The document discusses neurotransmitters and how they facilitate communication between neurons in the brain. It describes how neurotransmitters are synthesized and released by neurons, binding to receptors on other neurons. Major neurotransmitters discussed include dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, GABA, and glutamate. The roles of these neurotransmitters in regulating various physiological functions and mental disorders are summarized. Brain imaging techniques like CT, MRI, PET, and SPECT are also overviewed along with their abilities to produce structural or functional images and limitations.
Various neurotransmitters, mechanism of action and their physiological functions are explained and is useful for ug and pg students of medicine, neurology, psychiatry branches.
Various neurotransmitters, mechanism of action and their physiological functions are explained and is useful for ug and pg students of medicine, neurology, psychiatry branches.
Presentation is about different types of dopaminergic receptors, dopamiergic pathway, its different functions, agonists, antagonists and various disorders associated with it along with its treatment.
Presentation is about different types of dopaminergic receptors, dopamiergic pathway, its different functions, agonists, antagonists and various disorders associated with it along with its treatment.
http://positivetranceformations.com.au/blog/sad-and-hypnotherapy/ SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder)
is not a huge problem on the Gold Coast, but it does happen. SAD is caused by people not getting
enough exposure to sunlight, as sunlight stimulates the pineal gland to produce feel-good chemicals. To
overcome despondency caused by a spell of gloomy weather, get outside more to chill out and to
exercise, increase your exposure to natural light and eat more oily fish.
An MD focusing on nervous system disorders, Dr. Robert Buchanan delivers a high professional standard of psychiatric and neurosurgical care at his Austin, Texas, private practice affiliated with the Seton Brain & Spine Institute. Over his career as neurosurgeon, Robert Buchanan, MD has performed funded research on methods of neurotransmitter measurement.
lecture 5 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes Golgi, Cajal, parts of the neuron, action potentials, synapse, neurotransmitters, agonist, antagonist, parts of the nervous system
A good night's sleep is essential for good health. However, self medication with alcohol, inappropriate prescription of the wrong drugs, and over the counter sleeping aids are harmful. This presentation provides information about the appropriate medications and over the counter preparations
A research information guidelines to discuss the matter to the selected participants disclosing all necessary information before conducting an assent/informed consent.
This presentation discuss about acid-base-gas normal ratio and its indication in relation to varying abnormal level and how to manage it. This includes clinical analysis practice.
This questionnaire is use to test the knowledge about ECG 12 leads in operations, principles and concepts about cardiovascular diseases and diagnostics.
This questionnaire is use to determine the level of domestic problem a college student have in terms of financial, health, relationship and family system
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
11. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
NERVES
• FIBERS WHICH EXTEND
BEYOND CNS
• NEURON
-BASIC UNIT
REFLEX ARC
BASIC FXNAL UNIT OF N.S.
SENSORY/MOTOR
MIXED
PERIPHERAL
12. Neurotransmitters
• Approximately 100 billion brain cells form groups
of neurons, or nerve cells that are arranged in
networks.
• These neurons communicate information with
each other by sending electrochemical messages
from neuron to neuron, a process called
neurotransmission
13. • These electrochemical messages
pass from the dendrites
(projections from the cell body),
through the cell body, down the
axon (long, extended structures),
and across the gaps between cells
(synapse) to the dendrite of the
next neuron.
• In the nervous system, the
electrochemical cross the gaps or
synapse between neural cells by
way of special chemical messenger
called neurotransmitters.
14. • Neurotransmitters are the chemical substances
manufactured in the neuron that aid in the
transmission of information throughout the
body.
• They either excite or stimulate an action in the
cells (excitatory) or inhibit or stop an action
(inhibitory).
15. • These neurotransmitters fit into specific
receptor cells embedded in the membrane of
the dendrite, just like a certain key shape fits
into a lock.
• After neurotransmitters are released into the
synapse and relay the message to the
receptor cells, they are either transported
back from the synapse to the axon to be
stored for later used (reuptake) or are
metabolized and inactive by enzymes,
primarily monoamine oxidase (MAO) (Lewis
2000)
17. • Major transmitters
have been found to
play a role in
psychiatric illnesses
are well an actions
and side effects of
psychotropic drugs.
• Dopamine and
serotonin have
received the most
attention in terms
of the study and
treatment of
psychiatric
disorders (Tecott,
2000).
19. • Studies are
beginning to show
that there is a
difference in the
amount of some
neurotransmitters
available in the brain
of persons with
certain mental
disorders compared
with persons with no
signs of mental
illness.
20.
21. • The following is a discussion of the major
neurotransmitters that have been associated
with mental disorders.
Type of
transmitter
Mechanism
of action
Physiologic effects
Dopamine Excitatory Controls complex
movements, motivation,
cognition; regulates
emotional response
Norepinephrine
(noradrenaline)
Excitatory Changes in attention,
learning and memory,
sleep and wakefulness,
mood
22. Type of
transmitter
Mechanism of
action
Physiologic effects
Epinephrine
(Adrenaline)
Excitatory Fight-or-flight response
Serotonin Inhibitory Control of food intake, sleep
and wakefulness, temperature
regulation, pain control, sexual
behaviors, regulation of
motions
Histamine Neuromodulat
or
Alertness, control of gastric
secretions, cardiac stimulation,
peripheral allergic response
Acetylcholine Excitatory or
inhibitory
Sleep and wakefulness cycle;
signals muscles to become
alert
23. Type of
transmitter
Mechanism
of action
Physiologic effects
Neuropeptides Neuromodu
lators
Enhance, prolong, inhibit,
or limit the effects of
principal
neurotransmitters
Glutamate
Gamma-amino
butyric acid
(GABA)
Excitatory Neurotoxicity results if
levels are too high
Modulates other
neurotransmitters
24. • Histamine
• The role of histamine in
mental illness is under
investigation.
• It is involved in producing
peripheral allergic
responses, control of
gastric secretions, cardiac
stimulation, and alertness.
• Some psychotropic drugs
block histamine, resulting
in weight gain, sedation,
and hypotension.
25. • Acetylcholine
• Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter found in the brain,
spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system,
particularly at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal
muscle.
• It can be excitatory or inhibitory. It is synthesized
from dietary choline found in red meat and
vegetables and has been found to affect the
sleep/wake cycle and signals muscles to become
active.
• Studies have shown that persons with Alzheimer’s
disease have a decreased number of acetylcholine-
secreting neurons
• Persons with myasthenia gravis (a muscular disorder
in which impulses fail to pass the myoneural junction,
causing muscle weakness) have a reduced number of
acetylcholine receptors.
26. • Gamma-amino butyric Acid (GABA)
• GABA, an amino acid, is the major inhibitory
neurotransmitter in the brain and has been found to
modulate other transmitter systems rather than
providing a direct
• Drugs that increase GABA function, such as
benzodiazepines, are used to treat anxiety and
induce sleep.
• Glutamate is an excitatory amino acid that at high
levels can have major neuro-toxic effects.
• Glutamate has been implicated in the brain damage
caused by stroke, hypoglycemia, sustained hypoxia
or ischemia, and some degenerative diseases such
as Huntington’s or Alzheimer’s disease.
27. Brain Imaging Technology
Procedure Imaging Method Results Duration
Computed
tomography(
CT) Magnetic
resonance
imaging
Serial X-rays of
brain
Radio waves
from brain
detected from
magnet
Structural
Image
Structural
Image
20-4
minutes
45 minutes
Position
emission
tomography
(PET)
Radioactive
tracer injected
into bloodstream
and monitored as
client perform
activities
Functional 2-3 hours
28. Procedure Imaging Method Results Duration
Single
photon
emission
computed
tomography
(SPECT)
Same as PET Functional 1-2 hours
29. Limitations of brain Imaging techniques
• The use of radioactive substances in PET and
SPECT limits the number of time as person can
undergo these tests.
• There is the risk that the client will have an
allergic reaction to the substances.
• Some clients may find receiving intravenous
does of radioactive material frightening or
unacceptable.
• Imaging equipment is expensive to purchase and
maintain, so availability can be limited. A PET
camera cost about $2.5 million; a SPECT camera
cost about $ 500,000.
30. • Some person cannot tolerate these
procedures because of fear or claustrophobia.
• Researchers are finding that many of the
changes that occur in disorders such as
schizophrenia are at the molecular and
chemical level and cannot be detected with
current imaging techniques.
31. • Find as
many as
you can
the
neurotrans
mitters in
the word
puzzle box.
• Clue- there
are 19.