This study evaluated 7 cherry tomato accessions using a half-diallel mating design to determine suitable parents for developing hybrids. Analysis found preponderance of additive gene action for most traits studied. Parents Solanumlycopersicum var. cerasiforme LYC 196/81 cv. Bubjekosoko (P1), PI 647522 cv. Cal Red Cherry (P3) and PI 639207 cv. Black Cherry (P7) were best general combiners for fruit yield and quality. The cross between P1 and P7 showed highest significant positive specific combining ability for yield and quality traits. Some F1 hybrids showed significant heterosis for evaluated traits.
This document describes a study that evaluated 10 F1 hybrid sweet pepper crosses, their 7 parent lines, and a commercial hybrid for fruit yield and quality traits under greenhouse conditions. Significant variations were observed among the hybrids and parents for traits like early yield, total yield, average fruit weight, pericarp thickness, fruit diameter, and ascorbic acid content. The highest levels of positive heterobeltiosis (improvement over the best parent) were recorded for early yield (62.9%), total yield (50.5%), average fruit weight (96.7%), and other traits. Two hybrids, P2 × P3 and P2 × P4, showed the highest positive commercial heterosis (improvement over the commercial hybrid
The document discusses three methods for selecting pure lines from crosses in self-pollinated crops: pedigree method, bulk method, and single seed descent method.
The pedigree method involves selecting individual plants from segregating generations and tracking their offspring through generations until homozygosity is achieved. The bulk method involves growing segregating generations in bulk until homozygosity, then selecting individuals. The single seed descent method rapidly advances generations by growing only one seed per plant in each generation to achieve a random sample of homozygous lines.
This document discusses mass selection, a method of plant breeding where individual plants are selected based on desirable phenotypes from a mixed population. Seeds from selected plants are then combined to grow the next generation. Mass selection can be used to improve self-pollinating or cross-pollinating crops. It has resulted in improved varieties of crops like bajra, yellow sarson, brown sarson, maize, desi cotton, and castor. While mass selection is simple and applicable to many crops, the improvements may be less than other methods and varieties developed have more genetic variation than pure lines.
Heterosis in bottle gourd [lagenaria siceraria (mol.) standl.]Dr. Mahesh Ghuge
This study evaluated heterosis for yield and yield traits in bottle gourd hybrids. Twenty-eight F1 hybrids were evaluated along with eight parental lines. Heterosis over the mid-parent and standard check was estimated for 16 quantitative traits. Several hybrids showed significant positive heterosis for traits like fruit yield per vine, average fruit weight, and number of fruits per plant. The highest heterosis for fruit yield per vine was observed in the hybrid Aditi X PSPL, with 68.5% heterosis over the standard check. Positive heterosis was also observed for traits related to fruit quality and plant growth. The results identified hybrids with improved yield and suggest that heterosis breeding can help increase bottle g
This document provides information on various plant breeding methods. It discusses the production of new crop varieties through selection, introduction, hybridization, ploidy, mutation, and tissue culture. Popular plant breeders like M.S. Swaminathan and Venkataramanan are mentioned. Introduction of plants from their native places to new locations for crop improvement is described. Breeding methods like inbreeding, outbreeding, and heterosis are explained. The theories of heterosis like dominance hypothesis and overdominance hypothesis are presented. The document highlights the effects and advantages of hybrid vigor in crops.
1) A synthetic variety is developed by inter-crossing multiple good inbred lines and mixing their F1 seeds. It partially exploits heterosis through open pollination over generations.
2) Synthetic varieties are developed to exploit heterosis and additive gene effects. They have wider adaptability than hybrids due to genetic diversity.
3) A synthetic variety initially consists of many heterozygotes, but some homozygosity is fixed over generations through self-pollination. Later generations consist of both heterozygotes and homozygotes.
This document summarizes a seminar on the molecular basis of heterosis, or hybrid vigor, in crop plants. It discusses the history of research on heterosis dating back to Darwin. Modern research shows that heterozygous hybrids often outperform their homozygous parents in traits like yield, growth, and stress resistance. Several genetic models have been proposed to explain heterosis, including dominance, overdominance, and epistasis, but no single model is sufficient. Omics studies of hybrids and polyploids have found both additive and non-additive changes in gene expression, proteins, and metabolites involved in growth, development, stress response, and signaling pathways.
Estimation of genetic variation for maturity traits in eight genotypes of bot...Dr. Mahesh Ghuge
The experimental material for the present study consisted of eight distinct
genotypes and important varieties collected from Indian Institute of
Vegetable Research. These were Samrat (P1 + Stranded variety), Aditi (P2),
Pusa Summer Prolific Long (P3), IC 093236 (P4), TC 092372 (P5), VRBG
100 (P6), VRBG VAR - 45 (P7) and VRBG 444 (P8). Additive (D)
component was lower in magnitude than dominance components of genetic
variation for all the maturity characters except node number of first
staminate flowers and node number of first pistilate flower which revealed
preponderance of both dominant and recessive component of variance.
Proportion of genes (H2/4H1) in the parents were less than 0.25 for all the
maturity traits except node number of first staminate flowers which showed
asymmetrical distribution of loci showing dominance in the inheritance of
these characters. The ratio of (4D H1)
1/2+F/(4D H1)
½
-F indicated the excess
of dominant as well as recessive genes among the parental strains for most
of the maturity characters.
This document describes a study that evaluated 10 F1 hybrid sweet pepper crosses, their 7 parent lines, and a commercial hybrid for fruit yield and quality traits under greenhouse conditions. Significant variations were observed among the hybrids and parents for traits like early yield, total yield, average fruit weight, pericarp thickness, fruit diameter, and ascorbic acid content. The highest levels of positive heterobeltiosis (improvement over the best parent) were recorded for early yield (62.9%), total yield (50.5%), average fruit weight (96.7%), and other traits. Two hybrids, P2 × P3 and P2 × P4, showed the highest positive commercial heterosis (improvement over the commercial hybrid
The document discusses three methods for selecting pure lines from crosses in self-pollinated crops: pedigree method, bulk method, and single seed descent method.
The pedigree method involves selecting individual plants from segregating generations and tracking their offspring through generations until homozygosity is achieved. The bulk method involves growing segregating generations in bulk until homozygosity, then selecting individuals. The single seed descent method rapidly advances generations by growing only one seed per plant in each generation to achieve a random sample of homozygous lines.
This document discusses mass selection, a method of plant breeding where individual plants are selected based on desirable phenotypes from a mixed population. Seeds from selected plants are then combined to grow the next generation. Mass selection can be used to improve self-pollinating or cross-pollinating crops. It has resulted in improved varieties of crops like bajra, yellow sarson, brown sarson, maize, desi cotton, and castor. While mass selection is simple and applicable to many crops, the improvements may be less than other methods and varieties developed have more genetic variation than pure lines.
Heterosis in bottle gourd [lagenaria siceraria (mol.) standl.]Dr. Mahesh Ghuge
This study evaluated heterosis for yield and yield traits in bottle gourd hybrids. Twenty-eight F1 hybrids were evaluated along with eight parental lines. Heterosis over the mid-parent and standard check was estimated for 16 quantitative traits. Several hybrids showed significant positive heterosis for traits like fruit yield per vine, average fruit weight, and number of fruits per plant. The highest heterosis for fruit yield per vine was observed in the hybrid Aditi X PSPL, with 68.5% heterosis over the standard check. Positive heterosis was also observed for traits related to fruit quality and plant growth. The results identified hybrids with improved yield and suggest that heterosis breeding can help increase bottle g
This document provides information on various plant breeding methods. It discusses the production of new crop varieties through selection, introduction, hybridization, ploidy, mutation, and tissue culture. Popular plant breeders like M.S. Swaminathan and Venkataramanan are mentioned. Introduction of plants from their native places to new locations for crop improvement is described. Breeding methods like inbreeding, outbreeding, and heterosis are explained. The theories of heterosis like dominance hypothesis and overdominance hypothesis are presented. The document highlights the effects and advantages of hybrid vigor in crops.
1) A synthetic variety is developed by inter-crossing multiple good inbred lines and mixing their F1 seeds. It partially exploits heterosis through open pollination over generations.
2) Synthetic varieties are developed to exploit heterosis and additive gene effects. They have wider adaptability than hybrids due to genetic diversity.
3) A synthetic variety initially consists of many heterozygotes, but some homozygosity is fixed over generations through self-pollination. Later generations consist of both heterozygotes and homozygotes.
This document summarizes a seminar on the molecular basis of heterosis, or hybrid vigor, in crop plants. It discusses the history of research on heterosis dating back to Darwin. Modern research shows that heterozygous hybrids often outperform their homozygous parents in traits like yield, growth, and stress resistance. Several genetic models have been proposed to explain heterosis, including dominance, overdominance, and epistasis, but no single model is sufficient. Omics studies of hybrids and polyploids have found both additive and non-additive changes in gene expression, proteins, and metabolites involved in growth, development, stress response, and signaling pathways.
Estimation of genetic variation for maturity traits in eight genotypes of bot...Dr. Mahesh Ghuge
The experimental material for the present study consisted of eight distinct
genotypes and important varieties collected from Indian Institute of
Vegetable Research. These were Samrat (P1 + Stranded variety), Aditi (P2),
Pusa Summer Prolific Long (P3), IC 093236 (P4), TC 092372 (P5), VRBG
100 (P6), VRBG VAR - 45 (P7) and VRBG 444 (P8). Additive (D)
component was lower in magnitude than dominance components of genetic
variation for all the maturity characters except node number of first
staminate flowers and node number of first pistilate flower which revealed
preponderance of both dominant and recessive component of variance.
Proportion of genes (H2/4H1) in the parents were less than 0.25 for all the
maturity traits except node number of first staminate flowers which showed
asymmetrical distribution of loci showing dominance in the inheritance of
these characters. The ratio of (4D H1)
1/2+F/(4D H1)
½
-F indicated the excess
of dominant as well as recessive genes among the parental strains for most
of the maturity characters.
Order of dominance for maturity traits in eight parents of bottle gourdDr. Mahesh Ghuge
The experiment was conducted to assess the performance of 28 bottle gourd hybrids and their 8 parental lines. Vr-Wr graphs were created to analyze the gene action for maturity traits. For days to first staminate flower, partial dominance was observed, with IC 093236 having dominant genes and Samrat and Aditi having recessive genes. For days to first pistilate flower and primary branches per plant, overdominance was observed. Node number of first staminate flowers showed partial dominance while node number of first pistilate flowers showed overdominance. The study provides insights into the gene actions and effects that will help in bottle gourd breeding programs.
This document summarizes various breeding methods for vegetable crops, including plant introduction, selection methods for asexually and sexually propagated crops, line breeding, and hybridization. Selection methods like pure line selection, mass selection, and hybridization have been used to develop many vegetable cultivars like tomato, brinjal, pea, cabbage, and watermelon. Hybridization techniques include developing inbred lines, evaluating their combining ability, and producing F1 hybrid seeds through manual pollination or using male sterility.
Heterosis breeding in horticultural crops9842611474
Heterosis, also called hybrid vigor, refers to the superiority of F1 hybrids over their parents in terms of traits like yield, disease resistance, and vigor. It is caused by the combination of favorable genes from parents during crossing. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the genetic basis of heterosis: the dominance hypothesis and overdominance hypothesis. Heterosis is classified into true heterosis (euheterosis) involving mutational or balanced heterosis, and pseudoheterosis. Several studies in crops like marigold, petunia, tomato, and brinjal have observed high heterosis for traits like flower size, yield, and fruit characteristics through specific hybrid combinations.
This document discusses the concept of heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor. It defines heterosis as the superiority of F1 hybrids over their parents in traits like yield, vigor and adaptation. The document then discusses the history of heterosis research and different hypotheses for the genetic basis of heterosis, including dominance, overdominance and epistasis. It also covers types of heterosis estimates and how heterosis is manifested. Factors affecting heterosis and various methods for heterosis breeding in crops are outlined.
Genetic studies of genotypic responses to water stress in upland cotton (Goss...INNS PUBNET
The present study was carried out to examine the potential in cotton germplasm for breeding water stress tolerant plant material, and understand the genetic basis of different morphological traits related to water stress tolerance. Portioned analysis of variance was employed to obtain good parents for this purposes. The parental genotypes MNH-512, Arizona-6218, CIM-482, MS-39, and NIAB-78 were crossed in complete diallel fashion and F0 seeds of 20 hybrids and five parents were planted in the field in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2010. Simple regression analysis of F1 data revealed that additive-dominance model was quite adequate for all morphological traits. The unit slope of regression lines number of bolls (b = 1.07 ± 9.14), boll weight (b = 0.99 ± 0.11), yield per plant (b = 0.96 ± 0.31), plant height (b = 1.10 ± 0.34), leaf area index (b = 0.82 ± 0.27), and ginning percentage (b = 1.01 ± 0.12) suggested that the epistatic component was absent in the inheritance of all characters studied. The result of various plant characters including seed yield showed drastic effects of water stress as compared with those assessed in non-stressed condition. Leaf area index in the analysis of variance suggested that additive variation was more important for the character. Narrow leaf varieties NIAB-78 and CIM-482 were water stress tolerant while varieties Arizona-6218, MNH-512 and MS-39 were broader leaf showing less resistant to water stress. The information derived from these studies may be used to develop drought tolerant cotton material that could give economic yield in water stressed conditions of cotton belt. Full articles at: http://innspubnet.blogspot.com/2016/08/diversity-and-distribution-of-anuran-in.html
This document provides an overview of plant breeding. It discusses how plant breeding has evolved from an art of visual selection before Mendelism to a science based on genetics and cytogenetics. The objectives of plant breeding are to improve traits like yield, disease resistance, drought tolerance, and quality. Milestones in plant breeding history are noted from plant domestication thousands of years ago to modern genetic engineering techniques. The document also outlines the disciplines, activities, aims, important concepts, and some notable achievements and crop breeders involved in plant breeding in India.
Methods of crop improvement and its application in crosspollinated cropsBiswajit Sahoo
This document provides an overview of population improvement methods for different crop types. It discusses breeding methods for self-pollinated, cross-pollinated, and vegetatively propagated crops. For cross-pollinated crops, which are the focus of population improvement, mass selection and progeny/family selection are described as the main intra-population and inter-population improvement strategies. Mass selection involves selecting superior plants within a population, while progeny selection evaluates the performance of individual plants' offspring. The document also gives examples of varieties developed using these methods.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the leading vegetable crops in the world. In order to harness boom in tomato productivity, tomato hybrids are evaluated under varied agro-climatic conditions especially protected conditions. In the present study, morphological and biochemical properties of fourteen fresh tomato hybrids were analyzed under polyhouse in mid hill condition of Uttarakhand, India. The experiment was conducted during s rainy eason of 2012-2013 in randomized block design with three replications and fourteen treatments (each hybrid representing one treatment). The results showed that the tomato hybrid Himraja could perform outstandingly well for various morphological and quality characters viz., plant height (315.00 cm), percent fruit set (84.09 %), higher number of marketable fruits per plant (58.53), maximum marketable fruit yield per hectare (1080.00 q) and high TSS (7.98 ºBrix) as compared to all other hybrids. Besides, it also proved the best with respect to disease resistance and profitability.
The document reviews several studies on eggplant/aubergine variability, heritability, genetic diversity, and performance. One study identified high heritability and genetic advance for fruit and shoot borer infestation, branches, and yield in four interspecific crosses. Another found genetic variation among Ralstonia solanacearum strains isolated from eggplants in the Philippines. A third noted high phenotypic and genotypic variation for traits like fruit length and weight, indicating potential for selection-based improvement.
Breeding methods in cross pollinated cropsANANDALEKSHMIL
This document provides an overview of plant breeding methods for cross-pollinated crops. It discusses mass selection, progeny selection, and recurrent selection as methods of population improvement. It also describes hybridization techniques like single cross hybrids, double cross hybrids, and three-way cross hybrids. The objectives of plant breeding are to improve traits like yield, quality, disease resistance, and abiotic stress tolerance. Plant breeding has significantly increased global food production through the development of superior crop varieties.
Clinicopathological changes induced by heat stress, their resolution by miner...IOSR Journals
This study evaluated genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Monech). Significant differences were found among genotypes for most traits studied. High genetic and phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed for traits like number of branches and disease resistance. Heritability was high for traits like number of branches, fruit length, and days to maturity, indicating less environmental influence. Number of branches and days to maturity showed high heritability and genetic advance, suggesting these traits can be improved through selection. Traits with high genetic variation, heritability and advance can be selected for to develop new okra varieties with improved yield and disease resistance.
Fertilization barriers and chromosomal manipulationBHUMI GAMETI
This document discusses fertilization barriers in crop plants that prevent the fusion of male and female gametes. It identifies three main types of barriers - pre-fertilization barriers, post-fertilization barriers, and temporal/spatial isolation of species. Pre-fertilization barriers include failure of pollen germination or insufficient pollen tube growth. Post-fertilization barriers include failure of zygote development or hybrid sterility. The document then provides techniques to overcome each type of barrier, such as reciprocal crosses, mentor pollination, and chemical treatments. It also discusses chromosome manipulation methods that are important for distant hybridization, including haploid production, creating amphidiploids through doubling chromosomes, and inducing
This document provides an introduction to distant hybridization, which involves crossing individuals from different plant species or genera. It discusses the history of distant hybridization, features such as hybrid fertility levels, and barriers like cross incompatibility and hybrid sterility. Techniques for overcoming these barriers are described, such as embryo rescue and chromosome doubling. The roles of distant hybridization in crop improvement through traits like disease resistance are explained. Limitations and achievements in producing new varieties through distant hybridization are also summarized.
1. Inbred lines are developed through repeated self-pollination or inbreeding of plants over multiple generations to produce genotypes that are homozygous and genetically uniform.
2. The pedigree method is most commonly used to develop maize inbred lines, involving self-pollination over 6-7 generations with selection of desirable plants each generation.
3. Doubled haploid lines can also be used, in which haploid cells are induced and then chromosome doubled to instantly produce completely homozygous lines.
This document discusses components of genetic variation, including heritability and genetic advance. It explains that quantitative traits are influenced by multiple genes and are continuously variable, in contrast to qualitative traits which have discrete classes determined by one or few genes. There are different components of genetic variation, including additive, dominance and epistatic variance. Heritability estimates the proportion of phenotypic variation attributable to genetic factors, and is calculated as the ratio of genetic to phenotypic variance. Broad-sense heritability includes all genetic effects while narrow-sense considers only additive effects. Genetic advance measures the improvement from selection and depends on genetic variation, heritability and selection intensity. The environment also influences quantitative trait expression.
Breeding Cross-pollinated Crops and Clonally Propagated Onesishtiaq shariq
A comprehensive and detailed information package about breeding cross-pollinated crops and clones.
Described in a beautiful manner using smart art and bullets.
Please don't feel hesitation, do leave comments, allowing me to improve my self and data, if any mistake is there. Thank you!
Heterosis and its exploitation in plant breedingSijo A
This document discusses heterosis, or hybrid vigor, which is the increased size, yield, and other favorable traits exhibited by the offspring of two genetically distinct parent plants. The exact genetic mechanisms are unknown, but it is believed to result from the expression of favorable traits from both parents in their hybrid offspring. Breeders have been developing crops based on heterosis for decades by artificially crossing parental lines to produce superior hybrid seeds. Many important crops like maize, wheat, rice, and cotton have been improved through heterosis breeding. The economic benefits come from using these hybrid seeds along with other advanced agricultural practices.
1. The document discusses pedigree analysis and various plant breeding methods such as pedigree selection, bulk population breeding, and backcross breeding.
2. It describes the procedure from hybridization of parental plants to generating F1, F2, and subsequent advanced filial generations, conducting yield trials, and ultimately releasing a new variety.
3. Modifications to the traditional pedigree method are suggested to improve selection for competitive ability and identity of selected plants, such as raising populations under both spaced and drilled conditions starting from F2.
The mating or crossing of two plants or lines of dissimilar genotype is known as hybridization. The chief objective of hybridization is to create genetic variation, when two genotypically different plants are brought together in F1. Here, we are going to discuss about different strategies and tools used for hybridization.
General View of Korea Genebank(NAC) and its activities,Current status of Germplasm holdings in NAC(National Agrobiodiversity Center),Integrated PGR Management System,Current Research Activities
The document summarizes the germplasm assembled by ICRISAT's genebank from various sources between 1975-2012. Over 120,000 plant accessions have been collected, representing over 75 countries. Key sources include 293 organizations that have contributed over 82,000 accessions, as well as 216 collecting missions led by ICRISAT that gathered over 33,000 additional accessions. The collection focuses on mandate crops like sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea and pigeonpea. Future efforts will aim to fill geographical, ecological and taxonomic gaps to create a more complete collection.
Order of dominance for maturity traits in eight parents of bottle gourdDr. Mahesh Ghuge
The experiment was conducted to assess the performance of 28 bottle gourd hybrids and their 8 parental lines. Vr-Wr graphs were created to analyze the gene action for maturity traits. For days to first staminate flower, partial dominance was observed, with IC 093236 having dominant genes and Samrat and Aditi having recessive genes. For days to first pistilate flower and primary branches per plant, overdominance was observed. Node number of first staminate flowers showed partial dominance while node number of first pistilate flowers showed overdominance. The study provides insights into the gene actions and effects that will help in bottle gourd breeding programs.
This document summarizes various breeding methods for vegetable crops, including plant introduction, selection methods for asexually and sexually propagated crops, line breeding, and hybridization. Selection methods like pure line selection, mass selection, and hybridization have been used to develop many vegetable cultivars like tomato, brinjal, pea, cabbage, and watermelon. Hybridization techniques include developing inbred lines, evaluating their combining ability, and producing F1 hybrid seeds through manual pollination or using male sterility.
Heterosis breeding in horticultural crops9842611474
Heterosis, also called hybrid vigor, refers to the superiority of F1 hybrids over their parents in terms of traits like yield, disease resistance, and vigor. It is caused by the combination of favorable genes from parents during crossing. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the genetic basis of heterosis: the dominance hypothesis and overdominance hypothesis. Heterosis is classified into true heterosis (euheterosis) involving mutational or balanced heterosis, and pseudoheterosis. Several studies in crops like marigold, petunia, tomato, and brinjal have observed high heterosis for traits like flower size, yield, and fruit characteristics through specific hybrid combinations.
This document discusses the concept of heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor. It defines heterosis as the superiority of F1 hybrids over their parents in traits like yield, vigor and adaptation. The document then discusses the history of heterosis research and different hypotheses for the genetic basis of heterosis, including dominance, overdominance and epistasis. It also covers types of heterosis estimates and how heterosis is manifested. Factors affecting heterosis and various methods for heterosis breeding in crops are outlined.
Genetic studies of genotypic responses to water stress in upland cotton (Goss...INNS PUBNET
The present study was carried out to examine the potential in cotton germplasm for breeding water stress tolerant plant material, and understand the genetic basis of different morphological traits related to water stress tolerance. Portioned analysis of variance was employed to obtain good parents for this purposes. The parental genotypes MNH-512, Arizona-6218, CIM-482, MS-39, and NIAB-78 were crossed in complete diallel fashion and F0 seeds of 20 hybrids and five parents were planted in the field in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2010. Simple regression analysis of F1 data revealed that additive-dominance model was quite adequate for all morphological traits. The unit slope of regression lines number of bolls (b = 1.07 ± 9.14), boll weight (b = 0.99 ± 0.11), yield per plant (b = 0.96 ± 0.31), plant height (b = 1.10 ± 0.34), leaf area index (b = 0.82 ± 0.27), and ginning percentage (b = 1.01 ± 0.12) suggested that the epistatic component was absent in the inheritance of all characters studied. The result of various plant characters including seed yield showed drastic effects of water stress as compared with those assessed in non-stressed condition. Leaf area index in the analysis of variance suggested that additive variation was more important for the character. Narrow leaf varieties NIAB-78 and CIM-482 were water stress tolerant while varieties Arizona-6218, MNH-512 and MS-39 were broader leaf showing less resistant to water stress. The information derived from these studies may be used to develop drought tolerant cotton material that could give economic yield in water stressed conditions of cotton belt. Full articles at: http://innspubnet.blogspot.com/2016/08/diversity-and-distribution-of-anuran-in.html
This document provides an overview of plant breeding. It discusses how plant breeding has evolved from an art of visual selection before Mendelism to a science based on genetics and cytogenetics. The objectives of plant breeding are to improve traits like yield, disease resistance, drought tolerance, and quality. Milestones in plant breeding history are noted from plant domestication thousands of years ago to modern genetic engineering techniques. The document also outlines the disciplines, activities, aims, important concepts, and some notable achievements and crop breeders involved in plant breeding in India.
Methods of crop improvement and its application in crosspollinated cropsBiswajit Sahoo
This document provides an overview of population improvement methods for different crop types. It discusses breeding methods for self-pollinated, cross-pollinated, and vegetatively propagated crops. For cross-pollinated crops, which are the focus of population improvement, mass selection and progeny/family selection are described as the main intra-population and inter-population improvement strategies. Mass selection involves selecting superior plants within a population, while progeny selection evaluates the performance of individual plants' offspring. The document also gives examples of varieties developed using these methods.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the leading vegetable crops in the world. In order to harness boom in tomato productivity, tomato hybrids are evaluated under varied agro-climatic conditions especially protected conditions. In the present study, morphological and biochemical properties of fourteen fresh tomato hybrids were analyzed under polyhouse in mid hill condition of Uttarakhand, India. The experiment was conducted during s rainy eason of 2012-2013 in randomized block design with three replications and fourteen treatments (each hybrid representing one treatment). The results showed that the tomato hybrid Himraja could perform outstandingly well for various morphological and quality characters viz., plant height (315.00 cm), percent fruit set (84.09 %), higher number of marketable fruits per plant (58.53), maximum marketable fruit yield per hectare (1080.00 q) and high TSS (7.98 ºBrix) as compared to all other hybrids. Besides, it also proved the best with respect to disease resistance and profitability.
The document reviews several studies on eggplant/aubergine variability, heritability, genetic diversity, and performance. One study identified high heritability and genetic advance for fruit and shoot borer infestation, branches, and yield in four interspecific crosses. Another found genetic variation among Ralstonia solanacearum strains isolated from eggplants in the Philippines. A third noted high phenotypic and genotypic variation for traits like fruit length and weight, indicating potential for selection-based improvement.
Breeding methods in cross pollinated cropsANANDALEKSHMIL
This document provides an overview of plant breeding methods for cross-pollinated crops. It discusses mass selection, progeny selection, and recurrent selection as methods of population improvement. It also describes hybridization techniques like single cross hybrids, double cross hybrids, and three-way cross hybrids. The objectives of plant breeding are to improve traits like yield, quality, disease resistance, and abiotic stress tolerance. Plant breeding has significantly increased global food production through the development of superior crop varieties.
Clinicopathological changes induced by heat stress, their resolution by miner...IOSR Journals
This study evaluated genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Monech). Significant differences were found among genotypes for most traits studied. High genetic and phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed for traits like number of branches and disease resistance. Heritability was high for traits like number of branches, fruit length, and days to maturity, indicating less environmental influence. Number of branches and days to maturity showed high heritability and genetic advance, suggesting these traits can be improved through selection. Traits with high genetic variation, heritability and advance can be selected for to develop new okra varieties with improved yield and disease resistance.
Fertilization barriers and chromosomal manipulationBHUMI GAMETI
This document discusses fertilization barriers in crop plants that prevent the fusion of male and female gametes. It identifies three main types of barriers - pre-fertilization barriers, post-fertilization barriers, and temporal/spatial isolation of species. Pre-fertilization barriers include failure of pollen germination or insufficient pollen tube growth. Post-fertilization barriers include failure of zygote development or hybrid sterility. The document then provides techniques to overcome each type of barrier, such as reciprocal crosses, mentor pollination, and chemical treatments. It also discusses chromosome manipulation methods that are important for distant hybridization, including haploid production, creating amphidiploids through doubling chromosomes, and inducing
This document provides an introduction to distant hybridization, which involves crossing individuals from different plant species or genera. It discusses the history of distant hybridization, features such as hybrid fertility levels, and barriers like cross incompatibility and hybrid sterility. Techniques for overcoming these barriers are described, such as embryo rescue and chromosome doubling. The roles of distant hybridization in crop improvement through traits like disease resistance are explained. Limitations and achievements in producing new varieties through distant hybridization are also summarized.
1. Inbred lines are developed through repeated self-pollination or inbreeding of plants over multiple generations to produce genotypes that are homozygous and genetically uniform.
2. The pedigree method is most commonly used to develop maize inbred lines, involving self-pollination over 6-7 generations with selection of desirable plants each generation.
3. Doubled haploid lines can also be used, in which haploid cells are induced and then chromosome doubled to instantly produce completely homozygous lines.
This document discusses components of genetic variation, including heritability and genetic advance. It explains that quantitative traits are influenced by multiple genes and are continuously variable, in contrast to qualitative traits which have discrete classes determined by one or few genes. There are different components of genetic variation, including additive, dominance and epistatic variance. Heritability estimates the proportion of phenotypic variation attributable to genetic factors, and is calculated as the ratio of genetic to phenotypic variance. Broad-sense heritability includes all genetic effects while narrow-sense considers only additive effects. Genetic advance measures the improvement from selection and depends on genetic variation, heritability and selection intensity. The environment also influences quantitative trait expression.
Breeding Cross-pollinated Crops and Clonally Propagated Onesishtiaq shariq
A comprehensive and detailed information package about breeding cross-pollinated crops and clones.
Described in a beautiful manner using smart art and bullets.
Please don't feel hesitation, do leave comments, allowing me to improve my self and data, if any mistake is there. Thank you!
Heterosis and its exploitation in plant breedingSijo A
This document discusses heterosis, or hybrid vigor, which is the increased size, yield, and other favorable traits exhibited by the offspring of two genetically distinct parent plants. The exact genetic mechanisms are unknown, but it is believed to result from the expression of favorable traits from both parents in their hybrid offspring. Breeders have been developing crops based on heterosis for decades by artificially crossing parental lines to produce superior hybrid seeds. Many important crops like maize, wheat, rice, and cotton have been improved through heterosis breeding. The economic benefits come from using these hybrid seeds along with other advanced agricultural practices.
1. The document discusses pedigree analysis and various plant breeding methods such as pedigree selection, bulk population breeding, and backcross breeding.
2. It describes the procedure from hybridization of parental plants to generating F1, F2, and subsequent advanced filial generations, conducting yield trials, and ultimately releasing a new variety.
3. Modifications to the traditional pedigree method are suggested to improve selection for competitive ability and identity of selected plants, such as raising populations under both spaced and drilled conditions starting from F2.
The mating or crossing of two plants or lines of dissimilar genotype is known as hybridization. The chief objective of hybridization is to create genetic variation, when two genotypically different plants are brought together in F1. Here, we are going to discuss about different strategies and tools used for hybridization.
General View of Korea Genebank(NAC) and its activities,Current status of Germplasm holdings in NAC(National Agrobiodiversity Center),Integrated PGR Management System,Current Research Activities
The document summarizes the germplasm assembled by ICRISAT's genebank from various sources between 1975-2012. Over 120,000 plant accessions have been collected, representing over 75 countries. Key sources include 293 organizations that have contributed over 82,000 accessions, as well as 216 collecting missions led by ICRISAT that gathered over 33,000 additional accessions. The collection focuses on mandate crops like sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea and pigeonpea. Future efforts will aim to fill geographical, ecological and taxonomic gaps to create a more complete collection.
Heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor, refers to the increased or superior characteristics of offspring compared to their parents. This document discusses the history and genetic models of heterosis. It was first described by Charles Darwin and later termed "heterosis" by Shull. Genetic models like dominance, overdominance, and epistasis aim to explain the superior performance of hybrids. While early models focused on alleles, more recent research explores the role of epigenetic factors like DNA methylation and how interaction between genetic and epigenetic variations contribute to heterosis. The molecular basis remains complex and varies depending on organism, population, and trait.
The document discusses plant germplasm resources (PGRs) in India. It provides background on the historical collection and conservation of PGRs in India. It notes that Dr. Harbhajan Singh and Dr. R.H. Richharia made significant contributions to collecting rice germplasm in India, with Dr. Richharia documenting over 19,000 rice varieties. It also summarizes the status of PGR collection and conservation in Chhattisgarh state, including over 23,000 rice accessions collected and conserved by Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur. Finally, it outlines the key activities related to PGRs like exploration, collection, conservation,
Germplasm Conservation in situ, ex situ and on-farm and BiodiversityKK CHANDEL
The variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems
This document discusses germplasm and its conservation. It begins by defining germplasm as a collection of genetic resources for an organism, such as a seed bank or gene bank, that contains the genetic information for a species. Germplasm conservation is important to preserve genetic diversity and provide plant breeders resources to develop new crop varieties. Methods of conservation include in situ conservation of plants in their natural habitat and ex situ conservation of seeds, tissues, cells or DNA stored outside the natural habitat. Cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen at -196°C is an effective long-term storage method that stops cellular metabolism. The document outlines the cryopreservation process and applications for conserving plant species and genetic variations.
The Andaman Islands offer many beautiful places to visit for those interested in tourism. Some top attractions include beaches like Radhanagar Beach which is frequently ranked as one of the best in the world for its crystal clear waters and soft white sand. Ross and Smith Islands also provide appealing options for those seeking scenic island landscapes and opportunities for activities like snorkeling and scuba diving.
Cinema 36 is showing four films this week:
- Inside Stories, a documentary showing at 9:05pm on Friday.
- A film playing at 5:03pm on Saturday.
- Another playing at 7:30pm on Sunday.
- The final film plays at 7:00pm on Monday.
Faiz Aldalbhi CV English dated 17 Nov 15Faiz Aldalbhi
This document provides a summary of Dr. Faiz Mohammed Aldalbhi's career experience and qualifications. He has over 16 years of experience in road safety in Saudi Arabia, including positions in police work, management, public relations, and social marketing. He holds a PhD in Social Marketing, Media and Communication from the University of Wollongong in Australia and has designed and implemented numerous road safety campaigns. Currently he is the Manager of the Public Relations Department for the Special Forces for Road Safety in Saudi Arabia.
Faiz Aldalbhi CV English dated 17 Nov 15Faiz Aldalbhi
This document provides a summary of Dr. Faiz Mohammed Aldalbhi's career experience and qualifications. He has over 16 years of experience in road safety in Saudi Arabia, including positions in police work, management, public relations, and social marketing. He holds a PhD in Social Marketing, Media and Communication from the University of Wollongong in Australia and has designed and implemented numerous road safety campaigns. Currently he is the Manager of the Public Relations Department for the Special Forces for Road Safety in Saudi Arabia.
OMF 1802/20144 abroga OMF 3055/2009.
Noile reglementari contabile privind situatiile financiare invididuale si situatiile financiare consolidate , cu aplicare de la 01 ianuarie 2014
- Sachin Kumar has over 9.5 years of experience in performance testing using tools like HP Load Runner, HP Performance Center, and Borland Silk Performer.
- He has expertise in service virtualization, automation, and performance testing with CA Technologies' CA LISA and has led performance engineering teams.
- His experience includes all phases of the software development life cycle like analysis, design, development, testing, implementation, and support.
How to enable leadership? How to let your team become leaders themselves and support you by sharing your vision. It's about authenticity, business culture that supports learning and personal development, taking responsibility for others and letting them take the fame.
Presentation from PMI Gdańsk Chapter seminar December, 2015
The document discusses quality management and ISO standards. It provides an overview of quality management systems and their key aspects such as documentation, processes, continual improvement, and customer focus. ISO 9001 defines the requirements for a quality management system to ensure customer satisfaction and compliance. ISO 14001 establishes the standards for an environmental management system, with requirements for compliance, prevention of pollution, and continual environmental performance improvement. Certification provides external validation and focus on key issues.
HDUSA is a company comprised of experienced parts managers, sales reps, engineers, customer service reps, and marketers with over 25 years of combined experience in the powersports industry. They offer high quality suspension products backed by the best warranty and customer service in the industry. Their guaranteed sell-through policies allow dealers to only stock products that are selling, without large restocking fees. HDUSA aims to make dealers money with their products and profit margins.
Study on Genetic Variability, Heritability, Genetic Advance and Correlation a...IJEABJ
The present investigation entitled “Studies on genetic variability in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)” was carried out at the UCOA, vegetable research farm, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda during rabi 2015-16 to evaluate tomato genotypes. The experiment was laid out in CRD with three replications. Total 20 genotypes including check cultivar were evaluated for horticultural Traits contributing yield and quality (suitable for processing) .There is a wide variability in different genotypes in tomato. Traits i.e. Number of primary branches per plant, Days to first fruit harvest, Plant height (cm),number of fruits per cluster, number fruits per plant, average fruit weight (gm), equatorial diameter of fruit (cm), polar diameter of fruit (cm), number of locules per fruit, pericarp thickness (mm), fruit pH, Fruit TSS (0brix), days to last fruit harvest and average yield per plant (kg) were studied during the investigation Analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes for all the characters under study during the investigation. High Phenotypic and Genotypic coefficient of variation were detected for characters like number of fruits per plant, number of locules per fruit, pericarp thickness and average yield per plant. High heritability coupled with genetic gain were recorded for number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, number of locules per fruit and average yield per plant. Therefore these characters also show some scope for improvement through selection. A highly significant and positive phenotypic and genotypic correlation were found in number of fruits per cluster, plant height, number of fruits per plant and average fruit weight.
Heritability and genetic advance in F5 segregating generation of Tomato (Sola...Open Access Research Paper
The present study investigated the yield and its contributing attributes among F5 segregating tomato lines so as to find degree of genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance. This research study was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) during season 2018-2019 at Agricultural Research Station Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The experimental material (23 segregating lines and 2 parental genotypes) were characterized for morphological days to first flowering, days to fruiting, plant height, stem diameter, cluster per plant, flowers per cluster, fruits cluster-1, fruits per plant, yield hectare-1. Analysis of variance regarding morphological attributes showed highly significant differences (P≤ 0.01) among tomato F5 segregating lines. Minimum days to first flowering and days to fruiting were recorded for ST-12, ST-14, ST-17 with values of (50.00), (78.33) each, respectively. Maximum plant height, stem diameter, clusters per plant, flowers per cluster, fruit per cluster, fruits per plant, single fruit weight were observed for ST-20, ST-17, ST-12, ST-21, Roma, ST-12, ST-8, Roma with values of (105.38), (1.69), (29.33), (6.18), (6.00), (150.27), (81.41). Very little differences were observed between phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation for all traits except cluster plant-1 and fruits plant-1 indicating that most of the traits were less influenced by environmental factors for their phenotypic expression. All traits had high h2 but only fruit plant-1 (0.37), single fruit weight (0.58), yield ha-1 (0.39) were found to be moderate and clusters plant-1(0.12) had low h2. Low genetic advance (20.0) was recorded for all traits except yield. Moderate to low genetic advance suggests the action of both additive and non-additive genes and favorable influence of environment in the expression. Desired morphological characterization on the basis of the yield attributing traits to fruit yield showed these lines ST-1, ST-2, ST-4, ST-5, ST-6, ST-7, ST-9, ST-11, ST-12, ST-14, ST-17, ST-18, ST-19, ST-21, could further be used for the development of improved varieties in future tomato breeding program.
Genetic Analysis to Improve Grain Yield Potential and Associated Agronomic Tr...Galal Anis, PhD
Grain yield of rice is a complex trait consisting of several yield parameters. It is of
great necessary to reveal the genetic relationships between GY and its yield components. Therefore,
the correlation of agronomic traits contributed of grain yield will be a supplemental advantage in
providing the selection process. The objective of this study was to compare genetic variability and
relationships between nine rice genotypes and their F1 progenies in rice by assessment of heterosis,
yield advantage and correlation coefficient for grain yield improvement. A field experiment were
conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the growing seasons of
2012 and 2013 at Rice Research and Training Center, Sakha, Egypt. Heterosis and correlation
coefficient of various agro-morphological and yield traits were studied by using nine-parent diallel
mating design. The results showed that grain yield was highly significant positive heterosis over
standard heterosis and the highest value was 79.68 for the cross Sakha 101 x Giza 171 and the lowest
value was 32.86 for the cross Sakha 104 x HR5824-B-3-2-3. At the same time, fifteen crosses were
highly significant and positive heterosis over mid-parent, the highest cross was Giza 177 x Sakha
104 with value 32.74 and the lowest cross was Sakha 101 x Sakha 104 with value 19.56 for grain
yield. Significant positive correlation coefficients were observed between grain yield and each of
days to maturing, panicle initiation and number of primary branches panicle-1. Pay special attention
to the cross from Sakha 101 x Giza 171 and as well as Giza 177 x Sakha 104 was achieved the best
grain yield trait. These promising cross would be more valuable materials for breeders engaged in the
development of high yielding cultivars.
Heterosis, Combining ability and Phenotypic Correlation for Some Economic Tra...Galal Anis, PhD
This investigation was carried out to study heterosis , combining ability and phenotypic correlation in a diallel mating design among 6 Egyptian rice genotypes (excluding reciprocals),including 3 varieties ( Sakha 101, Sakha 104 and Sakha 105),and 3 promising lines (Gz6903, Gz7576 and Gz8479). An experiment was conducted at the research Farm of Rice Research and Training Center (RRTC), Sakha, Kafr EL-sheikh, Egypt during 2013 growing season and designed in a randomize complete block with three replications. Data were recorded on nine traits; days to maturity, chlorophyll content, flag leaf area, plant height, number of panicles / plant, panicle fertility (%), Panicle weight ,1000-grain weight and grain. The results revealed that, the genotypes were highly significant different in all studied characters. The cross (Sakha 101 × GZ6903) showed positive and significant heterosis for mid and better parents for most studied traits. The parent (Sakha 101) was good general combiner for most studied traits. The cross (Sakha 101 × GZ6903) showed positive and highly significant for specific combining ability effects for grain yield and its components.Grain yield was significantly and positively correlated with days to maturity, chlorophyll content, plant height, number of panicles/plant and panicle weight .On the contrary, plant height had significant negative association with days to maturity.
Seed Yield Stability and Genotype x Environment Interaction of Common Bean (P...Premier Publishers
This document evaluates 15 common bean lines and one check variety across 5 environments in Ethiopia over 2 years to analyze genotype by environment interaction and identify stable, high-yielding lines. Significant genotype by environment interaction was found, with environments explaining most variation (81.06%) followed by interaction (15.73%) and genotypes (3.21%). Combined analysis of variance and AMMI modeling partitioned the interaction into two significant principal component axes explaining 39.45% and 17.38% of variation. Biplots of the results identified lines KG-71-1, KG-71-23, and KG-71-44 as both high yielding and broadly adapted. However, specific adaptation of lines was not consistent over
Nine groundnut varieties were tested across six environments in western Oromia, Ethiopia during 2013 main cropping season to evaluate the performance of groundnut varieties for kernel yield and their stability across environments. The varieties were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Pooled analysis of variance for kernel yield showed significant (p≤0.01) differences among the varieties, environments and the genotype by environment interaction (GxE). Additive main effect and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) analysis showed highly significant (p≤0.01) differences for varieties, environments and their interaction on kernel yield. Similarly, the first and the second interaction principal component axis (IPCA1 and IPCA 2) were highly significant (p≤0.01) and explained 41.32 and 7.2% of the total GxE sum of squares, respectively. The environment, genotype and genotype by environment interaction accounted 14.7, 24.1 and 53.3% variations, respectively. This indicated the existence of considerable amounts of deferential response among the varieties to changes in growing environments and the deferential discriminating ability of the test environments. Shulamith and Bulki varieties showed the smallest genotype selection index (GSI) values and had the highest kernel yield and stability showing that these varieties had general adaptation in the tested environments. In the genotype and genotype by environment (GGE) biplot analysis, IPCA1 and IPCA 2 explained 63.5% and 22.4%, respectively, of genotype by environment interaction and made a total of 85.9%. GGE biplot analysis also confirmed Bulki and Shulamith varieties showed better stability and thus ideal varieties recommended for production in the test environments and similar agro-ecologies.
The documents discuss genetic analysis of quantitative traits in sunflower, including combining ability, heritability, gene action, and quantitative trait loci (QTL). Line x tester analysis revealed non-additive gene action was predominant for several traits, while additive and non-additive gene action were equally important for days to maturity and oil content. Several QTL were identified for traits like resistance to pathogens and seed weight. The genetic basis of oil quality traits in sunflower involves genes controlling fatty acid composition.
Combining ability and heteroses analysis for seed yield and yield components ...Alexander Decker
This document describes a study that evaluated the combining ability and heterosis of three testers and five lines of Brassica napus L. for various yield traits including plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, 1000-seed weight, and seed yield per plant. Fifteen hybrids were produced in a line x tester design and evaluated along with the parental lines. Significant genetic variation was observed among the genotypes for all traits. Both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were identified. Several hybrids showed significant positive heterosis over the mid and better parents for seed yield and other traits, indicating potential for improving these traits through hybrid breeding in Brassica napus.
This document provides details about a proposed study on genetic variability and diversity in okra. The study will analyze 30 okra genotypes to determine genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation and path coefficients between yield and other traits. It will also assess genetic divergence among genotypes. The study aims to identify diverse parents for hybridization and develop superior genotypes. It will be conducted in 2021 at the Research Farm of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India using a randomized block design. Observations will be recorded for 12 traits related to plant growth, flowering, fruit characteristics and yield.
Genetic control and heterosis depend directly on genetic divergence among the parents in generating promising hybrids
required by plant breeders. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of heterosis, combining
abilities, regression and correlation estimates in order to develop hybrid cultivars in maize. The 28 F1 hybrids obtained by
partial diallel cross of 8 inbreds in a randomized complete block design were evaluated at the Lower Niger River Basin
Authority, Oke-Oyi, Nigeria in three years. General (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) produced significant (P
< 0.01) effects for all the characters, while non-additive genetic effects were predominant. The levels of heterosis for grain
yield varied widely among crosses, ranging from -16.83 to 9.76%. Positive and significant genotypic and phenotypic
correlations among grain yield and some related characters (days to anthesis and silking; plant and ear heights; number of
ears plant-1 and 1000 seed weight) showed that each character could be used indirectly to selection of grain yield. These
results also indicated that SCA was more effective than heterosis for describing hybrid performance. The regression of
actual hybrid characters on the expected hybrid characters, based on parental GCA values, was highly significant.
Regression analysis also showed that all the agronomic characters jointly contributed 19.4% to grain yield of maize. The
inbreds (Pop 66 SR and 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4) and crosses (Pop 66 SR x, 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4, Pop 66 SR x KU1409
and 9006 x KU1409) featured prominently with respect to better GCA × Year and SCA × Year effects with high heterotic
values for maize grain yield and associated characters. These inbreds could serve as donors to obtain early and short
statured hybrids with higher yield, while the crosses may be exploited and adapted to the Nigerian Savannas. This study
also affirmed that genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients as well as combining abilities, heterosis and regression
analyses were found to be suitable models for yield improvement in maize breeding.
Combining Ability for Yield and Yield Components through Diallel Analysis in ...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that analyzed combining ability for yield and yield components in okra using diallel analysis. Eight okra varieties were crossed in a full diallel design. Both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were highly significant for all traits, indicating importance of both additive and non-additive gene action. SCA variance was higher than GCA variance for most traits, suggesting predominance of non-additive gene action. The varieties Arka Anamika and Arka Abhay had the highest GCA effects for several traits like yield. The cross Arka Anamika x DBh-43 showed the highest significant positive SCA effect for fruit yield per
this ppt made for molecular basis of heterosis of crop plant and it has also incuded heterosis on basis of estimation and genetics basis of heterosis. but these points are not properly explation becarse this ppt main aim to explain the heterosis on the basis of heterosis. thank you....
Diversity of drought tolerance and seed yield in sunflower (Helianthus annuus...Innspub Net
Randomized complete block design with four replications in two drought and non-drought environments was used for this study. Drought resistance indices were calculated based on seed yield in stress and non-stress conditions. The results showed that GMP and STI were the best drought resistance indices so had the positive and significant correlation with Yp and Ys. Three dimensional graph showed that RFG5*AF80, G-543 and Farokh were the drought resistant hybrids. These hybrids had the highest amount of Yp, Ys, GMP and STI that revealed the highest yield potential as well as drought tolerance in these genotypes. Because of that these hybrids have promised potential to cultivate in drought prone environments. Regression analysis revealed that the traits grain filling rate, grain filling duration and water use efficiency accounted for 97.0% of total variation exist in seed yield. Path coefficient analysis demonstrated the highest and positive direct effect of grain filling rate and grain filling duration on seed yield in sunflower hybrids. Water use efficiency had low direct effect while high indirect effects via grain filling duration on seed yield. Therefore, the study revealed the importance of total grain filling rate and grain filling duration as indirect selection criteria for genetic improvement of seed yield in sunflower breeding programs especially in early generations. On the other hand, indirect effects of water use efficiency through grain filling duration on seed yield have promising result in selection programs. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-5-may-2015-jbes/
Selection Criteria for Yield Improvement in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)Premier Publishers
This study evaluated 19 advanced rapeseed lines and one variety for various agronomic traits including yield and yield components. Phenotypic and genotypic variability was highest for seeds per plant and pods per branch. Grain yield per plant was positively correlated with grain yield per unit area and oil yield, indicating it could be used for selection. Grain yield per plant was also positively correlated with pods per plant, pods per branch, biomass, branch angle, and flowering duration. Linear regression showed biomass, seeds per pod, first branch height, number of branches, and pods per branch affected grain yield per plant. Path analysis found branch angle, seeds per middle pods, and grain yield per plant directly affected grain yield per unit area.
Diallel Analysis of Cowpea Cultivar Ife Brown and its MutantsAI Publications
The present investigation of using half diallel analysis in Cowpea cultivar Ife Brown and its three mutants was conducted at Research plot of Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria during the rainy season of 2017. Four parents were used in this study consisting of three (3) mutants (Ife BPC, Ife Brown Yellow, Ife Brown Crinkled) and one (1) putative parent (Ife Brown) that were derived from the Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The present study involves four parents and their seven resultant crosses were grown in a completely Randomized Design with five replications. Analysis of variance for general and specific combining ability(GCA and SCA) revealed that only SCA variances were significant for all the characters. Whereas, comparison of the error mean square of GCA in days to flowering, 100 seed weight and seed yield/plant was higher than the error mean square of SCA thus implying that additive gene action played a more important role in the inheritance of these traits than the non-additive (dominance and epistasis) gene action. Among the parents Ife BPC was observed to be the best general combiner for days to flowering and seed yield/plant. Among the crosses the crosses involving Ife Brown Yellow with Ife Brown in pod length and number of seeds/pod while with Ife Brown Crinkled for days to flowering were recorded. It is evident from present investigation that the hybrid combinations exhibited the high per se performance and sca effect for seed yield per plant and highly promising even in respect of other characters could be advanced by selecting desirable segregants and recombinants in each generation for funneling the new genotype or for using further advanced breeding programme. The present study based on two biometrical analysis (combining ability and genetic components of variances) revealed that the additive and non-additive were involved with preponderance of non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of seed yield and its attributes. It is, therefore, suggested that biparental mating, intermatting of elite segregants and selection at later generations should be followed which meets the requirement of utilizing both types of gene actions.
Correlation and Path analysis studies among yield and yield related traits in...Premier Publishers
The16 Soybean genotypes were evaluated for Association of characters and path coefficient analysis on eleven important yield and grain yield contributing characters at Bako Tibe during the main cropping season of 2015/16. The experiment was designed as RCBD with three- replication. Generally, the magnitudes of genotypic correlation coefficients for most of the characters were higher than their corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficients that indicate the presence of inherent association among various characters. In this study yield was positively correlated with hundred seed weight, number of seed/pod and number of pod per plant so, increasing these traits ultimately increases in grain yield and days to maturity can be exploited through improvement and selection program. Based on findings it can be concluded that pod length, number of pod /plant, biological yield, grain yield and days to maturity can be exploited through selection and improvement program to develop high yielding soybean genotypes.
Breeding for agronomic traits, nutrient compositions and stress toleranceMonisha T
1) The document discusses genetic improvement research on the bottle gourd crop. It describes genetic variability found for fruit traits and progress made in breeding for qualitative and quantitative traits.
2) Research on bottle gourd's nutrients, anti-nutrients, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses is summarized. Methods used include genetics, genomics, genetic engineering, and genome editing.
3) One study identified relationships between the accumulation of cucurbitacins and drought tolerance mechanisms in bottle gourd under drought stress conditions. Promising drought tolerant varieties were identified.
Genotype by environment interaction and stability of extra-early maize hybrid...IJEAB
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal crop produced in Ghana. However the change in environmental conditions, the expansion of maize to new agro-ecologies coupled with inadequate maize varieties available for the different environments affects yield improvement programmes in Ghana. Hence, the study is to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic for famers use in the country. The objectives of the study was to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic performance for famers use in Ghana. Thus, fifteen extra-early maize hybrids and three locally released checks were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two locations in Ghana. The experiment was carried out at KNUST and Akomadan which represent the forest and forest transition zones of Ghana. Nine of the hybrids out of the fifteen hybrids evaluated produce above the average yield and the effect of genotype, location and genotype by location interaction was significant for grain yield. The GGE biplot used in this study revealed that TZEEI-1 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-6 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-15 x TZEEI-1 and TZEEI-29 x TZEEI-21 were high yielding and stable hybrids because they were closer to the ideal. The GGE biplot also identified Akomadan as the most ideal testing environment for these hybrids under irrigation.
tomato fruit show wide phenotypic diversity but fruit developmental gene show...Kamal Tyagi
- Researchers analyzed 127 tomato accessions from 20 countries and found extensive diversity in fruit traits, clustering them into 9 classes based on traits like soluble solids, carotenoids, ripening index, weight, and shape.
- They screened 10 genes involved in plant development for SNPs using EcoTILLING and found 36 non-synonymous and 18 synonymous changes, identifying 28 haplotypes. However, genetic diversity in the fruit development genes was low compared to the wide phenotypic diversity observed.
- While fruit shape was found to be a complex trait influenced by multiple factors, 100% variance between round and flat fruits was explained by one discriminant function. The study indicates potential to further exploit the morphological and genetic diversity in the
Gene pyramiding in tomato involves combining desirable genes from multiple parents into a single genotype to improve specific traits. It can enhance disease resistance, drought tolerance, yield, and fruit quality. One study found that pyramiding two virus resistance genes (Ty-2 and Ty-3) in tomato improved resistance to three viruses and had higher yields than lines with single genes. Another study found that pyramiding introgressions from wild tomato species S. pennellii improved drought tolerance, yield, soluble solids content, and the ratio of soluble solids to fruit weight. A third study showed that pyramiding quality trait genes increased antioxidant levels, soluble solids, and yield compared to lines with single introgressions. Gene
Similar to GENETIC ANALYSIS TO FIND SUITABLE PARENTS (20)
This document describes a new grafting method for propagating seedless watermelon plants. The method involves grafting shoot tips and cuttings from seedless watermelon mother plants onto rootstocks of other cucurbit species, including bottle gourd, pumpkin, and squash. This allows for asexual propagation of seedless watermelon, avoiding the high costs of seed production. The grafted plants showed increased growth, yield, fruit quality, and sugar content compared to seedless watermelon grown without grafting. The new grafting technique provides an effective way to minimize seed costs and produce homogeneous seedless watermelon plants.
This document describes a new grafting method for propagating seedless watermelon plants. The method involves grafting cuttings from seedless watermelon scions onto rootstocks of different gourd varieties, including bottle gourd, pumpkin, and squash. The grafted plants showed increased growth, yields, fruit characteristics, and sugar content compared to seedless watermelon grown without grafting. The new grafting technique could help reduce the high costs of producing seedless watermelon in Egypt by providing a means of asexual propagation to minimize the need for expensive hybrid seeds.
This study examined the effects of traffic pollution on the growth, yield, and heavy metal content of spinach, squash, and turnip plants grown at different distances from a road with high traffic density. Two field experiments were conducted over two growing seasons. The study found that vegetative growth, yield, and chlorophyll content decreased with decreasing distance from the road. Lead and cadmium levels in plant tissues also decreased with increasing distance from the road. Washing the edible parts of plants reduced the lead content by 15-30% and cadmium content by 10-25%, with washing being more effective at removing lead than cadmium. Leafy spinach contained the highest heavy metal levels while squash fruits contained the lowest.
This study examined the effects of vehicle pollution on the growth, yield, and heavy metal content of spinach, squash, and turnip plants grown at different distances from a road with high traffic density. Two field experiments were conducted over two growing seasons. The study found that vegetative growth, yield, and nutrient levels decreased with decreasing distance from the road, while heavy metal levels of lead and cadmium increased. Washing the edible parts of the crops reduced heavy metal content by 10-30%, with washing being more effective at removing lead than cadmium. Leafy spinach contained higher heavy metal levels than the other crops. The results suggest cultivating vegetables at least 80 meters from roads and washing produce to reduce heavy metal consumption
This document discusses a study on using grafting and magnetic iron treatments to improve cantaloupe production under saline soil and irrigation water conditions. The study found that grafting cantaloupe onto salt tolerant rootstocks and adding magnetic iron significantly increased vegetative growth, yield, and reduced the effects of salinity. Specifically, bottle gourd and calabash gourd rootstocks were the most salt tolerant as evidenced by high leaf sodium content without negative effects. Magnetic iron treatments also increased growth and yield while decreasing stem diameter, total soluble solids, and total sugar content in fruits. The combination of grafting and magnetic iron further increased total yield without affecting fruit quality.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated different grafting methods for watermelon seedlings and their impact on plant growth, yield, and fruit quality. Three grafting methods were compared: splice grafting, hole insertion grafting, and tongue approach grafting. Splice grafting resulted in the highest survival rates of grafted seedlings and led to significant increases in plant growth, early and total yield, and fruit characteristics compared to non-grafted plants and plants grafted using other methods. Histological analysis of the graft unions supported the findings that splice grafting was the most effective grafting technique.
This study evaluated 11 rootstocks for controlling root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) in cucumber. Cucumber scions were grafted onto the rootstocks using tongue grafting. All rootstocks showed compatibility with cucumber scion. Horned cucumber was the most resistant rootstock but yielded less than others. Interspecific hybrid rootstocks like Super Shintosa and Ercole Nun 6001 performed best with increased growth, yield and fruit quality compared to control. Fig leaf gourd rootstock also significantly improved plant characteristics over non-grafted control. Grafting is an effective technique for managing root-knot nematodes in cucumber.
1) The study aimed to propagate seedless watermelon by cuttings to reduce costs associated with importing expensive hybrid seeds.
2) Two types of cuttings were used: shoot tip cuttings and cuttings including one node, and were treated with three concentrations of IBA rooting hormone.
3) Results showed cuttings including one node treated with IBA had higher survival rates than shoot tip cuttings or control plants, due to increased root formation. All cutting treatments also had earlier flowering, yield, and harvest compared to control plants grown from seed.
This document discusses factors that affect the propagation of seedless watermelon by cuttings. It examines the effect of planting container type (speedling trays and pots), cutting type (terminal cuttings and cuttings with a node), and IBA concentration (0, 100, and 200 ppm) on the survival and rooting of watermelon cuttings. The study found that container type did not significantly impact cutting success, while IBA concentration and node cuttings positively affected survival percentage and root formation. Node cuttings performed better than terminal cuttings. IBA and cutting type individually, and their interaction, influenced the cutting propagation results.
1) The study examined the effects of the plant growth regulators BA and IBA, as well as cutting type, on the propagation of seedless watermelon cultivars via cuttings.
2) Results showed that BA treatments improved the physiological status of mother plants and increased cutting production, while IBA concentrations significantly improved cutting survival rates and root development.
3) Cuttings with a node formed more roots and had higher survival rates than terminal cuttings. Interactions between growth regulators and cutting type also significantly impacted propagation success.
Effect of BA, IBA and cutting type on transplants production from cuttings
GENETIC ANALYSIS TO FIND SUITABLE PARENTS
1. Egypt. J. Plant Breed. 19(1):55 – 70 (2014)
GENETIC ANALYSIS TO FIND SUITABLE PARENTS
FOR DEVELOPMENT OF CHERRY TOMATO HYBRIDS
UNDER GREEN HOUSE CONDITIONS
A.M.A. Mahmoud1
and A.A.S.A. El-Eslamboly2
1
Vegetable Crops Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University,
2
Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research center, Cairo, Egypt.
ABSTRACT
Cherry tomato has the potential for improvement through heterosis breeding
which can further be utilized for development of desirable recombinants. A 7×7, half-
diallel mating design was used to determine heterosis over better parent, potence ratio,
combining ability and gene action for nine characters in cherry tomato. Preponderance
of additive gene action was evident for control of all characters studied except fruit
firmness and fruit ascorbic acid content for which both additive and non-additive gene
actions were evident. Generally, no particular cultivar or hybrid can be used to evaluate
all studied traits with equal efficiency. However, amongst the parental lines,
Solanumlycopersicum var. cerasiforme LYC 196/81 cv. Bubjekosoko (P1), PI 647522 cv.
Cal Red Cherry (P3) and PI 639207 cv. Black Cherry (P7) were the best general
combiners for fruit yield along with good quality traits and thus could be used in tomato
hybridization programs. Also, parent Solanum sp. PI 260402 cv. M-10 (P5) exhibited
highly significant general combining ability (GCA) effect in desired direction for fruit
contents of TSS, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content, and lycopene. Some crosses
showing high significant specific combining ability (SCA) effects for fruit yield involved
parents showing high GCA for yield. The cross P1 × P7 exhibited highest significant
positive values of SCA of yield along with quality traits and this result incompatible with
those obtained in a performance evaluation trail of the produced hybrids with their
parents. The cross P6 (Solanum sp. PI 126915 cv. 125) × P7 exploited the best
combination for better quality traits.The general performances of the F1 hybrids reflected
the presence of various degrees of dominance effects; i.e., partial to overdominance for
the evaluated characters. Some produced F1 hybrids had significantly heterobeltiosisin
desired direction for the evaluated traits.
Keywords: Cherry tomato, Solanumlycopersicum var. cerasiforme, Heterobeltiosis,
Dominance, Gene action, Combining ability.
INTRODUCTION
Cherry tomato,Solanumlycopersicum var. cerasiforme (Alef.)Voss,
is a botanical variety of the cultivated tomato and it is thought to be the
originator of all cultivated tomato types.Cherry tomato is grown for its
edible fruits, which are generally round, red when ripe, small (less than 30g)
and longer than 1.5 cm, but less than 3 cm in diameter (Kalloo 1991
andRancet al 2008).Cherry tomatoes are largely used for fresh consumption
and their commercial importance is continuously increasing because of their
high nutritional value, antioxidant properties and good taste (Kavthaet al
2014,Premaet al 2011and Renukaet al 2014).
Cherry tomato varieties are generally characterized by higher dry
matter and soluble solids levels than normal-sized fresh market cultivars;
these differences are due to the higher content of sugars (fructose and
glucose) and organic acids (citric and malic), which, in turn, are major
2. 56
factors in determining the greater sweetness, sourness, and overall flavor
intensity of most cherry varieties (Causseet al 2003 andRenukaet al
2014).Cherry tomato is a rich source of antioxidants (mainly lycopene and
β-carotene), vitamin C, pro-vitamin A carotenoids, and minerals like Ca, P
and Fe in diet (Garcýa-Closaset al 2004,Lenucciet al 2006 andKavithaet al
2014), which are protective against infectious and degenerative diseases,
such ascardiovascular diseases (Marchioliet al 2001) or certain cancers
(Byers and Guerrero1995). For this reason, there is an emphasis on breeding
new tomato cultivars with nutraceutical value, but there has been less work
done with respect to quality improvement in cherry tomatoes. There has
been no breeding program targeted towards nutritive values in Egypt.
Many tomato breeding programs are directed toward the
development of superior Fl hybrids. Hybrids are preferred over pure line
varieties in tomato on account of their maturity earliness, more uniformity,
disease resistanceand superiority of marketable fruit yield and fruit quality
(Shankaraet al 2005). Thus, the cultivation of hybrid varieties is economical
and remunerative, and, therefore, the greater part of tomato crop is occupied
by hybrid varieties, especially in the greenhouse. Hybrid plants combine the
characters of the parent plants. Previous studies have suggested that
increasing genetic distances (variability) between parents, increases
heterosis, especially, heterobeltiosis (Melchinger 1999). The term heterosis
refers to the phenomenon in which the F1 population obtained by crossing
two genetically dissimilar individuals show increase or decrease in vigour
over the better parent (heterobeltiosis), over the average overall parents
(mid-parents heterosis), or over the best standard variety (standard
heterosis). Heterosis in desirable direction (hybrid vigour) is the ultimate
aim of breeders. Hence, there is great significance in the improvement of
methods for heterosis breeding and hybrid seed production.
Heterosis in tomato was first observed by Hedrick and Booth (1907)
for higher yield and more number of fruits per plant. Stoner and Thompson
(1966) reported that all crosses of small × small fruited strains and some
small × large fruited strains of tomato showed heterosis in the F1 with the
mean exceeding the top parent. Further genetic analysis indicated that
epistasis or non-allelic interactions were primarily responsible for heterosis.
Heterosis manifestation in tomato is in the form of greater vigour, faster
growth and development, earliness in maturity, increased productivity,
higher levels of resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses (Yordanov 1983).
Since then a number of workers have reported heterosis in tomato
(Metwallyet al 2003, Shalaby 2008, 2012 and 2013, Singh and Asati 2011,
and Solieman et al 2013).Khereba et al (2011) found a positive standard
heterosis of yield components and quality traits among 55 cherry tomato
hybrids produced and evaluated with standard hybrid cv. Sweet Million.
3. 57
In any crop improvement program, the choice of the parents for
hybridization is one of the critical and the most difficult tasks for the
breeder. The fitness of cultivars and lines for use as partners in hybrid
combinations is determined not only by their economically valuable
characters but also by their ability to produce high heterosis effect in F1
crosses. This ability, called "combining ability", plays a great role in the
success of heterosis breeding. Therefore, test crosses for general and
specific combining ability must be primarilyachieved. GCA reveals the
existence of additive gene effects, while SCA reveals non-additive gene
effects and additive × dominance and dominance × dominance interactions.
Information about GCA effects are beneficial in choosing best combiner
parents and SCA effects information reveal best cross combinations for
further judgment. Judicious application of information relevant to standard
heterosis and SCA are fruitful for selecting best hybrids for desired traits
(Moore and Currence 1950).
The present study was carried out to identify the best combiner
parents of cherry tomato accessions and best cross combinations between
themfor developing promising hybrids for yield and quality traitsunder
greenhouse conditions using a half-diallel mating design, in addition to
estimating the extent of heterobeltiosis and potence ratio.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was conducted at greenhouses of Kaha Vegetable
Reserch Farm, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center
(ARC), Kalubia Governorate, Egypt. Seventy eight accessions of cherry
tomatowere planted in greenhouse duringthe 2012 winter planting for
propagation by selfing. Five accessions of S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme
and 2 accessions of Solanum sp. were selected based on their characters,
especially productivity and fruit quality (Table 1).A crossing program was
conducted among 7 cherry tomato accession in a half-daillel mating design
(Grriffing, 1956).
Seeds of the 28 genotypes (7 parents + 21 F1's) were sown in
speedling trays filled with mixture of peatmoss and vermiculate (1:1)
enriched with macro and micro elements on mid of August and transplanted
on mid of September 2012 and 2013. A randomized complete block design
(RCBD) with 3 replicates was used. The area of the greenhouse was divided
into 5 beds. Each bed was 1.2 m wide, plants were transplanted on both
sides of the bed. The in-row distance between plants was 50 cm. Each
experimental unit (EU) consisted of ten plants. All cultural practices
(fertilization, irrigation, and controlling weeds, diseases and insects) were
performed as recommended for commercial tomato production in
greenhouse.
4. 58
Table 1. Cherry tomatoaccessionsevaluated.
Parent Accession Cultivar name Country Characters
S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme
P1 LYC 196/81 Bubjekosoko
Indeterminate, high set and yield,
red fruit
P2 PI 204981 126-1 US
Indeterminate, plant vigor, red
fruit
P3 PI 647522 Cal Red Cherry
US,
California
Indeterminate, high set and yield,
dark red fruit
P4 PI 647555 Siten Macedonia
Indeterminate, plant vigor, red
fruit
P7 PI 639207 Black Cherry
Indeterminate, high set and yield,
pink fruit
Solanum sp.
P5 PI 260402 M-10 Indeterminate, plant vigor, high
yield, sweetness, red fruitP6 PI 126915 125
z
Accession: The LYC was the courtesy of the InstitutfürPflanzengenetik und
Kulturpfianzenforschung,Genebank, Gatersleben, Germany and the PIs were kindly provided
by the USDA through Dr. Charles Block (Plant Introduction Station, Ames, Iowa).
Data were recorded on evaluated genotypes on early (EY – the first
three harvests) and total yield (TY – all the collected fruits) per plant, and
fruit quality characters, i.e., average fruit weight (AFW – average weight of
30 fruits of EU), pericarp thickness (FPT - means of 10 fruits of EU), fruit
firmness (FF), and fruit contents of total soluble solids (TSS), titratable
acidity (TAC), ascorbic acid (AAC) and lycopene (LC).
Fruit firmness was determined in 10 red-ripe fruits from each
genotype perEU using a food pressure tester (Force Gauge Model M4-200)
Mark-10 (Series 4). Three readings were taken for each fruit by pushing the
pentameter needle slowly at 3 different sites (near the shoulder, blossom end
and equatorial plane). Then, mean of the 3 readings was calculated. Samples
of 30 ripe fruits (from the third to six clusters) representing each EU were
picked for analysis of fruit analyses. An extract was obtained by blending
and filtering flesh of each fruit sample. TSS was determined using a hand
refractometer. TAC was ascertained using 0.1 N NaOH solution and
phenolphthalein as indicator (AOAC, 1990). AAC (vitamin C) was
measured using 2,6 dichlorophenol indophenol dye (AOAC, 1990).
Statistical analysis
Results of the two years were combined and statistically analyzed
using MSTAT-C v. 2.1 (Michigan State University, Michigan, USA) and
mean comparisons were based on the Duncan's multiple range test (Steel
and Torrie, 1981).
Estimation of heterobeltiosis
Heterobeltiosis (better-parent heterosis - BPH) for the different
studied characters were calculated using the following equation (Mather and
Jinks, 1971):
5. 59
BPH =
S.E=
Where, , mean value of hybrid, mean value of the better parent, S.E.
standard error, MSe mean square of error, and r number of replicates.
Estimation of potence ratio
Potence ratio (P)was used to determine the direction of dominance
according to Smith (1952) as follows:
Where, mean value of the hybrid, mean of the smaller parent,
mean of the larger parent, and MP mid-parent value.
The absence of dominance was assumed when the difference
between the parents was significant and ــــ MP was not significant.
Complete dominance was assumed when P equaled to or did not differ from
±1.0. Meanwhile, partial dominance was considered when P was between
+1.0 and -1.0, but was not equal to zero. Over dominance (Heterosis) was
assumed when P exceeded ± 1.0.
Analyses of combining abilities
When the F-test revealed significant differences among the
genotypes, combining ability analysis was followed. The values of general
combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were
estimated according to Griffing'smodel 1 method 2 of diallel analysis (Singh
and Choudhary, 1979):
Yij = μ + gi + gj + sij + eijk
Where,Yij is the mean phenotypicvalue, μ is the general mean, gi is the
general combining ability (GCA) effect, sijis the specific combining ability
(SCA) effect and eijkis the error term.
Analysis of variance table for combining ability with expectation of
mean square was set up as follows:
Source d.f. M.S. E.M.S.
GCA p-1 Mg
SCA p(p-1)/2 Ms
Error (r-1)(p-1)
The additive and dominance genetic variances were estimated from the
combining ability components as follows:
Where
Where
6. 60
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate performance of
cherry tomato accessions, calculate potence ration and extent of
heterobeltiosis and to identify potential parental lines and cross
combinations on the basis of combining ability under greenhouse conditions
in cherry tomato. Twenty-one cross combinations (F1s) along with their 7
parents were evaluated and observations were recorded on fruit yield and
component and fruit quality traits during winter seasons of 2013 and 2014
under greenhouse conditions of Kaha Vegetable Reserch Farm, ARC,
Kalubia Governorate.
Variation and mean performance of parents and hybrids
Significant differences were found among the evaluated genotypes
(parents and their hybrids) under greenhouse conditions during 2013 and
2014 winter seasons for all studied characters (Table 2). For yield and its
components traits, LYC 196/81 cv. Bubjekosoko (P1) was the best parents,
as it gave the highest EY and TY (0.88 kg/plant and 6.64 kg/plant,
respectively), followed by PI 647522 cv. Cal Red Cherry (P3 - 0.52 kg/plant
and 4.93 kg/plant, respectively) and PI 639207 cv. Black Cherry (P7) for TY
(5.13 kg/plant). For AFW, P1 have the highest fruit weight followed by P3.
For fruit quality traits, PT was high in P1, P3 and P7. Fruits of PI 204981 cv.
126-1 (P2) and PI 647555 cv. Siten (P4) had more firmness compared with
other parents. Fruit TSS content was higher with PI 260402 cv. M-10 (P5)
and PI 126915 cv. 125 (P6). Parent P7 had the highest content of ascorbic
acid and lycopene. Parent P2 had the highest content of titratable acidity.
For hybrids, the cross P1 × P7 have the highest EY and TY (0.88
kg/plant and 7.61 kg/plant, respectively), while, the cross P1 × P3 have
highly TY, 7.87 kg/plant compared with all evaluated genotypes.Average
fruit weight was higher in hybrid P4 × P7 followed by P1 × P7 and P1 × P3
(22.92, 20.77 and 20.51 g, respectively). For fruit quality traits, some
crosses were superior for the following traits:PT (P3 × P7 and P1 × P3), FF
(P2 × P4), TSS content (P5 × P6, P5 × P7, P6 × P7, and P1 × P5),TAC (P2 × P4,
P2 × P5, P2 × P6, P1 × P2, P1 × P5, P5 × P6, and P4 × P5),AAC(P5 × P6, P4 ×
P7, and P1 × P5), and LC (P6 × P7 and P5 × P7).
Mode of gene action for different characters
The success of a breeding program depends upon the choice of
suitable parents and their utilization by adopting an appropriate breeding
method. The combining ability analysis has been used extensively to
identify potential parents either to be used in the development of hybrids or
recombinant breeding for getting elite pure parents. This analysis facilitates
7. 61
Table 2. Combined mean performance of seven cherry tomato cvs and their
twenty one F1s of various studied characters during the 2012 and
2013 winter plantings.
Populations
Earlyyield
(kg/plant)
Totalyield
(kg/plant)
Averagefruit
weight
(g)
Pericarp
thickness
(mm)
Fruitfirmness
(kg/cm2
)
TSS
(%)
Titratable
aciditycontent
(mgcitric
acid/100gfresh
fruit)
Ascorbicacid
content
(mg/100gfresh
fruit)
Lycopene
content
(mg/100gfruit)
Parents
P1 0.88 a 6.64 b 24.88 a 3.30 a-c 0.27 g-j 7.33 f-j 0.81 g-i 20.24 h 1.59 n
P2 0.22 g 2.84 k 8.95 mn 2.60 l 0.33 b 5.47 l 1.21 a 20.77 gh 2.01 g-i
P3 0.52 de 4.93 e-i 20.81 c 3.31 a-c 0.27 g-k 7.40 f-i 0.83 g-i 17.32 i 1.68 mn
P4 0.22 g 3.47 jk 6.94 o 2.89 g-k 0.32 bc 6.40 j-l 0.94 c-h 22.79 d-f 1.86 k
P5 0.24 g 4.00 ij 8.62 n 2.81 j-k 0.26 j-l 8.80 a-d 1.04 a-f 24.25 cd 2.05 fg
P6 0.25 g 4.61 e-i 8.50 n 2.85 h-k 0.25 kl 8.00 c-g 0.99 b-h 21.81 e-h 2.18 b-e
P7 0.26 g 5.13 e-g 15.52 e-h 3.39 ab 0.27 g-j 6.93 h-k 0.59 j 25.30 bc 2.30 a
F1 hybrids
P1 × P2 0.58 cd 5.13 e-g 15.01 f-h 2.95 f-j 0.24 l 7.47 f-i 1.10 a-c 20.78 gh 1.88 jk
P1 × P3 0.73 b 7.87 a 20.51 c 3.43 ab 0.26 j-l 7.53 f-i 0.89 d-h 19.98 h 1.74 lm
P1 × P4 0.59 cd 5.22 d-f 14.90 gh 3.01 e-h 0.26 j-l 7.53 f-i 0.99 b-h 21.13 f-h 1.82 kl
P1 × P5 0.64 c 6.06 b-d 15.73 e-g 2.93 f-j 0.22 m 8.73 a-e 1.01 a-g 26.44 ab 1.93 h-k
P1 × P6 0.73 b 6.24 bc 15.16 e-h 2.98 f-i 0.21 m 8.17 b-f 0.95 b-h 22.42 d-g 1.98 g-j
P1 × P7 0.88 a 7.61 a 20.77 c 3.27 b-d 0.30 c-e 7.63 f-i 0.79 hi 25.05 bc 2.09e-g
P2 × P3 0.48 e 4.26 e-j 19.08 d 2.89 g-k 0.25 j-l 6.20 kl 1.08 a-d 22.56 d-f 1.89 i-k
P2 × P4 0.26 g 4.15 h-j 9.60 lm 2.86 h-k 0.35 a 6.17 kl 1.16 ab 20.50 h 2.01 g-i
P2 × P5 0.23 g 3.40 jk 10.96 k 2.56 l 0.26 h-k 7.07 g-k 1.14 a-c 20.41 h 2.09 d-g
P2 × P6 0.36 f 4.36 f-j 11.95 ij 2.85 h-k 0.26 h-l 6.80 i-k 1.13 a-c 22.41 d-g 2.18 b-e
P2 × P7 0.45 e 4.34 f-j 14.57 h 3.01 e-h 0.31 b-d 6.10 kl 0.89 d-h 23.98 cd 2.20 b-d
P3 × P4 0.49 e 4.92 e-i 15.14 e-h 3.02 e-h 0.26 j-l 6.87 i-k 0.95 c-h 24.20 cd 1.92 h-k
P3 × P5 0.49 e 5.11 e-h 14.91 gh 3.00 e-h 0.27 g-k 7.37 f-j 0.68 ij 23.54 c-e 2.01 g-i
P3 × P6 0.44 e 5.50 c-e 16.12 e 3.18 c-e 0.30 c-f 7.73 f-i 0.85 f-i 23.17 de 1.99 g-j
P3 × P7 0.53 de 6.64 b 22.92 b 3.47 a 0.28 e-h 7.80 e-i 0.79 hi 20.31 h 2.07 e-g
P4 × P5 0.28 fg 4.01 ij 11.11 jk 2.73 kl 0.32bc 7.93 d-h 1.05 a-f 20.67 gh 2.03 gh
P4 × P6 0.24 g 4.19 g-j 10.17 kl 2.96 f-j 0.27 g-k 7.53 f-i 0.96 b-h 23.19 de 2.03 gh
P4 × P7 0.28 fg 5.14 e-g 12.73 i 3.11 d-f 0.29 d-g 7.20 f-j 0.82 g-i 26.69 ab 2.15 c-f
P5 × P6 0.36 f 4.59 e-i 10.95 k 2.79 jk 0.24 l 9.13 a 1.06 a-e 27.88 a 2.19 b-e
P5 × P7 0.34 f 4.71 e-i 12.68 i 3.02 e-h 0.26 j-l 9.10 ab 0.86 f-i 22.96 de 2.22 a-c
P6 × P7 0.58 cd 5.38 c-e 15.99 ef 3.06 e-g 0.28 f-i 8.93 a-c 0.83 g-i 20.76 gh 2.37 a
z
Values followed by a letter in common are not significantly different at the 0.05 level according
to Duncan's multiple range test.
y
S. lycopersium var. cerasiforme:P1,LYC 196/81cv. Bubjekosoko;P2,PI 204981 cv. 126-1;P3, PI
647522cv. Cal Red Cherry;P4,PI 647555cv. Siten;P7,PI 639207cv. Black Cherry (P7);
Solanumsp. P5, PI 260402 cv. M-10 and P6,PI 126915 cv. 125.
the partitioning of genotypic variation of crosses into variation due to GCA
and SCA. GCA effects are the measure of additive gene action which
represent the fixable components of genetic variance and are used to classify
the parents for the breeding behavior in hybrid combinations. On the other
hand, SCA effects are the measure of non-additive gene action which is
related to non-fixable component of genetic variance (Griffing
1956).Therefore, it is important to assess the general and specific combining
ability effects in the selection of the parents and the formulation of an
appropriate crossing plan. Among the various breeding methods, diallel mating
8. 62
design (method 2) excluding reciprocals (Griffing 1956) has been used in the
present study to evaluate 7 parents and their 21 crosses.
Mean squares for genotypes, parents, and hybrids were highly
significant (P ≤ 0.01) for all studied traits (Table 3).The parents versus
hybrids (P vs H) component were highly significant for all studied
characters except pericarp thickness and titratable acidity.
Table 3. Mean squares from analysis of variance of 7 × 7 half diallel crosses of
tomato for various characters.
Character
Mean squares
Rep.
df = 3
Genotype
df =27
Parent (P)
df = 6
Hybrid (H)
df = 20
P vs H
df = 1
Error
df = 54
Early yield 0.0009 0.1186**
0.1871**
0.0955**
0.1721**
0.0019
Total yield 5.1213 4.1519**
4.6127**
4.0098**
6.9285**
0.2489
Average fruit weight 0.9640 63.8377**
149.7887**
39.8100**
28.6871**
0.2910
Pericarp thickness 0.0009 0.1631**
0.2827**
0.1352**
0.0048ns
0.0089
Fruit firmness 0.0001 0.0031**
0.0025**
0.0033**
0.0022**
0.0001
TSS 0.2537 2.6493**
3.4863**
2.4164**
2.2857**
0.2721
Titratable acidity 0.0050 0.0663**
0.1153**
0.0540**
0.0185ns
0.0113
Ascorbic acid content 5.5753 17.0021**
21.4142**
15.6940**
16.6895**
0.9252
Lycopene content 0.0055 0.0977**
0.1970**
0.0672**
0.1138**
0.0037
**
highly significant (Ρ ≤ 0.01) and ns
non-significant.
The analyses of variance for combining ability exhibited highly
significant (P≤0.01) components of GCA and SCA mean squares for most
of the studied characters except PT and lycopene content characters which
were significant (P≤0.05) and also SCA mean square of TA which was non-
significant (Table 4).
Table 4. Analysis of variance for combining ability of a 7 × 7 half diallel
crosses for various characters in tomato.
Characters
Mean squares
δ2
g δ2
s δ2
e δ2
g : δ2
s δ2
A δ2
DGCA
df= 6
SCA
df= 21
Error
d = 54
Early yield 0.150**
0.008**
0.001 0.032 0.007 0.001 4.29 0.063 0.007
Total yield 5.291**
0.311**
0.083 1.107 0.228 0.083 4.86 2.214 0.228
Average fruit weight 85.634**
2.892**
0.097 18.387 2.795 0.097 6.58 36.774 2.795
Pericarp thickness 0.222**
0.006*
0.003 0.048 0.003 0.003 14.60 0.096 0.003
Fruit firmness 0.002**
0.001**
0.00005 0.00033 0.000660.00005 0.51 0.00067 0.00067
TSS 3.226**
0.214**
0.091 0.669 0.123 0.091 5.44 1.339 0.123
Titratable acidity 0.083**
0.005ns
0.004 0.0175 0.0008 0.004 21.26 0.035 0.0008
Ascorbic acid content8.139**
4.961**
0.308 0.706 4.653 0.706 0.15 1.413 4.653
Lycopene content 0.223**
0.006*
0.003 0.0482 0.0032 0.003 14.90 0.096 0.003
**
Highly significant (Ρ ≤ 0.01); *
significant (P≤0.05); ns
non-significant.
These results proved that both additive and non-additive gene effects
play an important role in operating the heredity of all studied traits except
TA. Higher values of variance due to GCA (δ2
g) than variance due to SCA
(δ2
s) and δ2
g/δ2
s ratio was more than one for all studied characters, except FF
and AAC, suggesting preponderance of additive gene action for these
9. 63
characters. Meanwhile, higher values of δ2
s than δ2
g and δ2
g/δ2
s ratio was
less than one for FF and AAC, indicating that non-additive variance
prevailed in genetic determination of these characters. These results,
accordingly, indicated that cherry tomato crosses can produce F1 hybrids
which may perform better, in one or more traits, than either of their parents
or other commercial cultivars.
Due to the predominance of additive gene action in inheritance of
most yield components and quality traits, recurrent selection, a breeding
method that increases the frequency of favorable alleles and identifies the
superior combinations by repeated crossing and selection could be the best
method to exploit the additive gene effects. The use of diallel selective
mating (Jensen 1970) or mass selection with concurrent random mating
(Redden and Jensen 1974) or restricted recurrent selection by mating the
most desirable segregants followed by selection (Shende et al 2012) might
be useful breeding strategies for the improvement of these traits governed
by both additive and non-additive types of gene action.
Considering the non-additive gene action for the control of FF and
fruit AAC traits, selection will slow genetic improvement. The successful
breeding methods will be those that accumulate the genes to form superior
gene constellations interacting in a favorable manner, such as heterosis
breeding, which is the best possible option for improving these traits in
cherry tomato (Kalloo 1991).
Muttappanavar et al (2014) reported that additive gene effects
appeared more important than non-additive gene effects for some traits of
cherry tomato, i.e., TY, AFW, and PT. Also, Garg et al (2007 and 2008),
Hannan (2007) and Andrade et al (2014) reported that additive gene effects
appeared more important than non-additive gene effects for AFW, EY, TY
and fruit TSS for large-sized tomato. Hosamani (2010) found that the
estimates ratio of GCA variance to SCA variance were higher for PT and
TSS. Meanwhile, the previously presented results concerning AAC
character are in agreement with those obtained by Joshi and Kohli (2006)
and Garg et al (2007 and 2008) who reported the importance of non-
additive gene action in the inheritance of this character in large-sized
tomato.
Heterobeltiosis and potence ratio estimations of F1 hybrids
The discovery of hybrid vigour by Shull (1908) opened a new era in
genetic improvement of crop plants which is now referred to as “heterosis
breeding”. Genetically diverse varieties are the main necessity to observe
heterosis in F1 hybrids (Mole et al 1962). It is an effective tool in improving
the yield and component and quality traits of different crop species.
The percent increase (+) or decrease (-) of a cross over the better
parent was calculated to determine heterotic effects for all traits. Data on
11. 65
The extent of BPH varied from -32.16 to 123.08 for early yield, -
24.53 to 29.43 for total yield, -40.11 to 33.52 for average fruit weight, -
12.70 to 4.04 for pericarp thickness, -26.92 to 7.69 for fruit firmness, -19.7
to 5.41 for fruit TSS, -34.34 to 10.67 for fruit titratable acidity content, -
19.73 to 14.94 for fruit ascorbic acid content, and -6.74 to 31.34 for fruit
lycopene content (Table 5).
The estimates of heterobeltiosis, relative to better parent values
(Table 5) reflected significant effects in desirable directions on 13 F1
hybrids for fruit lycopene content, 6 F1 for average fruit weight, 5 F1 for
early yield, 3 F1 for fruit ascorbic acid content, 2 F1 for total yield, and no
hybrid exhibited significant heterobeltiosis in desired direction over better
parent for pericarp thickness, fruit TSS, and fruit titratable acidity content.
Positive and significant heterosis over standard hybrid variety in
cherry tomato traits has been reported Khereba et al (2011) and also, in
large-sized tomato traits have been reported by many investigators
(Metwally et al 2003, Shalaby 2008, 2012 and 2013, Singh and Asati 2011,
Solieman et al 2013).
The values of dominance estimates illustrated in 21 F1 crosses are
presented in Table (5). Early yield per plant showed that potence ratios
ranged from -23.6 to 49, and they were more than ±1 for nine crosses and
between ±1 in 12 crosses indicating over-dominance and partial dominance,
respectively. Potence ratio of total yield per plant varied from -0.03 to
15.85, and they were more than ±1 for 9 crosses, indicating over-dominance
and between ±1 in 8 crosses, indicating partial dominance. Average fruit
weight expressed over dominance in 8 crosses and partial dominance in 13
crosses. In respect to pericarp thickness, potence ratio ranged from -2.85 to
39, and they were more than ±1 for 7 crosses (over dominance), between ±1
for 12 crosses (partial-dominance), +1 for one cross (complete dominance),
and 0 for one cross (no dominance). In case of fruit firmness, 15 crosses
expressed over dominance and 6 crosses expressed partial dominance.
Regarding fruit TSS content, 11 crosses exhibited over-dominance and 10
crosses exhibited partial dominance. In case of fruit titratable acidity, most
of crosses exhibited over-dominance, while 3 crosses exhibited only partial
dominance. Potence ratio of fruit ascorbic acid content expressed over-
dominance in 15 crosses except 6 crosses, where partial dominance was
noticed. Fruit lycopene content character expressed over dominance in 5
crosses, complete dominance in two crosses and partial dominance in 14
crosses.
In cherry tomato, mere breeding for enhanced yield is not important
unless it is qualified by the quality requirements desired by the consumers.
The positive values of heterobeltiosis and potence ratio for the characters
EY, TY, AFW, AAC, and LC reflected the presence of various degrees of
dominance; i.e., partial- to over-dominance which are involved in the
12. 66
inheritance of these characters. Both dominant and additive gene effects
were reported in regulating the inheritance of EY, TY, AFW, and LC with
prevalence of dominance gene effect (Hannanet al 2007). Garg et al (2007
and 2008) illustrated that additive gene effects were found to be more
important than non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of AFW, EY,
TY, FF, PT and TSS. Hence, hybrid breeding can be used efficiently to
improve yield together with quality in tomato (Hannanet al 2007).
Identification of good general and specific combiners
No single parent was found to be a good general combiner for all
studied characters. However, parent P7 exhibited significant GCA effects in
desired direction in most of the heterotic crosses for TY, AFW, PT, FF, fruit
AAC and LC, and was considered as a good general combiner (Table 6).
Next to P7, significant GCA effects in desired direction for EY, TY, AFW,
PT and fruit TSS was shown by P1 and P3. Therefore, three parents P7, P1,
and P3 could be picked up as potential donors for fruit yield per plant and
other important horticultural traits. Parent P5 exhibited highly significant
GCA effects in desired direction for fruit contents of TSS, TA, AAC and LC
traits. Therefore, this parent could be selected as potential donor for fruit
quality traits.
Table 6. General combining ability (GCA) effects of 7 parents for different
characters of cherry tomato in a 7 × 7 half diallel cross.
Parent
Early
yield
Total
yield
Average
fruit
weight
Pericarp
thicknes
s
Fruit
firmness
TSS
Titratable
acidity
Ascorbic
acid
content
Lycopene
content
P1 0.26**
1.25**
4.01**
0.12**
-0.02**
0.21**
-0.02ns
-0.46**
-0.17**
P2 -0.09**
-0.98**
-1.85**
-0.19**
0.02**
-1.01**
0.15**
-0.92**
0.02**
P3 0.07**
0.45**
3.84**
0.17**
-0.003ns
-0.17ns
-0.07**
-1.34**
-0.13**
P4 -0.11**
-0.62**
-3.14**
-0.07**
0.02**
-0.42**
0.03ns
0.17ns
-0.05**
P5 -0.09**
-0.47**
-2.47**
-0.16**
-0.01**
0.79**
0.04**
1.11**
0.05**
P6 -0.04**
-0.07ns
-2.05**
-0.06**
-0.01**
0.5**
0.03ns
0.33ns
0.11**
P7 -0.0004ns
0.44**
1.66**
0.18**
0.01**
0.09ns
-0.15**
1.10**
0.17**
S.E. (gi) ±0.008 ±0.089 ±0.096 ±0.017 ±0.002 ±0.093 ±0.019 ±0.171 ±0.011
S.E. (gi - gj) ±0.012 ±0.136 ±0.147 ±0.026 ±0.003 ±0.142 ±0.029 ±0.262 ±0.017
**
Highly significant (Ρ ≤ 0.01); *
significant (P≤0.05); ns
non-significant.
z
S. lycopersium var. cerasiforme: P1, LYC 196/81 cv. Bubjekosoko; P2, PI 204981 cv. 126-1; P3,
PI 647522 cv. Cal Red Cherry; P4, PI 647555 cv. Siten; P7, PI 639207 cv. Black Cherry;
Solanumsp. P5, PI 260402 cv. M-10 and P6, PI 126915 cv. 125.
SCA involves non-additive effects and additive × dominance and
dominance × dominance interactions, which are non-fixable or non-heritable
and are of significance in hybrid breeding only. So, SCA effects are useful
to predict the potential of a particular cross in exploiting heterosis (Moore
and Currence 1950). Similarly, no single cross was judged as good specific
combiner for all studied characters (Table 7). The cross P1 × P7 exhibited
highly significant SCA effects for EY, TY, AFW, FF, AAC and LY in
desired directions. Also, three crosses exhibited highly significant SCA
effects in desired direction of TY, in addition to PT and FF in cross P2 × P4;
13. 67
to AFW and PT in cross P3 × P7; and to PT in cross P1 × P3 (Table 7).
Moreover, the cross P6 × P7 exhibited significant SCA effects in desired
direction of EY, AFW, FF, TSS and LC. According to the performance of
the hybrid P1 × P7 it was found to be the highest for EY and TY per plant
and one the best genotypes for some quality traits (Table 2); therefore, it
could be identified as potential specific combiner for certain important
traits.
Table 7. Specific combining ability (SCA) effects for different
characters of tomato in 21 crosses.
Character
Early
yield
Total
yield
Average
fruit
weight
Pericarp
thickness
Fruit
firmness
TSS
Titratable
acidity
Ascorbic
acid
content
Lycopene
content
P1 × P2 -0.04*
-0.16 -1.62**
0.01 -0.03**
0.79**
0.02 -0.40 0.01
P1 × P3 -0.05*
1.15**
-1.81**
0.13**
0.005 0.01 0.04 -0.78 0.02
P1 × P4 -0.003 -0.44*
-0.44 -0.06 -0.02**
0.26 0.03 -1.13*
0.03
P1 × P5 0.02 0.26 -0.28 -0.04 -0.03**
0.25 0.05 3.24**
0.03
P1 × P6 0.07**
0.05 -1.27**
-0.09*
-0.03**
-0.02 0.01 -0.01 0.02
P1 × P7 0.17**
0.90**
0.63*
-0.05 0.04**
-0.15 0.02 1.85**
0.07*
P2 × P3 0.05*
-0.23 2.63**
-0.10*
-0.03**
-0.10 0.05 2.26**
-0.01
P2 × P4 0.01 0.73**
0.12 0.11*
0.04**
0.12 0.03 -1.31**
0.03
P2 × P5 -0.04*
-0.16 0.81**
-0.09*
-0.01*
-0.19 0.01 -2.34**
0.01
P2 × P6 0.04*
0.39 1.38**
0.09*
-0.01*
-0.17 0.01 0.44 0.04
P2 × P7 0.09**
-0.13 0.30 0.01 0.01*
-0.46*
-0.05 1.24**
-0.004
P3 × P4 0.08**
0.08 -0.03 -0.10*
-0.03**
-0.02 0.05 2.81**
0.08**
P3 × P5 0.06**
0.12 -0.93**
-0.02 0.01*
-0.73**
-0.23**
1.22**
0.07*
P3 × P6 -0.03 0.11 -0.14 0.06 0.04**
-0.07 -0.05 1.62**
-0.006
P3 × P7 0.01 0.74**
2.95**
0.10*
0.003 0.40 0.07 -2.01**
0.01
P4 × P5 0.03 0.08 2.25**
-0.06 0.03**
0.09 0.04 -3.16**
0.01
P4 × P6 -0.06**
-0.14 0.88**
0.08 -0.01*
-0.02 -0.04 0.14 -0.04
P4 × P7 -0.05*
0.30 -0.26 -0.01 -0.01*
0.05 0.003 2.87**
0.01
P5 × P6 0.04*
0.11 0.99**
0.001 -0.01*
0.37 0.06 3.88**
0.02
P5 × P7 -0.02 -0.27 -0.98**
-0.01 -0.01*
0.74**
0.03 -1.81**
-0.02
P6 × P7 0.18**
-0.004 1.91**
-0.07 0.01*
0.87**
0.01 -3.23**
0.07*
S.E. (sii) ±0.019 ±0.220 ±0.238 ±0.042 ±0.005 ±0.230 ±0.047 ±0.424 ±0.027
S.E. (sij–sik) ±0.033 ±0.384 ±0.415 ±0.073 ±0.009 ±0.402 ±0.082 ±0.740 ±0.047
S.E. (sij – skl) ±0.031 ±0.359 ±0.388 ±0.068 ±0.008 ±0.376 ±0.077 ±0.693 ±0.047
**
Highly significant (Ρ ≤ 0.01); *
significant (P≤0.05); non-significant.
z
S. lycopersium var. cerasiforme: P1, LYC 196/81 cv. Bubjekosoko; P2, PI 204981 cv.
126-1; P3, PI 647522 cv. Cal Red Cherry; P4, PI 647555 cv. Siten; P7, PI 639207 cv.
Black Cherry; Solanumsp. P5, PI 260402 cv. M-10 and P6, PI 126915 cv. 125.
CONCLUSION
Results indicated that cherry tomato varieties can be developed
through hybridization. Traits that presented additive gene effects such as
early and total yield per plant, average fruit weight, pericarp thickness and
fruit contents of TSS, titratable acidity and lycopene may be improved by
selection provided there is sufficient genetic variability in the germplasm.
Meanwhile, fruit firmness and ascorbic acid content traits may be improved
by heterosis breeding as these were predominantly governed by non-
additive gene action. No particular evaluated parental cultivar could be used
14. 68
to evaluate all studied traits with equal efficiencies. However, the results
indicated that the most promising combiners for fruit yield along with good
horticultural traits were found to be of P1 (LYC 196/81cv. Bubjekosoko), P3
(PI 647555 cv. Siten) and P7 (PI 639207 cv. Black Cherry), and they could
be used further in cherry tomato hybridization programs. The best hybrid
combination was found to be of P1 × P7for yield and fruit quality. Partial- to
over-dominance reactions for the inheritance of fruit yield and other
economic important traits have been realized.
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