1. Neurogenic bladder is caused by damage to the nervous system that controls bladder function, resulting in the bladder being unable to empty completely or contract properly.
2. It is diagnosed through medical history, exams, bladder function tests and imaging to evaluate the bladder and kidneys.
3. Treatment includes physical therapy like timed voiding, electrical stimulation implants, catheterization, and sometimes surgery to address the bladder sphincter or install an artificial sphincter. Follow-up care monitors bladder and kidney health.
What is Craniotomy?
What are the Indications for Craniotomy?
What are the Types of Craniotomy?
Equipment used in craniotomy?
What happen to the Bone flap?
What are the Tests Done Prior to Craniotomy?
What happens during surgery?
What are the risks?
References
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function. Symptoms may include loss of muscle function, sensation, or autonomic function in the parts of the body served by the spinal cord below the level of the injury.
Urinary incontinence simply means involuntary leaking of urine.
Incontinence can range from leaking just a few drops of urine to complete emptying of the bladder.
Social and hygienic problem.
What is Craniotomy?
What are the Indications for Craniotomy?
What are the Types of Craniotomy?
Equipment used in craniotomy?
What happen to the Bone flap?
What are the Tests Done Prior to Craniotomy?
What happens during surgery?
What are the risks?
References
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function. Symptoms may include loss of muscle function, sensation, or autonomic function in the parts of the body served by the spinal cord below the level of the injury.
Urinary incontinence simply means involuntary leaking of urine.
Incontinence can range from leaking just a few drops of urine to complete emptying of the bladder.
Social and hygienic problem.
We like to counsel our patients extensively and empower them to make the best informed decision to restore their quality of life, Every woman deserves to receive the highest quality of care, most technologically advanced and the least invasive treatment. Our team is proud to offer cutting-edge novel treatments by being highly specialized in the field of female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery.
Current Approach to Overactive Bladder, Issues & Management by Prof. Haleema ...Usman Hingoro
Current Approach to Overactive Bladder, Issues & Management by Prof. Haleema A. Hashmi, Obstetrician & Gynaecology, Liaquat National Hospital & Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
1. DEPARTMENT OF UROLOGY EDUCATION
Production Team
Dr Abraham Benjamin - Manager Medical Informatics
Mr. Naresh Kumar - Coordinator Medical Informatics
Neurogenic Bladder
2. What is Neurogenic Bladder?
Neurogenic bladder is the loss of normal
bladder function caused by damage to part
of the nervous system.
The damage can cause the bladder to be
underactive, in which it is unable to contract
and unable to empty completely.
4. What happens in normal conditions ?
The muscles and nerves of the urinary system must function in
a coordinated fashion with the bladder in order to perform its
two major functions of storage and elimination of urine.
Nerves carry messages from the bladder to the brain and then
from the brain to the muscles of the bladder telling them to
tighten or release, allowing the bladder to empty during
urination.
5. What are some risk factors for neurogenic bladder ?
Risk factors for neurogenic bladder include various
birth defects, which adversely affect the spinal cord
and function of the bladder, like spina bifida.
Tumors within the spinal cord.
Traumatic spinal cord injury is also a major risk
factor for development of neurogenic bladder.
6. What are the symptoms of Neurogenic Bladder ?
Inability to control urination, also known as urinary
incontinence is associated with the neurogenic bladder. This
may be caused by abnormalities in bladder capacity or
malfunction of control mechanisms such as the bladder neck
and external urethral sphincter muscle that are important for
the bladder's storage function.
Symptoms including a dribbling urinary stream, straining
during urination or inability to urinate may also be associated
with neurogenic bladder.
7. What are the symptoms of Neurogenic Bladder ?
Urinary retention.
Increased bladder pressures from neurogenic bladders can be caused by the
inability of the bladder muscle to relax properly and expand to store urine.
Stones may also form in the urinary tract of individuals with a neurogenic
bladder caused by the stoppage of urine flow .
Abnormal backup of urine from the bladder to the kidney, also known as
vesicoureteral reflux(VUR), may develop as a means of releasing high
pressure within the bladder.
A Urinary Tract Infection is of particular concern as Vesico Ureteral Reflux
may place the patient at significant risk for a severe kidney infection by
transporting infected bladder urine directly to the kidneys.
8. How is Neurogenic Bladder Diagnosed ?
Complete medical history and physical examination is done
Bladder function tests including Urodynamic evaluations,
which has two components CMG (Cystometrogram) which
measures bladder function, capacity, compliance and
voiding and storage pressures. Along with EMG
(Electromypography) which help measure urethral
sphincter tone and bladder coordination.
Imaging tests of the bladder and kidneys are performed.
9. How is Neurogenic Bladder Treated ?
The main goal of Urologic management is to prevent
damage to the upper tracts (kidneys). The secondary
goal is minimize any disabilities.
Treatment for neurogenic bladder fall the following
categories: physical-psychological, electrical-
stimulatory, and surgery.
10. How is Neurogenic Bladder Treated ?
Physical-psychological therapy
Physical-psychological therapy, is also called timed voiding, It
combines willpower and exercise.
The patient is asked to keep a voiding diary, which is a daily record of the
amount and time of fluid intake, times of urination, and episodes of
leakage. The record creates a pattern that may initially allow patients to
determine the times of the day they should be in close proximity to a
bathroom.
These are also the times when a patient should attempt to urinate. The
intervals between voiding times are gradually extended as the patient
gains control over voiding. This conditioning is often coupled with physical
exercises, principally Kegel exercises, which strengthen pelvic muscles. The
Valsalva maneuver, an exertion used to pass stool, may also be sufficient
to empty a bladder.
11. How is Neurogenic Bladder Treated ?
Electrical-stimulatory therapy
Electrical-stimulatory therapy is a recent advance.
Electrodes and a small stimulator are implanted
in a minor surgical procedure. The electrodes are
placed near targeted nerves. The stimulator is
placed beneath the skin. The stimulator delivers
electrical impulses that mimic those that would
normally be delivered by nerves if they were
undamaged.
12. How is Neurogenic Bladder Treated ?
Surgery
Intermittent self Catheterization is frequently employed to ensure complete
bladder drainage. It involves the insertion of a thin tube through the urethra and
into the bladder. A number of patients can learn to insert the catheter themselves.
The therapy is called Clean Intermittent Catheterization (CIC).
Urethral stents, something like an internal catheter, can be surgically inserted
through the sphincter muscle to expand it and allow urine to be drained.
The sphincter can be surgically weakened by a procedure called sphincter
resection, which removes a portion of the muscle or the muscle may be removed
in its entirety in a sphincterotomy.
Artificial sphincters are a mechanical intervention. These devices consist of a cuff
that fits around the bladder neck, a pressure regulating balloon and a pump that
inflates the cuff. The balloon is placed beneath the abdominal muscles. The pump
is placed in the labia in women and in the scrotum for men.
13. What can be expected after the treatment of
Neurogenic Bladder ?
A patient can expect extensive follow-up
evaluation of bladder and kidney function.
This may involve repeated X-rays, ultrasound,
blood tests and bladder function tests.
Most issues in neurogenic bladder typically
require constant attention and reevaluation.
14. Important Information
If you need more details about this
condition or meet our team of
Urologists for Consultation click on the
link below.
http://www.ramayyapramila.com/