Neuroanatomy spinal cord
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The document describes the anatomy and structure of the spinal cord. It details the external structure including its cylindrical shape and location within the vertebral canal surrounded by meninges. Internally, it describes the gray and white matter, including the ascending and descending tracts that carry sensory and motor signals. It also discusses the blood supply, meninges, and some clinical correlations regarding spinal cord injuries.
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Spinal cord neuroanatomy
The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the L1-L2 vertebrae and is surrounded by three layers of meninges. It has gray matter in an H-shape containing nerve cells and white matter with ascending and descending tracts. The spinal cord receives its blood supply from the anterior and posterior spinal arteries as well as segmental arteries. Injuries can cause different symptoms depending on the location and severity of the lesion.
Anatomy of cerebellum
The cerebellum is located behind the brain stem and is divided into three lobes - anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular. It receives input from the spinal cord, vestibular system, and cerebral cortex. The cerebellar cortex consists of molecular, purkinje, and granular layers. Purkinje cells are the sole output, projecting to deep cerebellar nuclei which connect to motor and premotor areas. The cerebellum is involved in coordination, precision of movement, and maintaining balance and posture.
3rd ventricle n pineal gland
The third ventricle is a midline cavity situated between the two thalami and hypothalamus. It extends from the lamina terminalis anteriorly to the cerebral aqueduct posteriorly. The third ventricle has anterior, posterior, roof, floor and lateral walls formed by surrounding structures like the thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland and others. It has recesses that extend into surrounding structures like the infundibular recess into the pituitary stalk. The pineal gland is a small reddish-grey structure located between the superior colliculi that secretes the hormone melatonin and is involved in biological functions like sleep-wake cycles.
Anatomy of brainstem
The brainstem is located between the cerebrum and spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The midbrain connects the pons and cerebrum and contains the superior and inferior colliculi. The pons connects to the cerebellum via peduncles and contains pontine nuclei and cranial nerve nuclei. The medulla oblongata connects to the spinal cord and contains cranial nerve nuclei, the inferior olives, and tracts such as the gracile and cuneate fasciculi.
ASCENDING TRACTS
The document discusses the ascending tracts and posterior column pathway in the spinal cord. It provides details on:
1) The medial lemniscus system carries sensations for fine touch, pressure, and vibration from receptors through the dorsal roots and fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus tracts in the spinal cord.
2) Fibers from the tracts synapse in the medulla and cross over before ascending to the thalamus and primary sensory cortex.
3) The posterior column pathway conveys proprioception, vibration, discriminative touch, weight discrimination and stereognosis signals up the spinal cord within the posterior column tracts.
Anatomy of basal ganglia
The document discusses the basal ganglia, which are a group of subcortical gray matter structures in the cerebrum that include the corpus striatum, amygdala, and claustrum. It describes the main components and connections of the basal ganglia, including the striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. The basal ganglia are involved in coordinating movement through connections with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem. Disorders like Parkinson's disease can result from basal ganglia dysfunction and cause issues like tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia.
Anatomy of cerebellum
The cerebellum has three main parts - the vermis, two hemispheres, and four lobes. It receives sensory input from the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral cortex. There are three layers in the cerebellar cortex - molecular layer, purkinje cell layer, and granular layer. The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem via three cerebellar peduncles and plays a role in motor coordination and balance.
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Spinal cord neuroanatomy
The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the L1-L2 vertebrae and is surrounded by three layers of meninges. It has gray matter in an H-shape containing nerve cells and white matter with ascending and descending tracts. The spinal cord receives its blood supply from the anterior and posterior spinal arteries as well as segmental arteries. Injuries can cause different symptoms depending on the location and severity of the lesion.
Anatomy of cerebellum
The cerebellum is located behind the brain stem and is divided into three lobes - anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular. It receives input from the spinal cord, vestibular system, and cerebral cortex. The cerebellar cortex consists of molecular, purkinje, and granular layers. Purkinje cells are the sole output, projecting to deep cerebellar nuclei which connect to motor and premotor areas. The cerebellum is involved in coordination, precision of movement, and maintaining balance and posture.
3rd ventricle n pineal gland
The third ventricle is a midline cavity situated between the two thalami and hypothalamus. It extends from the lamina terminalis anteriorly to the cerebral aqueduct posteriorly. The third ventricle has anterior, posterior, roof, floor and lateral walls formed by surrounding structures like the thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland and others. It has recesses that extend into surrounding structures like the infundibular recess into the pituitary stalk. The pineal gland is a small reddish-grey structure located between the superior colliculi that secretes the hormone melatonin and is involved in biological functions like sleep-wake cycles.
Anatomy of brainstem
The brainstem is located between the cerebrum and spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The midbrain connects the pons and cerebrum and contains the superior and inferior colliculi. The pons connects to the cerebellum via peduncles and contains pontine nuclei and cranial nerve nuclei. The medulla oblongata connects to the spinal cord and contains cranial nerve nuclei, the inferior olives, and tracts such as the gracile and cuneate fasciculi.
ASCENDING TRACTS
The document discusses the ascending tracts and posterior column pathway in the spinal cord. It provides details on:
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2) Fibers from the tracts synapse in the medulla and cross over before ascending to the thalamus and primary sensory cortex.
3) The posterior column pathway conveys proprioception, vibration, discriminative touch, weight discrimination and stereognosis signals up the spinal cord within the posterior column tracts.
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Anatomy of cerebellum
The cerebellum has three main parts - the vermis, two hemispheres, and four lobes. It receives sensory input from the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral cortex. There are three layers in the cerebellar cortex - molecular layer, purkinje cell layer, and granular layer. The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem via three cerebellar peduncles and plays a role in motor coordination and balance.
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Spinothalamic tract
The spinothalamic system transmits somatosensory information about pain, temperature, and crude touch from the skin to the thalamus. It consists of first-order neurons in the dorsal horn that synapse on second-order neurons in the spinal cord. These second-order neurons decussate and ascend contralaterally to the thalamus. They then synapse on third-order neurons that project to the somatosensory cortex. The system includes the lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts, which are important for localization of painful or thermal stimuli. It also includes smaller tracts that project to the reticular formation and tectum.
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Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia are a group of interconnected brain structures that include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. They are involved in regulating movement and certain movement disorders. The basal ganglia receive input from the cortex and thalamus and send output to the thalamus and brainstem areas. Dopamine from the substantia nigra helps modulate input and output signaling in the basal ganglia circuits. Disorders of these circuits can result in dyskinesias like tremors, chorea, athetosis, and ballismus or disturbances of muscle tone.
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The cerebellum is located behind the brainstem and contains only 10% of the brain's volume. It receives input from muscles, joints, and the motor cortex, and provides corrective signals to the motor cortex to coordinate voluntary movement. The cerebellum evaluates and adjusts motor movements, integrating sensory information to ensure balance and motor learning. Damage to different parts of the cerebellum results in difficulties with coordination, posture, movement timing and sequencing.
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1. The 33 vertebrae that make up the spinal column, which are divided into 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal vertebrae.
2. The general landmarks of vertebrae including the spinous process, transverse process, and vertebral body.
3. Details on the unique features of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae.
4. That the spinal cord ends around the L1-L2 vertebrae and the cauda equina nerves extend below this point.
Spinal cord Gross anatomy with Clinical Anatomy.pptx
The spinal cord is the main pathway connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system. It extends from the foramen magnum to the L1-L3 vertebrae in adults. It is surrounded by three meningeal layers and occupies the upper two-thirds of the vertebral canal. It gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves. Internally, it contains grey matter in an H-shaped arrangement surrounded by white matter. The grey matter contains sensory and motor neurons that help supply different regions like the limbs. Major tracts include the corticospinal, spinothalamic and spinocerebellar tracts. The spinal cord receives its blood supply from the anterior and posterior spinal arteries. Injuries can cause
Cns 2
The document discusses the nervous system including:
1) It describes the different types of nerve injuries including neurapraxia, axonotmesis, and neurotmesis.
2) It explains the regeneration process after nerve damage, involving macrophages, Schwann cells, and regenerating axons.
3) It provides an overview of the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system including somatic nerves and the autonomic nervous system.
Spinal Cord
The document summarizes the structure and function of the spinal cord. It discusses the following key points:
- The spinal cord is approximately 45cm long in men and 43cm in women, and is protected by three meninges. It contains 31 segments that contribute nerves to different parts of the body.
- Spinal nerves emerge from each segment and contain a dorsal root with sensory fibers and an anterior root with motor fibers. Ascending tracts transmit sensory information to the brain and descending tracts convey motor commands from the brain.
- The principal ascending tracts are the posterior white column, anterolateral system, and spinocerebellar tract. The main descending tracts include the pyramidal,
Tracts (ascending and descending)
The document discusses ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord. It describes the three neuron chain that makes up the ascending sensory pathway, carrying sensory information from the periphery to the brain. The main ascending tracts discussed are the lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts for pain/temperature and touch/pressure respectively. Descending tracts originate from supraspinal centers and regulate the activity of lower motor neurons. The major descending tracts described are the corticospinal, rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, and reticulospinal tracts.
Spinal cord
the gross structure of spinal cord, the transverse section of spinal cord , grey and white matter, dorsal root ganglion, formation of spinal nerve, conus medullaris, filum terminal, cauda equana, meningeal layer covering spinal cord, nuclei of anterior horn of gray mater, cell bodies of posterior horn of gray mater, tracts of white matter of spinal cord, ascending and descending tract of spinal cord,
Medulla spinalis (2)
The document describes the anatomy and structures of the spinal cord. It discusses:
- The spinal cord's position in the vertebral canal and its extensions above into the medulla oblongata and below into the conus medullaris and filum terminale.
- The external features including two enlargements known as the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements.
- Internal structures such as the gray matter containing the anterior, posterior and lateral horns, and the white matter containing ascending, descending and proprioceptive tracts that transmit sensory and motor signals.
- Ascending tracts that transmit sensory information to the brain and descending tracts that convey motor commands from the brain.
-
Tracts spinal cord dr bikal
The document summarizes the ascending and descending spinal tracts. There are ascending tracts that conduct sensory information from the body to the brain, including the lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts for pain and temperature, and the posterior white columns for proprioception. There are also descending tracts that convey motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord to control skeletal muscles, such as the lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts. In addition, there are tracts connecting the spinal cord and cerebellum that are important for motor coordination.
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