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Ch 3 the brain & nervous system
This document provides an overview of basic neuroscience topics including the nervous system, neurons, neurotransmitters, and brain structures and functions. It discusses the central and peripheral nervous systems. Key points include: the three main parts of a neuron and how they communicate using neurotransmitters; examples of neurotransmitters and the problems associated with excess or deficits; structures and functions of the brain like the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and basal ganglia; and lateralization of brain functions between the left and right hemispheres.
Ch 3 the brain & nervous system
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- 5. BASIC NEURO- SCIENCE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM NEURONSAND NEUROTRANSMITTERS ENDOCRINE DISORDERS COGNITIVE DISORDERS SPECAIL TOPICS PSCYHO- PHARMA- COLOGY ANTIPSYCHOTICS ANTIDEPRESSANTS BENZODIAZEPINES MOOD STABILIZERS STIMULANTS
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- 9. Neurons releaseneurotransmitters to communicate • Receive information by capturing neurotransmitters released in the synaptic cleft 1) Dendrites: • Integrates information from the dendrites. Contains the nucleus and controls hereditary characteristics 2) The cell body or soma: • tube-like structure that transmits information 3) Axon:
- 11. Fatty substance acts as aninsulator Speeds up conduction Glial cells Hold neurons together Provide neuron with nutrients Remove cellular debris
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- 15. Negative resting state Potassium and Sodium ions switch places which releases neurotransmitters at the synaptic cleft All or none principle: If sufficiently stimulated, will fire to its full extent
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- 17. Dived intotwo categories: Classical neurotransmitters Peptide neurotransmitters Substances that impact NT: Agonist: enhances effect of NT Antagonist: inhibits effect of NT Action Potential categories: Excitatory: Acetylcholine, norepinephrine increase likelihood of action potential Inhibitory: GABA, endorphin decrease likelihood of action potential
- 18. Neurotransmitter Function Problemswith Excess or Deficit Acetylcholine Motor Movement Lack: Alzheimer’s Dopamine Motor movement and alertness Lack: Parkinson’s Excess: Schizophrenia Endorphins Pain control Addictions Serotonin Mood control Lack: Depression GABA Inhibitory Seizures; Sleep problems Glutamate Excitatory and memory Migraines; Seizures Norepinephrine Alertness and arousal Depression
- 19. Acetylcholine Catecholamines Dopamine Norepinephrine Serotonin The Amino Acids The Peptide Neurotransmitters
- 20. Most common Voluntary movement Memory and Cognition Deficiency Alzheimer’s
- 21. Myasthenia gravis: autoimmunedisorder attacks Ach recepturos Deficiency Alzheimer’s Degeneration of Ach cells believed to underlie memory deficits in Alzheimers Cholinesterase inhibitors slow memory declines
- 22. Synthesized fromtyrosine and phenylalanine Norepinephrine • Involved in mood • Pain perception • Sleep • Deficiency Depression • Excess Mania Dopamine • Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: excess dopamine caueses schizophrenia • Less dopamine because of Substantia Nigra damage Parkinson’s • Antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists
- 23. Forms of depression dueto lower than normal levels of norepinephrine
- 24. Correlates ofSerotonin: Involved with mood disorders Aggression Sexual activity Sleep onset Pain perception Possibly schizophrenia Permissive Hypothesis of Serotonin Functioning 1) Deficiency in serotonin is necessary for a mood disorder 2) Norepinephrine determines whether mood disorder is mania (too much NE) or depression (too little NE
- 25. Elevated: Schizophrenia Autistic Disorder Food Restriction with Anorexia Low: Depression Aggression Suicide Bulimia PTSD OCD Abnormal: Social Phobia
- 26. GABA, Glycineand Glutamate Gaba: Majory inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS, Calming effect Benzodiazepines are GABA agonists Glutamate Mediator of fast excitatory synaptic transmission Abnormal glutamate transmission is suspected in Schizophrenia
- 27. Excitatory Long-termpotentiation Excessive can lead to seizures and may contribute to stroke related brain damage, huntington’s, Alzheimer’s, other neurodegenerative disorders
- 28. Dozens ofthem consisting of long chains of amino acids Enkephalins and Endorphins also known as endogenous opioids, regulate stress and pain
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- 31. All behaviorresults from activity in the cells of the nervous system Two divisions: Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system
- 33. The SomaticNervous System Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Parasympathetic 12 Pairs cranial nerves, 31 sets of sensory and motor nerves
- 34. Sends andreceives sensory messages that control voluntary motor movement of the skeletal muscles
- 35. ANS Functions: Smooth muscles Digestion Heart rate Breathing Sympathetic: Mobilizing Fight or flight Parasympathetic Energy conserving Decreases arousal
- 36. Sympathetic Arousaland expenditure of energy External threat Fight or flight Parasympathetic Conservation of energy Rest/relaxation Meditation, hypnosis, biofeedback Can work together, not just in opposition!
- 37. Spinal cordand brain Sensory neurons carry info to CNS Motor neurons carry info away from CNS to muscles and glands
- 38. Brain and SpinalCord Spinal Cord Hindbrain or Brain Stem Midbrain & Thalamus Forebrain Cerebral Cortext Lateralization Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere Contralateral Control
- 39. Quadraiplegia: allfour limbs Paraplegia: paralysis in legs Paresis: muscle weakness
- 40. Bundles ofmyelinated axons Damage can impact mobility Total versus partial severing Reflexes stay in tact Still can have erection
- 41. 1. Spinal X- ray 2.MRI 3. CT with myelogram w/ EMG w/ SSEP
- 42. EEG: Detects brain waves;sleep research CAT Scan: View brain structure, 3-D picture, sophisticated X-Ray PET scan: Measures chemicals (aka) glucose; functional capacity of brain MRI: radio waves to see structures fMRI: Cobmines MRI and PET scan; details of structure and activity
- 43. Control center formost voluntary and involuntary behavior
- 44. Control centerfor all voluntary and most involuntary behavior Brain Areas: Cerebrum Cerebellum Brain Stem Brain Divisions: Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain
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- 47. Second largeststructure Coordinates habitual muscle movements Tracking target with eyes Playing saxophone Excitatory inputs for maintaining smooth movement and coordinating motor activity Ataxia: lack of coordination
- 48. Most primitivepart
- 49. Pons: • Sleep • Respiration •Movement • Cardiovascular activity • Facial expressions Medulla • Blood pressure • Heart rate • Breathing Damage to medulla & Pons • Failure can lead to death and loss of bodily functions
- 50. Smallest region ofthe brain Relay station for auditory and visual information. The Functions: • Visual and auditory systems • eye movement. Parts of Midbrain • Red nucleus: Control of body movement • Superior and Inferior Coliculus • Motor nucleus • Substantia nigra: • Control of body movement. • Large number of dopamine-producing neurons • The degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra is associated with Parkinson’s disease.
- 51. Routes forvisual and auditory information
- 52. Extends fromspinal cord through hypothalamus to forebrain Awareness, attention and sleep Part of reticular formation that projects to the thalamus, Reticular activating system involved in sleep-wake cycle, wake you up Damage: disrupt sleep, permanentn coma-like sleep Anesthetics deactivate the neurons
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- 54. Tucked intothe center of the brain
- 55. Our primitivebrain Within the cerebrum, system of various structures in forebrain Emotions Basic drives Learning Influence autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
- 56. Sensory relaycenter Sensory signals come from up the spinal cord and are sent to appropriate areas in rest of forebrain
- 57. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome • Thiamine deficiency •Atrophy of neurons • Result of chronic alcoholism • Begins with Wernicke’s encephalopathy: mental confusion, abnormal eye movements, ataxia Korsakoff’s Syndrome • Severe anterograde, retrograde amnesia • Confabulation
- 58. Hypothalamus regulates Homeostasis • Metabolicfunctions: temperature, libido, hunger, thirst, endocrine system Suprachiasmatic Nucleus • Circadian rhythms Mamilliary Bodies: Learning and Memory
- 59. Fever Feeding Fighting FallingAsleep Fucking
- 60. Mediates sleep-wake Circadian rhythm Role in seasonal affective disorder
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- 62. Adrenal glands • Produceadrenaline: prepares body for fight/flight Ovaries and Testes • Produce sex hormones • Estrogen for women • Testoterone for men
- 64. Regulation andcoordination of movement The Basal Ganglia are inhibitory, and put brakes on movement Basil Ganglia Problems: Huntington’s: • Degeneration of caudate nucleus & putamen • Unwanted thrusting movements Parkinson’s: • Loss of dopaminergic neurons in Substantia Nigra • Tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia
- 65. Gives emotionalsignificance to sensory input Amygdala/Aggression Kluver-Bucy syndrome if destroyed
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- 68. Removal or Destruction ofAmygdala • Placidity • Apathy • Hyperphagia • Hypersexuality • Agnosias
- 69. Memory • Consolidation ofconscious memories • If you saw a Hippo on Campus you would remember her.
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- 71. Surrounds corpus callosum, Attention, emotion, perception ofpain Anterior cingulate cortex: transmission of pain
- 72. Septal rage syndrome S inSeptum allows you to Simmer Down
- 73. Complex thought,perception and action
- 74. Outside surface of brain,Folds (gyri) Two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum (thick band of fibers) Four lobes separated by grooves (sulci)
- 75. Left controlsright, right controls left side of body Important distinctions of respective functions
- 76. Contralateral representation Leftcontrols right, right controls left Except olfactory Brain lateralization 95-99% of right handed people are left brained 50-60% of left handed are left brained Hempisphereic specialization
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- 78. Left isfor Language and Logic Dominant in 97% of people Left dominance: Reading Writing Speaking Spelling Naming Motor Control
- 79. Right isfor Intuition, Artistic, Emotions Dominance: Perceptual Artistic Musical Intuitive Body Image Comprehension of visual, facial, verbal emotion Problems: Hemi-neglect, prosopagnosia, visual-perceptual disturbances, musical agnosia Affective: Indifference, euphoria, hysteria, impulsivity, abnormal sexual behavior, etc…
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- 81. Bundle of nervefibers that bridge left and right hemispheres Split-brain patients
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- 83. Frontal, Parietal,Temporal, Occipital
- 84. Top frontof brain 3 main areas Prefrontal cortex Personality Planning Inhibition Premotor area Planning movement Motor area Instigate voluntary movement Damage: Loss movement Personality, attention, thinking problems Inability to express language (Broca’s aphasia)
- 85. Primary motorcortex Precise control Supplementary motor area Planning and controlling movement Premotor cortex Primary motor control Broca’s: left frontal lobe
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- 88. Complex Behaviors: •Emotion •Memory •Attention •Self-awarenss •Higher-order functions •Impairproblem-solving and creativity but not IQ Mental disorders: •Schizophrenia, Dementia, and ADHD Dorsolateral area: •Dorsal convexity dysexecutive syndrom: impaired judgment insight, planning Orbitofrontal area •Disinhibition syndrome can lead to emotional lability, distractibility, impaired social insight, maybe aggressive outbursts and lewed comments Mediofrontal area •Mesial frontal apathetic syndrome, pseudodepression •Impaired spontaneity, reduce emotional reactions, diminished outbput, bored, dysphoric
- 89. Pseudodepression: Medialfrontal cortex damage aka mesial frontal apathetic syndrome
- 90. Somatosensory Information Sensory cortex: top receivessensations from bottom of body and progresses down Gerstmann’s syndrome Right Parietal Lesions Contralateral neglect Left Parietal Lesions Ideational apraxia Ideomotor apraxia Gerstmann’s syndrome
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- 92. Primary auditory cortex • Notlateralized Connected to limbic system Emotional behavior Memory Wernicke’s area: interprets speech
- 93. Wernicke’s ComprehendSpeech Left Hempisphere Lesions: Auditory agnosia Halluciantions Disturbances in auditorysensation and perception Mediates: Encoding, retrieval and storage of long-term declarative memories Electrical stimulation can elicit vivid memories that were forgotten
- 94. Primary visual cortex,sight, reading and visual images
- 95. Primary visualcortex, sight, reading and visual images Visual cortex Visual Agnosia Hallucinations, cortical blindness Prosopagnosia Inability to recognize familiar faces Simultanagnosia Can’t see more than one thing or aspect of object at a time