Anatomyofspinalcord
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The spinal cord has a cylindrical shape and is surrounded by three layers of meninges. It contains gray matter in an H-shape with nerve cell groups, and white matter divided into columns containing ascending, descending, and intersegmental tracts. The gray matter consists of nerve cells that project into the anterior and posterior nerve roots. The white matter contains myelinated fibers that transmit sensory information ascending to the brain and motor commands descending from the brain.
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Blood supply of brain & spinal cord
The document summarizes the arterial blood supply and venous drainage of the brain and spinal cord. It describes the two main arterial systems - the internal carotid and vertebral arteries - and how they anastomose to form the Circle of Willis. It details the branches and territories supplied by the major cerebral and spinal arteries. It also outlines the internal and external cerebral veins that drain the brain into the dural venous sinuses, and the internal and external vertebral venous plexuses that drain the spinal cord.
Spinal cord
The spinal cord is a cylindrical structure that extends from the foramen magnum to the L1 vertebra. It acts as the main pathway for information between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord contains gray matter containing neuron cell bodies and white matter containing myelinated axons. Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and branch throughout the body, carrying sensory information to the spinal cord and motor commands from it. The spinal cord is essential for functions like reflexes, sensation and movement.
Anatomy of spinal cord
The spinal cord is approximately 42-45 cm long in adults and extends from the medulla oblongata down to the L1-L2 vertebrae. It is divided into 31 segments that correspond to nerve root attachments. The spinal cord receives its blood supply from the anterior and posterior spinal arteries as well as radicular arteries. Key arteries include the anterior spinal artery, posterior spinal arteries, and the artery of Adamkiewicz, which supplies the lumbar segments. Disruptions to the anterior spinal artery can cause ischemia to the anterior two-thirds of the spinal cord.
Spinal cord& brainstem
The spinal cord extends the entire length of the vertebral canal at 3 months of development. By birth it reaches L3 and in adults it reaches L1. The dura and arachnoid extend to S2 in adults. The spinal cord has a conus medullaris, cauda equina, and filum terminale. During development, the lumen of the neural tube becomes the ventricular system and central canal of the spinal cord. The gray matter forms from the alar and basal plates separated by the sulcus limitans. The white matter develops from axons myelinating within the spinal cord.
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The powerpoint was prepared to be presented at university of Health Sciences Cambodia for Neurosurgery, medicine, psychiatry Resident Group.
Chapter13 cns part2marieb
The document summarizes key aspects of the central nervous system, including:
1. The meninges (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater) surround and protect the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced and circulated within the subarachnoid space.
2. The spinal cord contains gray matter for processing sensory and motor functions and white matter tracts for ascending and descending signals. It extends from the brainstem down through the vertebral column.
3. Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord to innervate the body, carrying sensory information to the cord and motor commands away from it. Reflexes are automatic responses mediated by spinal cord circuits.
Meninges the_spinal_cord
The meninges are three layered membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord. The outermost layer is the dura mater, followed by the arachnoid mater and innermost pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid fills the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater. The spinal cord begins where the brain exits the skull and extends downwards through the vertebral column, supplying nerves to different parts of the body. It has a butterfly-shaped cross-section with grey matter in the center surrounded by white matter, and anterior and posterior horns.
Spinal cord=dr.khalid latifawan
The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system along with the brain. It conducts impulses between the brain and body and initiates reflexes. The spinal cord is protected by three meninges (membranes) and contains gray matter in an H-shape surrounded by white matter. The gray matter contains motor and sensory neurons that connect to the peripheral nervous system via spinal nerves. The white matter contains ascending and descending tracts that transmit sensory information to the brain and motor commands from the brain.
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The spinal cord is a cylindrical structure that extends from the foramen magnum to the L1 vertebra. It acts as the main pathway for information between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord contains gray matter containing neuron cell bodies and white matter containing myelinated axons. Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and branch throughout the body, carrying sensory information to the spinal cord and motor commands from it. The spinal cord is essential for functions like reflexes, sensation and movement.
Anatomy of spinal cord
The spinal cord is approximately 42-45 cm long in adults and extends from the medulla oblongata down to the L1-L2 vertebrae. It is divided into 31 segments that correspond to nerve root attachments. The spinal cord receives its blood supply from the anterior and posterior spinal arteries as well as radicular arteries. Key arteries include the anterior spinal artery, posterior spinal arteries, and the artery of Adamkiewicz, which supplies the lumbar segments. Disruptions to the anterior spinal artery can cause ischemia to the anterior two-thirds of the spinal cord.
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The spinal cord extends the entire length of the vertebral canal at 3 months of development. By birth it reaches L3 and in adults it reaches L1. The dura and arachnoid extend to S2 in adults. The spinal cord has a conus medullaris, cauda equina, and filum terminale. During development, the lumen of the neural tube becomes the ventricular system and central canal of the spinal cord. The gray matter forms from the alar and basal plates separated by the sulcus limitans. The white matter develops from axons myelinating within the spinal cord.
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The powerpoint was prepared to be presented at university of Health Sciences Cambodia for Neurosurgery, medicine, psychiatry Resident Group.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the central nervous system, including:
1. The meninges (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater) surround and protect the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced and circulated within the subarachnoid space.
2. The spinal cord contains gray matter for processing sensory and motor functions and white matter tracts for ascending and descending signals. It extends from the brainstem down through the vertebral column.
3. Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord to innervate the body, carrying sensory information to the cord and motor commands away from it. Reflexes are automatic responses mediated by spinal cord circuits.
Meninges the_spinal_cord
The meninges are three layered membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord. The outermost layer is the dura mater, followed by the arachnoid mater and innermost pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid fills the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater. The spinal cord begins where the brain exits the skull and extends downwards through the vertebral column, supplying nerves to different parts of the body. It has a butterfly-shaped cross-section with grey matter in the center surrounded by white matter, and anterior and posterior horns.
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The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system along with the brain. It conducts impulses between the brain and body and initiates reflexes. The spinal cord is protected by three meninges (membranes) and contains gray matter in an H-shape surrounded by white matter. The gray matter contains motor and sensory neurons that connect to the peripheral nervous system via spinal nerves. The white matter contains ascending and descending tracts that transmit sensory information to the brain and motor commands from the brain.
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The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
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the gross structure of spinal cord, the transverse section of spinal cord , grey and white matter, dorsal root ganglion, formation of spinal nerve, conus medullaris, filum terminal, cauda equana, meningeal layer covering spinal cord, nuclei of anterior horn of gray mater, cell bodies of posterior horn of gray mater, tracts of white matter of spinal cord, ascending and descending tract of spinal cord,
Anatomy of the spinal cord
The spinal cord extends from the brainstem down to the lumbar region. It contains gray matter surrounded by white matter and is segmented into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions. The spinal cord transmits sensory information from the body to the brain via dorsal roots and carries motor commands from the brain to the body via ventral roots. Each segment innervates a specific dermatome of skin and muscles. The meninges protect the spinal cord and CSF circulates in the subarachnoid space.
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The spinal cord has 31 pairs of spinal nerves that emerge from its sides. It occupies the upper two-thirds of the vertebral canal and is protected by bony vertebrae and meninges. The spinal cord receives its blood supply from the anterior and posterior spinal arteries as well as segmental arteries. It has an anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus that contain the arteries supplying the cord. Lesions of the spinal cord can result in deficits depending on the location and structures involved, and the cord can be surgically approached through laminectomy.
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The spinal cord is protected within the vertebrae and meninges. It acts as a highway for sensory and motor nerve impulses between the brain and spinal nerves. The spinal cord contains 31 pairs of spinal nerves that emerge at different levels to innervate different parts of the body. Sensory information enters the spinal cord via ascending tracts in the posterior region while motor commands exit via descending tracts in the anterior region, allowing for integration of reflexes. Spinal nerves branch into plexuses at certain levels to further distribute nerve signals.
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03.09.09(b): Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves, part I
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 CNS sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1CNS
Spinal cord
The document provides an overview of the anatomy, internal structure, blood supply, and functional organization of the spinal cord. Key points include:
- The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to L1-L2 and is segmented into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions.
- It has a butterfly-shaped gray matter H-shape surrounded by white matter tracts that contain ascending and descending nerve fibers.
- The principal blood supply comes from the anterior and posterior spinal arteries along with segmental radicular arteries like the artery of Adamkiewicz.
- The spinal cord has a segmental organization corresponding to 31 pairs of spinal nerves that mediate motor and sensory functions.
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The document discusses the cranial meninges, which are the three protective membranes that cover the brain - the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. It describes the layers and their functions in protecting the brain. It also discusses subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), which is bleeding under the arachnoid layer caused by a ruptured brain aneurysm. Treatment for SAH involves stabilizing the patient, preventing rebleeding by clipping or coiling the aneurysm, and preventing complications like vasospasm. The standard treatment is microsurgical clipping or endovascular coiling of the aneurysm as soon as possible to prevent rebleeding and improve outcomes.
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The spinal cord is the information highway between the brain and body, extending from the foramen magnum to the L1 vertebra. It contains 31 pairs of spinal nerves that receive sensory information and issue motor signals. The spinal cord has an outer protective covering of meninges and contains gray matter in the center for processing information and white matter surrounding it composed of bundled axons that carry signals up and down the spinal cord.
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The three layers of meninges that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord are the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. The dura mater is the outermost layer and forms structures like the falx cerebri. Between the arachnoid and pia mater is the subarachnoid space, which contains cerebrospinal fluid. The brain ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord are filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions and protects the brain, removes waste, and regulates pressure within the skull.
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The cervical plexus is formed from the anterior rami of cervical nerves C1-C4. It has cutaneous branches that innervate the skin of the head and neck, and muscular/communicating branches. The phrenic nerve from C3-C5 innervates the diaphragm. The document outlines the branches of the cervical plexus in detail, including the lesser occipital nerve, great auricular nerve, and supraclavicular nerves. It describes the muscular and communicating branches that innervate neck muscles and connect with other nerves.
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The document discusses the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. It notes there are 12 cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves. It describes the structure of the spinal cord including grey matter, white matter, dorsal and ventral roots. It also outlines the sensory and motor pathways into the spinal cord and discusses neurons, synapses, spinal nerves, and the cervical, brachial, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral plexuses. Finally, it describes the afferent and efferent divisions of the peripheral nervous system including the somatic and autonomic nervous systems and provides an example of a spinal reflex arc.
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The document describes the anatomy and structure of the spinal cord. It details the external structure including its cylindrical shape and location within the vertebral canal surrounded by meninges. Internally, it describes the gray and white matter, including the ascending and descending tracts that transmit sensory and motor signals. It also discusses the blood supply, clinical correlations, and applications related to injuries and diseases of the spinal cord.
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Spinal cord and spinal nerves
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Human Nervous System
The document describes the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS is all nervous structures outside the CNS. The brain contains the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brainstem. The brainstem consists of the medulla, pons, and midbrain. The medulla contains nuclei that regulate vital functions like breathing, heart rate, and swallowing. The document also discusses the meninges, blood supply, and metabolism of the brain.
Vascular Anatomy of Spinal Cord
This document discusses the vascular anatomy of the vertebro-spinal axis. It begins by providing background on early studies of spinal cord vasculature. It then covers the embryological development and various arterial networks that supply the spine, spinal dura, paraspinal muscles, and spinal cord. These include segmental arteries, radicular arteries, and the anterior and posterior spinal arteries. Important arteries like the artery of Adamkiewicz are also described. In summary, the document provides a detailed overview of the complex arterial anatomy involved in supplying blood to the vertebral column and spinal cord.
Spinal cord
The spinal cord runs through the vertebral canal and extends from the foramen magnum to the L2 vertebra. It gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves and has cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions. The meninges that surround it include the dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater. The spinal cord has gray matter containing neuron cell bodies and white matter containing myelinated axons. Descending motor pathways control voluntary movement while ascending sensory pathways transmit proprioceptive and discriminative touch information to the brain.
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Anatomy of the spinal cord
The spinal cord extends from the brainstem down to the lumbar region. It contains gray matter surrounded by white matter and is segmented into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions. The spinal cord transmits sensory information from the body to the brain via dorsal roots and carries motor commands from the brain to the body via ventral roots. Each segment innervates a specific dermatome of skin and muscles. The meninges protect the spinal cord and CSF circulates in the subarachnoid space.
envelopes-of-the-brain
The document discusses the three meninges - the outer dura mater, middle arachnoid mater, and inner pia mater. It describes the layers of the dura mater, venous sinuses within the dura mater including the superior sagittal sinus, transverse sinus and sigmoid sinus, arteries that supply the dura mater, and the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater. It also mentions the choroid plexus which is involved in cerebrospinal fluid production.
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The spinal cord has 31 pairs of spinal nerves that emerge from its sides. It occupies the upper two-thirds of the vertebral canal and is protected by bony vertebrae and meninges. The spinal cord receives its blood supply from the anterior and posterior spinal arteries as well as segmental arteries. It has an anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus that contain the arteries supplying the cord. Lesions of the spinal cord can result in deficits depending on the location and structures involved, and the cord can be surgically approached through laminectomy.
Spinal cord and spinal nerves
The spinal cord is protected within the vertebrae and meninges. It acts as a highway for sensory and motor nerve impulses between the brain and spinal nerves. The spinal cord contains 31 pairs of spinal nerves that emerge at different levels to innervate different parts of the body. Sensory information enters the spinal cord via ascending tracts in the posterior region while motor commands exit via descending tracts in the anterior region, allowing for integration of reflexes. Spinal nerves branch into plexuses at certain levels to further distribute nerve signals.
Cervical plexus
The cervical plexus is a network of nerves formed by the ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves C1-C4. It provides sensory and motor innervation to the neck and shoulder regions. The cervical plexus gives rise to cutaneous branches that innervate the skin of the neck and shoulders, including the lesser occipital, great auricular, transverse cervical, and supraclavicular nerves. It also forms motor branches like the ansa cervicalis that innervate neck muscles. The phrenic nerve, which originates from C3-C5 and innervates the diaphragm, is another important branch of the cervical plexus.
03.09.09(b): Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves, part I
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 CNS sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1CNS
Spinal cord
The document provides an overview of the anatomy, internal structure, blood supply, and functional organization of the spinal cord. Key points include:
- The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to L1-L2 and is segmented into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions.
- It has a butterfly-shaped gray matter H-shape surrounded by white matter tracts that contain ascending and descending nerve fibers.
- The principal blood supply comes from the anterior and posterior spinal arteries along with segmental radicular arteries like the artery of Adamkiewicz.
- The spinal cord has a segmental organization corresponding to 31 pairs of spinal nerves that mediate motor and sensory functions.
Cranial meninges
The document discusses the cranial meninges, which are the three protective membranes that cover the brain - the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. It describes the layers and their functions in protecting the brain. It also discusses subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), which is bleeding under the arachnoid layer caused by a ruptured brain aneurysm. Treatment for SAH involves stabilizing the patient, preventing rebleeding by clipping or coiling the aneurysm, and preventing complications like vasospasm. The standard treatment is microsurgical clipping or endovascular coiling of the aneurysm as soon as possible to prevent rebleeding and improve outcomes.
The spinal cord anatomy
The spinal cord is the information highway between the brain and body, extending from the foramen magnum to the L1 vertebra. It contains 31 pairs of spinal nerves that receive sensory information and issue motor signals. The spinal cord has an outer protective covering of meninges and contains gray matter in the center for processing information and white matter surrounding it composed of bundled axons that carry signals up and down the spinal cord.
Meninges, ventricles and cerebro spinal fluid
The three layers of meninges that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord are the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. The dura mater is the outermost layer and forms structures like the falx cerebri. Between the arachnoid and pia mater is the subarachnoid space, which contains cerebrospinal fluid. The brain ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord are filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions and protects the brain, removes waste, and regulates pressure within the skull.
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The document describes the anatomy and blood supply of the spinal cord. It discusses the embryological development of the spinal cord and its gross internal and external anatomy. The three major blood vessels that supply the spinal cord are described as the anterior spinal artery, posterior spinal arteries, and radicular arteries. Effects of disruptions to these blood vessels are provided. The pathology of hemitransection of the spinal cord is also summarized, including definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management.
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The document provides an anatomy overview of the upper limbs, beginning with the axilla (armpit) and its boundaries, contents, and walls. It then discusses the breast and its structure. Next, it covers the rotator cuff muscles that stabilize the shoulder joint. Finally, it lists the muscles responsible for abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint.
The cervical plexus
The cervical plexus is formed from the anterior rami of cervical nerves C1-C4. It has cutaneous branches that innervate the skin of the head and neck, and muscular/communicating branches. The phrenic nerve from C3-C5 innervates the diaphragm. The document outlines the branches of the cervical plexus in detail, including the lesser occipital nerve, great auricular nerve, and supraclavicular nerves. It describes the muscular and communicating branches that innervate neck muscles and connect with other nerves.
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The document discusses the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. It notes there are 12 cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves. It describes the structure of the spinal cord including grey matter, white matter, dorsal and ventral roots. It also outlines the sensory and motor pathways into the spinal cord and discusses neurons, synapses, spinal nerves, and the cervical, brachial, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral plexuses. Finally, it describes the afferent and efferent divisions of the peripheral nervous system including the somatic and autonomic nervous systems and provides an example of a spinal reflex arc.
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This document describes the structure and function of the spinal cord. It discusses the external and internal anatomy, including the protective meninges, enlargements in the cervical and lumbar regions, conus medullaris, cauda equina, and filum terminale. Internally, it describes the gray matter, white matter, tracts, and roots. The spinal cord acts as a pathway for sensory and motor impulses and is responsible for reflexes. Ascending tracts conduct sensory information to the brain and descending tracts carry motor commands from the brain.
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The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the spinal cord, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It describes the anatomy of the spinal cord including its meninges, blood supply, internal organization into gray and white matter, and ascending and descending nerve pathways. It also discusses the anatomy and physiology of the ventricles, including their structure and how CSF is produced. The objectives are to review the basic anatomy of the spinal cord and ventricles and learn about the position of nerve pathways in the spinal cord and how CSF is produced.
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The document summarizes the ascending and descending spinal tracts. There are ascending tracts that conduct sensory information from the body to the brain, including the lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts for pain and temperature, and the posterior white columns for proprioception. There are also descending tracts that convey motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord to control skeletal muscles, such as the lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts. In addition, there are tracts connecting the spinal cord and cerebellum that are important for motor coordination.
Tracts spinal cord dr bikal
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The document provides an overview of the anatomy of vertebrae and the spinal cord. It discusses:
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3. Details on the unique features of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae.
4. That the spinal cord ends around the L1-L2 vertebrae and the cauda equina nerves extend below this point.
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- 1. INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF SPINAL CORD Iram Anwar
- 3. Gross Appearance Cylindrical in shape Foramen magnum L1/L2 (adult) L3 (newborn) Occupies upper ⅔ of vertebral canal Surrounded by 3 layers of meniges : dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater CSF in subarachnoid space
- 4. Enlargements: cervical & lumbar Conus medullaris Filum termniale Anterior median fissure Posterior median sulcus 31 pairs of spinal nerves attached to it by the anterior roots & posterior roots
- 6. Gray Matter H-shaped pillar with anterior & posterior gray horns United by gray commissure containing the central canal Lateral gray column (horn) present in thoracic & upper lumbar segments Amount of gray matter related to the amount of muscle innervated Consists of nerve cells, neuroglia, blood vessels Nerve cells in the anterior gray columns Large & multipolar Axons pass out in the anterior nerve roots as α-efferents Smaller nerve cells are multipolar Axons pass out in anterior roots as ɣ-efferents
- 7. Nerve cells in the posterior gray columns 4 nerve cell groups Substantia gelatinosa situated at the apex throughout the length of spinal cord composed mainly of Golgi Type II neurons Nucleus proprius anterior to substantia gelatinosa present throughout the whole length of spinal cord main bulk of cells in posterior gray column
- 8. Nucleus dorsalis (Clark’s column) base of posterior column C8 – L3 / L4 associated with proprioceptive endings (neuromuscular spindles & tendon spindles) Visceral afferent nucleus lateral to nucleus dorsalis T1 – L3 receives visceral afferent info
- 9. Nerve cells in the lateral gray columns Formed by the intermediolateral group of cells T1 – L2 / L3 Cells give rise to preganglionic sympathetic fibres In S2, S3, S4; they give rise to preganglionic parasympathetic fibres The gray commissure & central canal connects the gray on each side central canal in the centre posterior gray commissure anterior gray commissure central canal present throughout superiorly continuous with the central canal of medulla oblongata inferiorly, expands as terminal ventricle terminates within the root of filum terminale
- 10. White Matter Divided into anterior white column lateral white column posterior white column Consists of nerve fibres, neuroglia, blood vessels White due to myelinated fibres TRACTS Ascending Descending Intersegmental
- 11. Ascending Tracts Fibres that ascend from spinal cord to higher centres Conduct afferent information which may or may not reach consciousness Information may be exteroceptive (pain, Tº, touch) Lateral spinothalamic tract Pain & temp pathways 1st-order neurons Pain conducted by δ A-type fibres & C-type fibres 2nd-order neurons decussate to the opposite side 3rd-order neurons ends in sensory area in postcentral gyrus Anterior spinothalamic tracts Light (crude) touch & pressure pathways
- 12. Posterior spinocerebellar tract Muscle joint sense pathways to cerebellum Unconscious proprioception Muscle joint info from muscle spindles, GTO, joint receptors of the trunk & lower limbs Info is used by the cerebellum in the coordination of movements & maintenance of posture Anterior spinocerebellar tract Majority of 2nd-order neurons cross to the opposite side Enter cerebellum through superior cerebellar peduncle Info from trunk, upper & lower limbs Also carries info from skin & subcut tissue
- 13. Descending Tracts Lower motor neurons Upper motor neurons Corticospinal tracts concerned with voluntary, discrete, skilled movements Meninges Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater
- 15. Dura mater Dense, strong fibrous membrane Encloses the spinal cord & cauda equina Separated from wall of vertebral canal by the extradural space Arachnoid mater Delicate impermeable membrane Lies between pia and dura mater Separated from pia mater by subarachnoid space Pia mater Vascular membrane Closely covers spinal cord Thickened on either side between nerve roots to form the ligamentum denticulatum