morning or late in the evening to
minimize stress on the vine and enhance vine cuttings survival
5. The vine length above the node should not be more 1cm while length
below node should be about 2.5cm to allow for firm attachment into the soil

49. Stages in vine cuttings establishment:
(A) Mother Plants Field,
(B) Collected Yam vine,
(C) Prepared one-nodal cuttings in water ready for
planting,
(D) Vine cuttings planted in nursery bags

50. Tuber vegetables, also known as root vegetables, can usually be
propagated from rhizome cuttings. Rhizomes are underground stems that
look like fat roots. Potatoes, Jerusalem artichokes and horseradish can all
be propagated by taking a cutting from the tuber and planting it.
Jerusalem artichokes and potatoes grow from the "eyes" in the tubers.
When planting these vegetables, the eyes should be planted facing up.
Horseradish grows directly out of the body of the tuber.
Roots and Rhizomes
Division
Division involves cutting through the center of a plant. Vegetables that
grow from an underground crown can be propagated this way. Two
examples are rhubarb and asparagus. In the late winter or early spring,
divide rhubarb by pushing a shovel through the centre of the crown. Half
can stay in the garden. Half can be taken away as a cutting. Asparagus
require a little more delicacy. In late winter, tease the crown into two
pieces with your fingers to divide it.

51. Micro Propagation in Advanced Vegetable Production
Micro propagation is a fast method of plant propagation that has a great
potential to develop high quality as well as disease-free plants.
• In Capsicum genera,annuum-chinense-frutescens complex have been
made with white flowers and small yellow seeds.
• A number of experiments have also been done to demonstrate the
influence of hypocotyl explant orientation on shoot bud induction
in Capsicum spp.
• Sweet potato cuttings when grown in vitro with Florialite gives
greater percentage of survival. Similarly, in vitro layering of gourds; a
modification in micro propagation methods become more advantageous
as it produces single shoot rather than multiple shoots.
• Likewise, an immobilized culture system of obtaining torpedo-stage
embryos of carrots of uniform size
• Higher tuber yield with rapid multiplication rate for potato were also
introduced by micro propagation techniques.
• Recently in cassava tissue culturing is also successes.
Butt SJ, Varis S, Nasir IA, Sheraz S, Shahid A, Ali

52. Rapid Macro propagation of Cassava Plants by the Use of Hydroponic Autotrophic System
by ArmandoBedoya

53. Tissue culture techniques in garlic - A novel and efficient tissue culture method – “stem-
disc dome culture” – for producing virus-free garlic (Allium sativum L.)- maximal proteolytic
activity
Selvia morani, ARGENTINA,2002

54. Micropropagation of Turmeric ( Curcuma longa Linn.) through in vitro
Rhizome Bud Culture

56. MICROGRAFTING
With the term micro grafting we mean the grafting of meris- tomatic tissues
in vitro in the laboratory in which the shoots of one plant are grafted on to the shoots or
roots of another plant so as to combine the characteristics of the two plants. This
method was used for the first time in 1952 by Morel and Martin .
Micrografting was initially used on vegetables to study the physiological basis of
the grafting process and to determine the chemical basis of cell to cell union.
Micrografting of vegetables on a commercial scale started only recently in an
attempt to reduce the high cost of production of grafted seedlings with classical
methods. Much of the cost results from the high price of hybrid vegetable seed,
while for micrografting, only a small number of seeds of the rootstock and scion
are required. Several thousand transplants can be produced from the 2-3 week
seedlings within a short period of time (Sarowar et al. 2003).

57. The success rate of micrografting is relatively high (80– 90%)
for tomatoes (Grigoriadis et al. 2005).
The gradual introduction of seedlings to the vegetable propagation
trade so as to reduce the role of seed, in combination with the
demand for certified seed from organized growers and nurseries to
produce and sell a uniform, guaranteed product, will help to
increase the adoption of micrografting for the production of grafted
vegetable seedlings.

58. Conclusion
• Grafting provides a site specific management tool for soil borne
diseases. It fits well into the organic and integrated crop
production system. It reduces the need for soil disinfectants and
thereby environmental pollution.
• Grafting and other propagation techniques has a potential in
promotion of cultivation in non-traditional and fragile agro-eco
system.
• Since grafting gives increased disease tolerance and vigor to crops,
it will be useful in the low-input sustainable horticulture of the
future.

59. • Grafting is a rapid alternative tool to the relatively slow
breeding methodology aimed at increasing biotic and abiotic
stress tolerance of fruit vegetables.
• Micro Propagation - It is concluded that the micro-propagation
technique has a great profit-making potential, the high plant
quality and the ability to produce disease-free planting materials
It should be used on large scale to develop new vegetable
varieties and to increase the production of vegetables to full fill
the requirement of growing world population.

60. Sources:
hthttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.govtps:
hthttps://www.researchgate.net
www.ikisan.com/tg-turmeric-tissue-culture.html
Slide Share. com

61. Thank you
Thank you…