The National Nutrition Policy adopted in 1993 aims to eradicate malnutrition in India through a multi-sectoral strategy. It utilizes direct short-term interventions like expanding nutrition programs for vulnerable groups and food fortification. Indirect long-term interventions include ensuring food security, improving purchasing power through employment generation, promoting small businesses, and nutrition education. The policy is implemented through inter-sectoral coordination at all levels of government and regular nutrition monitoring is carried out by the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau.
Weighing of the child at regular intervals, the plotting of that weight on a graph (called a growth chart) enabling one to see changes in weight, and giving advice to the mother based on this weight change is called ‘GROWTH MONITORING’
Weighing of the child at regular intervals, the plotting of that weight on a graph (called a growth chart) enabling one to see changes in weight, and giving advice to the mother based on this weight change is called ‘GROWTH MONITORING’
Nutritional assessment using anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary methods with a larger understanding of anthropometric methods used in Ethiopia
Life cannot be sustained without adequate nourishment.
Man needs adequate food for growth and development and to lead an active and healthy life.
Food plays an important role in maintaining a person's nutritional and health status.
PLANTS
Many plant & plant part are eaten as a food.
Seeds are good source of food for animals including humans because they contain nutrients.
All seeds are not healthy. Eg- apple seeds & cherry seeds contains cyanide.
Nutritional assessment using anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary methods with a larger understanding of anthropometric methods used in Ethiopia
Life cannot be sustained without adequate nourishment.
Man needs adequate food for growth and development and to lead an active and healthy life.
Food plays an important role in maintaining a person's nutritional and health status.
PLANTS
Many plant & plant part are eaten as a food.
Seeds are good source of food for animals including humans because they contain nutrients.
All seeds are not healthy. Eg- apple seeds & cherry seeds contains cyanide.
Background of National Nutrition Program
Malnutrition in Nepal
Efforts to address under-nutrition
Objectives of National Nutrition Programme
Targets of National Nutrition Programme
Strategies of National Nutrition Programme
National Nutritional Programs in India.pptxAkashDasgupta5
The National Nutritional programs and the evolution of the National Nutrition policy in order to adress the key nutritional challenges in India and reduce the burden of malnutrition.
Malnutrition in India-Background and solutions proposedRohen Agrawal
Despite India's 50% increase in GDP since 1991, more than one third of the world's malnourished children live in India. Among these, half of them under 3 are underweight and a third of wealthiest children are over-nutriented. The World Bank estimates that India is one of the highest ranking countries in the world for the number of children suffering from malnutrition. The presentation proposes how this problem of malnourishment can be eliminated from India.
Poshan Abhiyaan is a programme started by Indian government to eradicate malnutrition. It is started in 2018 on 8th of March on the occasion of International Womens Day.
The National Nutrition Programme is priority programme of the government. It aims to achieve the nutrition well-being of all people so that they can maintain a healthy life and contribute to the country’s socioeconomic development. There is a high-level commitment to improve the nutritional status especially of Adolescence, Pregnant and Lactating mother, and Children under five.
India is the second rank in population and developing in the world. It leads to other countries by own Scio-economic, cultural way. Any country health affects growth in their average expectancy and various socioeconomic indicators like Human Development Index, Multidimensional Poverty Index, and Gross Domestic Product per capita other way reducing the burden of disease. Children, pregnant and lactating women are the most affected with a reduction in cognitive and physical growth and prone to unhealthy which directly affect the productivity of the country. After independence in Indian constitute have a provision in part -IV (Article -45, 47) development of nutritional strategies and intervention in the five-year plans. Hence Government has devised several nutrition programmes like National Nutritional Anaemia Prophylaxis Programme, National Goitre Control Programme, National, Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme, Midday Meal Programme, Applied nutrition Programme, Akshaya Patra Program. The activities in each program have been seen and its impact assessed by various evaluation programs and it was found that these programmes helped the nation. They helped to provide the proper nutrition to the children and women. The implementation of these principles, together with intensification of public health and primary care services, offers an approach to ensure more equitable health care for India’s population. Keywords: India, nutritional programs, Article-45, 47
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. The National Nutrition Policy adopted by the
Government of India in 1993 under the aegis
of the Department of Women and Child
Development
The strategy of NNP was a multi-sectoral
strategy for eradicating malnutrition and
achieving optimum nutrition for all.
3. The implementation strategy involves
setting up Inter Sectoral Coordination mechanism
at Centre, State and District levels,
Advocacy and sensitisation of policy makers and
programme managers,
intensifying micronutrient malnutrition control
activities,
reaching nutrition information to people,
establishing nutrition monitoring and mapping at
State, District and Community level, and
developing district-wise disaggregated data on
nutrition.
4. To reduce the incidence of severe (8.7 per cent) and
moderate (43.8 per cent) malnutrition by half by the
year 2000 A.D.
All adolescent girls from poor families to be covered
through the ICDS by 2000 A.D. in all CD blocks of
the country and 50% of urban slums
To increase per capita availability of 215Kg, for that ,
to achieve production targets of 230 MT by 2000
At least 100 days of employment created for each
rural landless family, employment opportunities in
urban slum dwellers and urban poor
Distribution of iodized salt to cover all endemic
areas
Nutritional blindness to be completely eradicated by
2000 A.D.
To expand the Nutrition intervention net through
ICDS so as to cover all vulnerable children in the age
group 0 to 6 years.
6. It aims to address this problem by utilising
direct (short term) and indirect (long term)
interventions.
Direct interventions – short term:
1. Ensuring proper nutrition of target groups
(Vulnerable groups): The National Nutritional
Policy has paid special attention towards the
vulnerable groups and implemented many
nutritional programmes to improve the health
status of these target groups like children,
adolescents, pregnant and nursing mothers
etc.
7. ◦ Expanding the safety net for children – proper
implementation of universal immunization, oral
rehydration and ICDS services have been expanded to
cover all vulnerable children in the age group 0 to 6
years. Presently ICDS covers around 15.3 million
children from rural and urban slums. ICDS aims at
covering the remaining 15.46 nutritionally at risk
children by extending ICDS blocks of the country.
◦ Growth monitoring in 0-3 year age group: Growth
monitoring aims at identification of malnourished
children and provision of nutritional management for
the children especially 0-3 years of age group. This
includes Provision of adequate nutrition for the
children, health education of mothers, empowerment
of the mother to manage nutritional needs of her
children effectively.
8. ◦ Nutrition of adolescent girls to enable them
to attain safe motherhood: The policy has
expanded the ICDS services for the
adolescent girls to improve their nutritional
status, to prepare them for safe motherhood
by providing basic education about nutrition,
fertility, Iron supplementation etc.
◦ Nutrition of pregnant women to decrease
incidence of low birth weight: Under the
policy the government has taken measures to
improve the nutritional status of the
pregnant mothers right from 1st trimester,
supplementation of iron and folic acid,
frequent health checkups etc.
9. 2. Food fortification: Fortification of essential
food items with appropriate nutrients is
essential to avoid deficiency disorders like
iodine deficiency, iron deficiency etc.
Example, common Salt with iodine or iron.
3. Provision of low cost nutritious food:
Majority of the Indian population belongs to
low socio economic status and they cannot
afford for the expensive food products. So
there is a need to provide low cost and
nutritious food products for the people to
maintain and improve the health of the
individual, family and the community by
developing indigenous systems and with
locally available foods.
10. 4. Combating micro nutrient deficiency in
vulnerable group: Control of micronutrient
deficiencies among the vulnerable groups
especially Vitamin A, Iron, Iodine, Folic acid
among the pregnant, nursing mothers and
children through various nutritional
prophylaxis programmes is essential.
Example Vitamin A prophylaxis programme,
The nutritional anaemia prophylaxis
programme etc.
11. Indirect policy interventions – long
term:
1. Food Security: In order to ensure aggregate food
security per capita availability of 215 kg/person/year of
food grains needs to be attained. This requires
production of 250 million tones of food grains per
year by 2000 AD.
2. Improving the dietary pattern: The dietary pattern of
the people should be improved by promoting the
production and increasing the per capita availability of
nutritionally rich foods. Provision of nutritionally rich
foods at affordable cost. Production of pulses, oilseeds
and other food crops will be increased. The production
of protective food crops, such as vegetables, fruits,
milk, meat, fish and poultry shall be augmented.
Preference shall be given to green leafy vegetables and
fruits such as guava, papaya and amla with the help of
latest and improved techniques.
12. PRESENT SCENARIO: Net per capita
availability of food grains has decline to
159.2 kgsin 2002-03 from 170 kgs in 1998-
99.
Recommendation
Strengthening agricultural policies:
Insufficient food production, inadequate food
handling, processing, storage, distribution or
marketing should be tackled.
Reduce post-harvest losses
Stabilization of food supplies
13. 3. Improving the purchasing power: One of the main
causes of under nutrition is low purchasing power of
the poor. So to increase their purchasing power,
Government should generate jobs for them.
Poverty alleviation programme like Integrated Rural
Development Programme and employment
generation schemes like Jewahar Rozgar yojana ,
Nehru Rozgar Yojana and DWCRA are to be reoriented
and restructured.
It is necessary to improve the purchasing power of
the landless and the rural and urban poor by
implementing employment generation programmes.
4. Small and medium enterprises (SME): Small and
medium enterprises are essential for dynamic
economic growth and job creation. Improving access
to finance for this sector will be key factor for growth.
14. 5. Agriculture and rural development: two-thirds
of India’s people depend on rural employment
for their living. While the agriculture sector
grew at only about 2.5 percent a year for a
number of years, recent growth has touched
4.7 percent a year, facilitated by good
monsoons, greater production of high-value
crops, an increase in the minimum support
prices for grains, and the rise in global prices
for agricultural products.
Rural livelihoods projects support the
empowerment of the rural poor and the
development of their livelihoods. Encouraging
policies that promote competition in
agricultural marketing will also ensure farmers
receive better prices.
15. 6. Informal Sector Jobs: While the services
sector has been offering promising job
opportunities for skilled workers, some 90
percent of India’s labor force remains trapped
in low-productivity jobs in the informal
sector. India’s labor regulations - among the
most restrictive and complex in the world -
have constrained the growth of the formal
manufacturing sector, where these laws have
their widest application.
Better-designed labor regulations can attract
more labor-intensive investment and create
jobs for India’s unemployed millions and
those trapped in poor quality jobs.
16. 7. Prevention of Food Adulteration:
Government responsibility is to assure that food
will not cause harm to the consumer when it
is prepared and/or eaten according to its
intended use. Under the provision of the PFA Act,
the Government of India has promulgated PFA
rules which specifies the following details
Qualification, duties and functions of food
analysts, food inspectors and central food
laboratory.
Procedure for drawing test samples and sending
them to the analyst and laboratory.
Specification for the identity and purity of food.
Tolerance for contaminants, preservatives,
emulsifiers and other additives.
Present scenario demands gearing up the
enforcement
17. 8. Nutrition education: World Bank reports that
Indonesia spent only 15% of its national budget
on nutrition education and they reduced the
prevalence of under-nutrition by 40%. Hence it is
a very cost effective method in the Indian context
also.
The education strategies to make nutrition the
central talking point are:
Social marketing
Communication for behavior change
Advocacy. The services of nutrition specialists
and local community leaders should be used to
counsel about improving the dietary practices,
sanitation and hygiene, encourage breast
feeding, birth spacing, deworming of children,
gender sensitivity promoting use of fortified
foods, mineral and vitamin supplements.
18. Recommendations
• Focus on 3-6 yr age group children rather
than since birth in ICDS because mal
nutritional ready sets in by then.
• Focus on mild to moderate malnutrition and
not just on severe malnutrition.
• Establish regional, zonal centers' with
nutritionists/ scientists and use the expertise
of bio-technologists and genetic engineers.
• Empower Panchayati raj institutions and form
village level nutrition committees for micro
planning and formulating short term goals.
• A compulsory course on nutrition literacy at
the UGC level.
19. • Form a nutrition council of India like MCI for
quality management of training.
• 5 states and 50% villages contribute to more
than 80% of malnutrition cases. Special focus on
these hunger hot spots and tribal areas.
Obtaining information using civil registration
system for audit. Vigorous awareness campaigns
and setting up community grain banks
accordingly.
• Over-nutrition, obesity and lifestyle related
diseases are emerging as a threatening menace
with rapid urbanization. The target population
should be sensitized about this cause of concern.
20. 9. Land reforms: Implementing land reform
measures so that the vulnerability of the
landless and the landed poor can be reduced.
The major objectives of land reforms have
been:
• Reordering of agrarian relations in order to
achieve a democratic social structure
• Elimination of exploitation in land relations
and enlarging the land base of the rural poor
• Increasing agricultural productivity and
infusing an element of equality in local
institutions.
21. 10. Health and Family welfare:
Women's poor reproductive health in India is
affected by a variety of socio cultural and
biological factors.
Thus, efforts to improve women's education,
raise enrollment and attendance rates of girls
in school and reduce the drop-out rate on the
one hand and enhance women's income
autonomy on the other are fundamental, in
the long run, for improvements in women's
and family health.
22. 11. Nutritional surveillance: Nutritional
surveillance is necessary to understand the
nutritional status of the people. The policy
should be strengthened to conduct
nutritional surveillance of children,
adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating
mothers.
The nutritional surveillance should include the
following:
A. Anthropometry is relevant to programme
management for three reasons: i) to identify
target groups, ii) in monitoring progress, and
ii) in assessing overall programme effects.
B. Indicators used must relate to the objectives
of the programme.
23. 12. Research: Research into various nutritional
aspects should be developed to identify
various deficiency disorders, planning and
implementing the nutritional
supplementation programmes, develop
extensive methods of food production,
fortification of foods, production of nutritious
food for low cost etc.
13. Minimum wage administration: To improve
the purchasing power of the poor minimum
wage legislation should be administered.
Example at least 60 days leave for pregnant
women by the employer in the last trimester.
24. 14. Communication: The dept. of National Food
and Nutrition should take measures to
communicate the public regarding the nutritional
deficiency disorders, its prevention, and
information regarding the nutritional
programmes through effective methods of
information, education and communication. All
the outreach health care centers should be
provided with adequate facilities for this
purpose.
15. Community participation: For the effectiveness
of the services provided for the public the
government should create awareness among the
public so as to gain their participation. Encourage
the public to avail the nutritional health care
services and for their maximum utilization.
25. 16. Equal remuneration for women: The govt.
of India should take measures to empower
women by providing equal remuneration with
that of men. So that she can fulfill the
nutritional needs of the family.
17. Improvement of literacy, especially for
women: Women should be provided with
basic education, since literate women will
make the entire family as literates and she
will fulfill the nutritional requirements of the
family, so that nutritional status of the
community can be maintained.
26. 18. Improving the status of women: Women
should be empowered by providing basic
education, equal preference for the women
that of males, employment services,
enhancing the health care services for the
women etc.
19. Basic health and nutrition Knowledge: To
improve the purchasing power as well as the
consumption of nutritional rich foods health
education should be provided to the public
especially women regarding the importance
of nutrition for maintenance of health,
various nutritional deficiency disorders, its
prevention, preservation and storage of
nutrients while cooking etc.
27. 20. Monitoring of nutrition programmes: The
govt. of India through the Nutritional
Monitoring Bureau supervises and evaluates
the effective functioning of nutritional
programmes and recommends the necessary
actions required to improve and maintain the
health of all age groups.
28. Nutrition monitoring is the measurement of
the changes in the nutritional status of a
population or a specific group of individuals
over time- WHO, 1984
The National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau was
established under the aegis of Indian Council
of Medical Research in the year 1972, with
the Central Reference Laboratory at the
National Institute of Nutrition (NIN),
Hyderabad.
29. The bureau is currently in operation in the
States of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka,
Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa,
Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
The Bureau carries out surveys under the
guidance of a Steering Committee and has
been generating dynamic database on diet
and nutritional status of the communities
regularly, since 1975.
30. Objectives
To collect, on a continuous basis, on
representative segments of population in
each of the states data on dietary pattern and
nutritional status, adopting standardized and
uniform procedures and techniques, and
To periodically evaluate the ongoing National
Nutrition Programmes to identify their
strengths and weaknesses, and to
recommend appropriate corrective measures.
31. In fulfillment of its objectives, the Bureau
undertook the following activities, in the past:
Rural Surveys Regular Diet and Nutritional
assessment surveys were carried out in the
rural areas on a continuous basis.
Time Trends Considering the surveys carried
out during 1975-79 as baseline, first repeat
survey was carried out during 1988-89 and
the second repeat survey was carried out
during 1996-97, by covering the same
villages surveyed at baseline.
32. Evaluation of Nutrition Intervention programs
Applied Nutrition programme in the States of
Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa,
Himachal Pradesh, and Manipur (1977-78).
Vitamin A prophylaxis programme in the
States of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka,
Kerala, Orissa, Rajasthan, and West Bengal
(1977-78).
Supplementary Nutrition Programme in Urban
Karnataka (1980-81)
33. World Food Programme assisted
supplementary Nutrition Programme in Bihar
Gujarat, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh
and West Bengal (1981-82)
Integrated Child Development Services -
Status Appraisal in the States of Andhra
Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa
(1992)
Impact Evaluation of mid-day meal
programme in the States of Andhra Pradesh,
Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Karnataka and
Kerala (1991-92).