Natural, Relaxed, and Artificial Selection
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Natural, relaxed, and artificial selection are all types of evolutionary selection. Natural selection is driven by factors like competition, variation, and differences in survival. Relaxed selection occurs when these pressures are reduced or eliminated, such as through modern medicine or lack of predators. Artificial selection is intentional human-driven selection for desirable traits in populations like livestock and pets. While they differ in their mechanisms, all three types are part of the overarching process of evolution.
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The document discusses different species concepts:
1. The typological species concept defines a species as having an idealized, invariant pattern shared by all members. It considers variation as trivial.
2. The nominalistic species concept believes that only individuals exist in nature, not species, which are human constructs.
3. The biological species concept defines a species as a group of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other such groups. It is widely accepted but has limitations for asexual groups, cryptic species, and evolutionary intermediates.
4. The evolutionary species concept defines a species as a lineage evolving separately from other lineages with its own ecological niche. It aims to address limitations of the biological concept.
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- It defines what a species is and explains that adaptations help organisms survive and reproduce.
- It notes that scientists observe species changing over time through the process of evolution as populations gradually change.
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- It discusses Charles Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle where he made observations of finch beak variations on the Galapagos Islands that influenced his theory of evolution by natural selection.
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The document discusses several key mechanisms of evolution:
1. Mutations introduce new genetic variations within populations.
2. Natural selection leads to changes in populations over generations as certain traits increase chances of survival and reproduction.
3. Gene flow spreads variations between populations through migration and interbreeding.
4. Genetic drift causes random fluctuations in allele frequencies that can accumulate over time, especially in small, isolated populations.
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DNA mutations can cause changes in gene sequences over many generations, leading to evolution through natural selection. Mutations occur randomly during DNA replication and can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral. Charles Darwin observed through his voyage on the HMS Beagle that species adapt to their environments over time, with beneficial traits increasing an organism's chances of survival and reproduction.
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- It defines what a species is and explains that adaptations help organisms survive and reproduce.
- It notes that scientists observe species changing over time through the process of evolution as populations gradually change.
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- It discusses Charles Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle where he made observations of finch beak variations on the Galapagos Islands that influenced his theory of evolution by natural selection.
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The document discusses several key mechanisms of evolution:
1. Mutations introduce new genetic variations within populations.
2. Natural selection leads to changes in populations over generations as certain traits increase chances of survival and reproduction.
3. Gene flow spreads variations between populations through migration and interbreeding.
4. Genetic drift causes random fluctuations in allele frequencies that can accumulate over time, especially in small, isolated populations.
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DNA mutations can cause changes in gene sequences over many generations, leading to evolution through natural selection. Mutations occur randomly during DNA replication and can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral. Charles Darwin observed through his voyage on the HMS Beagle that species adapt to their environments over time, with beneficial traits increasing an organism's chances of survival and reproduction.
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- Sex-limited traits are encoded by autosomal genes but only expressed in one sex, with zero penetrance in the other sex, like cock feathering in chickens.
- Some traits are encoded by cytoplasmic or mitochondrial genes inherited from the egg. Examples include chloroplasts and mitochondria.
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The process by which a new species develops from the existing species is known as speciation.
Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of natural selection in speciation in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. He also identified sexual selection as a likely mechanism, but found it problematic.
A species can be defined as one or more populations of interbreeding organisms that are reproductively isolated in nature from all other organisms.
When populations no longer interbreed, they are thought to be separate species.
There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another: allopatric, peripatric, Parapatric, and sympatric.
Speciation may also be induced artificially, through animal husbandry, agriculture, or laboratory experiments.
Allopatric speciation: It is regarded as the most common type of speciation. It involves the physical separation of a species into two groups. This may occur due to climatic changes, movement of tectonic plates leading to the fragmentation of a mass of land, or eruption of a land mass, formation of waterways, or due to the presence of an impassable mountain range.
Parapatric mode of speciation: It occurs due to partial spatial isolation of populations, and is characterized by a small overlap in their ranges as well as significant gene flow amongst the populations. However, the gene flow reduces due to changes in the local conditions, and the two populations become reproductively isolated.
Sympatric mode of speciation: It involves the formation of new species due to a genetic divergence among a few members of the species inhabiting a single geographic area. Unlike the other modes of speciation, here genetic divergence does not arise due to increase in geographic distance, but occurs within the same niche.
Peripatric speciation was Proposed by Ernst Mayr. In this type of speciation, a small group of members inhabiting a peripheral region of the range undergo reproductive isolation to form a new species. Many a time, it is considered to be a variation of allopatric speciation.
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3. The biological species concept defines a species as a group of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other such groups. It is widely accepted but has limitations for asexual groups, cryptic species, and evolutionary intermediates.
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3. Health/survival of individuals - Some breeds may experience health/welfare issues from being bred for extreme traits. Requires intervention like C-sections.
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There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another: allopatric, peripatric, Parapatric, and sympatric.
Speciation may also be induced artificially, through animal husbandry, agriculture, or laboratory experiments.
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Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection after observing that species evolve over generations through natural processes. His theory proposed that species share common ancestors and that traits within a population become more or less common through natural selection as organisms with beneficial traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. The theory can explain how antibiotic resistance has developed in bacteria, as bacteria with genetic mutations that allow survival despite antibiotics will pass on those resistance traits.
Evidence For Evolution
The document discusses multiple lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution through natural selection, as proposed by Charles Darwin.
1. Hierarchical organization of life forms reflects evolutionary relationships, with more closely related organisms having more recent common ancestors.
2. The fossil record provides evidence of transitional forms and examples of evolution over time, such as the evolution of horses and whales.
3. Comparative anatomy reveals homologous and vestigial structures that indicate common descent with modification.
4. Comparative embryology shows that more closely related organisms have more similar embryonic development.
5. Molecular biology evidence, like DNA and protein comparisons, provides very strong support for evolution through the finding of common ancestry.
Landfill
A landfill is a carefully designed structure built into or on top of the ground for collecting garbage. Garbage is isolated from the environment by a bottom liner and daily soil coverings. Landfills can cause environmental impacts like pollution, methane gas emissions, and toxic leachate. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas and leachate is a highly toxic liquid that contains organic waste and can contaminate land and water sources. While landfills have negative environmental effects, they remain an important part of waste management infrastructure for dealing with non-recyclable materials.
Theory Of Evolution of Natural Selection by DARWIN
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. As a naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle, Darwin made observations and collected evidence that led him to propose that life evolves over generations through a process of natural selection, where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and pass on their traits. Darwin believed that all species on Earth descended with modification from common ancestors over long periods of time. His theory challenged religious orthodoxy and provided a naturalistic explanation for the diversity and complexity of life.
Natural And Sexual Selection
Wayne Roth, 38, was bitten by a cobra belonging to his friend after playfully picking up the snake. Wayne refused to go to the hospital, saying "I'm a man, I can handle it." Instead, he went to a bar and had drinks while bragging about being bitten. Cobra venom is a slow-acting toxin and Wayne died within hours from the bite. His actions earned him a 1997 Darwin Award nomination for removing himself from the gene pool through an act of stupidity.
Breeding systems
This document summarizes a presentation on breeding systems for sheep and goats. It discusses purebreeding, inbreeding/linebreeding, outcrossing, crossbreeding, and heterosis. Specific breeding systems covered include two-breed crosses, rotational crosses, and terminal crosses. Advantages of crossbreeding include hybrid vigor, utilizing complementarity between breeds, and producing a uniform product. The document provides examples of historic sheep and goat breeds and influential breeders like Robert Bakewell.
Evidences of evolution
The document provides evidence for evolution from the fossil record, morphology, embryology, and biochemistry. It discusses how the incomplete fossil record still helps reconstruct evolutionary patterns and trends. Homologous structures provide morphological evidence of shared ancestry, while analogous structures evolved independently. Embryological evidence shows that embryos of related species develop similarly due to shared genes regulating development. Biochemical evidence is found in similar amino acid sequences reflecting common ancestry.
Method of breeding
Breeding involves applying genetic principles to improve economically important traits in domestic animals. The goal is to produce individuals with superior traits and characteristics, and to develop new traits. Common breeding methods include hand mating, pair mating, and harem mating. Inbreeding involves mating closely related individuals over several generations to develop lines for commercial use. It increases homozygosity but also risks inbreeding depression. Outbreeding introduces new genes by mating distantly related animals. Crossbreeding and backcrossing are used to combine desirable traits from different breeds. Grading up and mutations can also be used to improve animal stock over generations.
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Presentation on Selection
Natural and artificial selection both involve the differential reproduction of organisms with certain traits compared to others in a population. In natural selection, traits that help organisms survive and reproduce are passed on more often, while in artificial selection humans choose which traits to promote or reduce in domesticated species. Both processes can lead to changes in the traits of a population over multiple generations through the selective reproduction of organisms with favorable characteristics.
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Running Head: Genetically Altered Organisms 1
Genetically Altered Organisms 8
Regulations on Genetically Altered Organisms
Juanita Johnson
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Professor Danny Meadows
November 27, 2016
The use of genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) has been the center of many debates in recent years. While GMO’s have the potential to do great things, concerns arise over the risk involved. The United States (U.S.) is the largest grower of GM crops in the world, but unlike many other countries, there are no federal regulations on how we deal with genetically altered plants and animals. Federal laws are already in place that protects consumers by requiring that companies correctly label foods. I believe GMO’s should be included on food labels as well. Furthermore, many of our citizens do not know that GMO’s are already being used in our food. Putting all legalities aside, not informing people that they are purchasing GMO’s has an unethical air to it. There is no need to take away people’s choice in the matter by keeping them in the dark. Whether for or against GMO’s, at the very least, people should be able to make their own educated decisions about the foods they consume.
When I found out that GMO’s have been used in our foods for many years, I was angry and outraged. I felt like a guinea pig in a science experiment, unknowingly a participant in determining what side effects GMO’s may or may not have on people. I was asking myself “Where was I when these decisions were made?” I wasn’t exactly sure what a genetically modified organism entailed, and that was a major cause of my frustrations. At the time, “genetically modified” sounded like some crazy science experiment done to food. Not an appetizing term at all.
Regardless of whether or not GMO’s are labeled, it is best to educate yourself as to what they are. Closely related species can crossbreed, or have genes exchanged that create a plant that has traits of both parent species. When you genetically alter an organism, you are taking genes from one species and inserting it into an entirely different species. An example would be a study where a cow’s milk-producing genes were added into pigs DNA, in addition to genes that would help piglets digest the milk. But some crazy scientist had to take it a little further. There was a Chinese experiment done where jellyfish genes were inserted into pig DNA, and the result was glow in the dark piglets (Bodeen, 2008). Experiments like this seem very unnecessary.
Conversely, GM foods do in fact have many valuable benefits, such as increasing farming yields, vaccination by food, and even growing food in places that usually cannot support crops. There are so many countries in the world who's people suffer because the land cannot support crops. Vaccination by food has the potential to help millions and millions of people. Genetic engineering can improve the quality and life of a plant by allowing i ...
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This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 8 of an ecology textbook, including how natural selection leads to the evolution of pesticide resistance in agricultural pests. It discusses the concepts of fitness and adaptation, explaining that organisms with traits better suited to their environment will have greater reproductive success and their alleles will increase in the population over time. While natural selection increases adaptation, it does not lead to perfect organisms as environments change and variation is needed. The fossil record provides evidence of evolution through observed changes in populations over time.
Organic Food Value
Organic foods have certain requirements to be certified organic including not using pesticides or growth hormones. While organic foods are perceived to be healthier, studies have found mixed results. Some studies found higher levels of nutrients in organic foods while others found no significant differences compared to conventional foods. The benefits of organic foods in avoiding pesticides must be weighed against the higher costs and more limited availability of organic options.
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Organic foods have certain requirements to be certified organic including not using pesticides or growth hormones. While organic foods are perceived to be healthier, studies have found mixed results. Some studies found higher levels of nutrients in organic foods while others found no significant differences compared to conventional foods. People are willing to pay more for organic foods for perceived health and environmental benefits, but the higher costs and mixed research results mean the benefits of organic foods over conventional do not clearly outweigh the costs.
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natural selection tutorial general Biology 2
This document provides an overview of evolution and natural selection. It discusses how Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism for evolution, with genetic variation within populations and environmental pressures resulting in some individuals being better able to survive and reproduce. Over generations, this leads to adaptation and potentially speciation. The document also notes other factors like genetic drift, mutation, and migration that can influence gene frequencies randomly or non-randomly. It provides examples like genetic bottlenecks and founder effects to illustrate these concepts. An interactive quiz is included to help reinforce the key points.
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The document discusses human habitat and how humans have failed to properly define and live within their environmental limits like other species. It argues that humans clear forests for agriculture and structures, polluting the environment. The education system also fails to teach living sustainably and in harmony with nature. Overall, the document is critical of how humans have approached defining and living within their habitat.
Natural selection
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Plant Domestication and selection in plant breeding
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Many new species of desert have arisen from a population which was .pdf
Many new species of desert have arisen from a population which was introduced into the
American southwest. This example best describes: allopatric speciation. sympatric speciation.
microevolution. adaptive radiation. the effect of climatic change. What is the only source of all
new ? genetic drift gene flew genetic polymorphism mutation natural selection Extensive
data from hospitals have shown that born with intermediate weights are the ones most likely to
survive. This is a classic example of which type of selection? stabilizing selection directional
selection no selection disruptive selection natural selection What are considered to be the two
most important factors that have been involved in past mass ? glaciers and earthquakes disease
and parasites plate tectonics and climatic factors fire and weather events environmental and
biological factors Which was a possible source of high energy no early. Earth that likely
contributed to the origin of
Solution
11. Adaptive radiation: Adaptive radiation is when a species diversify to many different species
from one ancestral species when there is a change in the environment. Change in environment
would be when they are exposed to a different environment like in this case, to a new land.
Change in the environment presents new challenges and advantages in term of resources,
climate, predators etc. Such changes force a species to evolve to adapt.
12. Mutation: Mutation is change in the genetic code which can occur due to many reasons
which change the basic DNA code as compared to what the parent cell has. Mutation can give
the cell new characteristics or even hamper basic functions of a cell or an organism. Hence,
mutation is the only source of change in alleles
Genetic drift can happen only with mutation. Gene flow is basically the inheritance of genes
from the parents to offspring. Genetic polymorphism does not guarantee change in phenotype,
hence not change in alleles. Natural selection is basically survival of the fittest.
13. Stabilizing selection : It is when for a particular trait, the genetic diversity decreases and the
population mean stabilizes. It is assumed to be the most common type of natural selection. When
it comes to phenotypes it supports the intermediate variations.
Human babies who are underweight are susceptible to diseases and lose heat more quickly and
have high mortality rate and similarly for the babies with more than normal weight, which are
difficult to deliver..
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This document discusses biodiversity and its relationship to society, the environment, and health. It defines key terms like biodiversity, society, environment, and ecosystem. It describes the functions of biodiversity, like providing food and nutrients. The document also discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs), their purposes and potential benefits, as well as health and environmental concerns about GMOs.
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This document discusses the topics of genetically modified food and cloning. Regarding genetically modified food, it outlines both potential benefits like increasing yields and drought resistance, as well as risks like unpredictable health effects, gene flow into the environment, and lack of long-term testing. It also discusses challenges around labeling GM foods and commercial interests prioritizing profits over safety. Regarding cloning, it notes past successes cloning animals but also potential difficulties and ethical concerns about cloning humans. Overall it presents both sides of these complex issues around new biotechnologies.
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Natural, Relaxed, and Artificial Selection
- 1. Natural, Relaxed, and Artificial Selection Hasan Mahmud
- 2. Natural Selection Is the basis of the other types of selection Competition Variation Heriatble Difference in survival Relaxed and Artificial Selection are simply natural selection under different Each of the two change different parameters and
- 3. Relaxed Selection Is a selective phenomena that occurs when selective pressures are either elimatedor dramatically reduced Are many new cases as society becomes more and more complex
- 4. Examples of Relaxed Selection When selective pressures are reduced or eliminated they can be biotic or abiotic Biotic examples Predation elimination Elimination of pathogen Abiotic examples Changes in light and temperature and water Changes soil and mineral composition
- 5. Modern Medicine Modern Medicine Elimination of Many diseases that used to be lethal Compensation for Chronic and Genetic Diseases Helps with common health problems Sight problems Hearing problems
- 6. Other Examples Malaria resistance Without the pressure of possible infection there is no heterozygous advantage Galapagos Without the presence of predators and the abundance of food many animals in the Galapagos have become much larger than their main land counterparts
- 7. Problems with Relaxed Selection Many of the problems with relaxed selection only come into play when those pressures are re-introduced While some times the organism has come up with new way to deal with the pressures other times can be very costly to the pouplation
- 8. Artificial Selection Usually through intention human involvement the selection of non-essential traits in a population Many times the means through which selection is done is harmful to the population Artificial selection is done for two purposes To increase production such as milk, eggs, meat Enhancement of desired traits e.x dogs horses
- 9. Misconception of Artificial Selection Artificial Selection does and cannot create new traits Uses recessive traits or enhances existing traits to unusual expression Many of the artificially created species can still breed with ancestral species
- 11. Problems with Artificial Selection While some examples of artificial selection are not intentional Initial domestication of Animals Initial enhancement of crops Many examples of Artificial Selection are done through in breeding Purebred dogs Race horses
- 12. Connections Artificial, Relaxed, and Natural Selection are not separate and different forces Each is just a subset of the larger evolutionary force Artificial selection is taken to the extreme where there is a desired goal Relaxed selection is the absence of pressure and the evolutionary pathways that forms
- 13. Works Cited http://images.google.com/imghp?gbv=2&um=1&hl=en&btnG=Search+Images 1 Bryant, Edwin H. "Fitness Decline under Relaxed Selection in Captive Populations." Conservation Biology 13 (2001): 665-69. 2 "Evolution and Natural Selection." Evolution and Natural Selection. 10 Oct. 2008. Universtiy of Michigan. 5 Nov. 2008 <http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/selection/selection.html>. 3 Foster, Susan A., and John A. Endler. "Effects of Relaxed Selection Evolutionary Behavior." Geographic Variation in Behavior. 4 Gayle, Lisa. "Genetic Disorders." Encyclopedia of Childhood and Adolescence 42 (1998). 5 Guyon, Isabelle. "An introduction to variable and feature selection." The Journal of Machine Learning Research 3 (2003): 1157-182. 6 Innan, Hideki. "Pattern of polymorphism after strong artificial selection in a domestication event." Biological Science 109 (2004): 106667-0672. 7 "Malaria and the Red Cell." 02 Apr. 2002. Information center for sickle and thalessis Disease. 28 Nov. 2008 <http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/index.html>. 8 Robertson, A. "A Theory of Limits in Artifical Selection." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 153 (2000): 234-49.