Nasal fractures are common facial injuries caused by blunt force trauma to the nose, such as sports injuries, assaults, or falls. The nasal bones and septum can be broken or cracked. Symptoms include bruising, swelling, deformity, and breathing difficulties. Diagnosis involves examining the nose internally and externally to check for deformities, mobility, and septal hematomas. Treatment options include closed reduction to manipulate the bones back into position or open reduction for more severe fractures. Complications can include saddle nose deformity if the septum is not properly supported during healing.
surgical anatomy of nose is a humble attempt to make the anatomy of nose simpler and easy for medical students and fellow physicians. at the end of the presentation the students will be able to identify all the structures.
Maxillectomy and craniofacial resection Mamoon Ameen
all maxillectomy types in detail and maxillofacial resection ,indications ,contraindications ,preoperative asssessment and detail techniques and rehabilitations
surgical anatomy of nose is a humble attempt to make the anatomy of nose simpler and easy for medical students and fellow physicians. at the end of the presentation the students will be able to identify all the structures.
Maxillectomy and craniofacial resection Mamoon Ameen
all maxillectomy types in detail and maxillofacial resection ,indications ,contraindications ,preoperative asssessment and detail techniques and rehabilitations
Slides prepared by highly experienced ENT teacher, Dr. Krishna Koirala from Nepal , for teaching undergraduate and postgraduate MBBS students in the field of otorhinolaryngology. A clear and concise explanation of the basic concepts in the subject matter concerned.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. Definition
• Broken nose aka. nasal fracture
• Break or crack in a nasal bone (the
bone over the bridge)
• Most common facial fracture (between
40–50%, because of protruding and
fragile structure)
• 3rd most common fracture of the bony
skeleton
3. Causes
• Contact sports
• Physical fights, assaults
• Falls (common in children)
• Motor vehicle accidents
• Falls from syncope or impaired balance in the
elderly and etc.
Sidenote. Force required to create a fracture of the nasal structure is
small, possibly as little as 25 pounds of pressure.
8. Pathogenesis
Direction of the force:
• Frontal direction infracture of the lower
margin of the nasal bones
• High frontal nasal orbital ethmoid fracture
• Heavier force severe flattening or splaying
of the nasal bones and fracture of the septum
• Lateral forces depression of the ipsilateral
nasal bone, outfracture the contralateral nasal
bone
9. • If twisted or buckled the fractured bony
and/or cartilaginous fragments are often
interlocked, septum dislocated off the
maxillary crest
Note. This is important to identify because achieving an adequate
result with a closed technique may be impossible in such a situation.
• Children’s noses mostly cartilaginous and
their nasal bones are softer and more
compliant, absorbing little of the energy from
the force of trauma.
Note. Consider septal hematoma.
13. Symptoms
• Bruising of the skin and subcutaneous tissues
• Tenderness
• Swelling
• Mobility of the nose
• Deformity
• Difficulty breathing
• Excessive nosebleeds
14. History
• Any history of a fall or force directed
toward the mid face
• Details of the injury (mechanism,
location, direction of force)
15. History
• Mechanism of the trauma
• Was there an epistaxis at the time of trauma?
• Was there a previous history of facial trauma
or surgery?
• The difference from the nasal appearance
before the trauma
• Was there a previous functional impairment in
breathing before the trauma? etc.
17. Physical examination
• Evidence of trauma to the mid face
• Deformity can be the greatest clue
• Other signs:
– Edema
– Skin laceration
– Ecchymosis
– Epistaxis (implies mucosal disruption) and cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea
– Rhinorrhea
– Nasal obsctruction
– Olfactory disorders
18. Internal examination
• Acute edema may hide deformities; however, a careful
search for intranasal injury must take place
• Adequate lighting
• Patient should be placed in a comfortable, slightly
reclined position
• Nose should be externally observed from all angles
• Bleeding can be controlled with topical cotton pledgets
soaked in vasoconstrictors
– 0.25% phenylephrine
– 4% cocaine, which also provides anesthesia
• Palpation
19. Internal examination
• Assessment of nasal cavity using speculum via direct
visualization or using endoscopy
• Push the tip of the nose upward to check for integrity
of the septal support system (diagnose if there are…)
• Retained blood clots should be removed with
suctioning or swabbing
• Search for any deformity or septal hematoma (33-
50% of the population normally has a septal defect)
• A cotton-tipped swab should be placed in each naris
up to the septum to check for deformity and mobility
20. Nasal Endoscopy
• Not entirely necessary
• However may provide additional information
and rule out the following:
– Mucosal tears
– Lacerations
– Ecchymosis
– Hematoma
22. Murray’s classification
Clinical pointers towards the diagnosis of fractures
involving nasal bones:
1. Injuries involving middle third of face
2. History of bleeding from nose following injury
3. Oedema over dorsum of nose
4. Tenderness and crepitus over nasal bone area
5. Eyelid oedema
6. Subcutaneous emphysema involving eyelids
7. Periorbital ecchymosis
23. Early treatment
• May need resuscitation (other injuries)
• Nose bleeding should be assessed
• Check for other facial fractures, e.g. orbital rim,
mandible
• Ensure airway patency, adequate ventilation
• Ensure overall stability of the patient
• Treatment begins with management of external
soft tissue injuries (clean lacerations and carefully
repair them)
• It is critical to rule out septal haematomas
24. Septal Hematomas
• High risk of complications if left untreated
• Needle drainage ASAP
• Prophylactic treatment with an antibiotic (e.g.,
augmentin or clindamycin)
• Untreated may result in intracranial abscess,
cavernous sinus thrombosis, or meningitis
25.
26. Manipulation of fracture
Dislocation of the nasal bone is common. If a previously straight nose is bent following
an injury, it must be broken. If it is not bent after an injury, the bones will heal and there
will be no external deformity.
• Stand behind and above the patient’s head and look
down on the nose
– If there is no deformity, no manipulation or
splinting is needed
– If the nasal bones are displaced, plan a reduction
of the fracture
27. Manipulation of fracture
Nasal injury often results in deviation of the nasal septum, causing airway
obstruction.
• Rarely needs immediate treatment
• If there is no external deformity, an ENT
surgeon will arrange septal surgery –
‘septoplasty’ – after a period of weeks or
months
28. Manipulation of fracture
• If there is a complex injury to both the bones
and the cartilage simultaneous correction
of both before the bones have set
• The optimum timing for straightening the
nose is usually 7–10 days after the injury
29. Late treatment of nasal fractures
• If presented months or years after injury,
manipulation is clearly not possible
• Formal corrective surgery to both the bones
and the cartilage – septorhinoplasty – is the
only way to correct the deformity
It is a difficult procedure and it is far better to treat a nasal fracture well at the
time of injury.
30. Closed Reduction (CR)
• Most preferred treatment modality
• Even if large deviations are seen closed reduction
can be attempted prior to rhinoplasty as this
would simplify the task of the plastic surgeon
• Indications for closed reduction according to
Bailey:
1. Unilateral / Bilateral fracture of nasal bones
2. Fracture of nasal septal complex with nasal
deviation of less than half of the width of the nasal
bridge
31. CR
• Preoperative profile photograph of the patient is a
must
• Both topical and infiltrative anaesthesia is used for
reduction of nasal bones
– 4% xylocaine topical
• Infiltrative. 2% xylocaine is infiltrated in the following
areas:
1. Through the intercartilagenous area over the nasal bones
2. Over the canine fossa
• After successful reduction the nasal cavity should be
packed with antibiotic ointment impregnated gauze
39. OR
• Indications:
1. Extensive fractures associated with dislocation of
the nasal bones and septum
2. Deviation of nasal pyramid of more than half of
the width of the nasal bridge.
3. Fracture dislocation of caudal septum
4. Open fractures involving the nasal septum
5. Persistent nasal deformity even after meticulous
closed reduction
40.
41. Imaging
• In an uncomplicated nasal fracture, plain x-ray films are
rarely indicated
• X-rays can be helpful in some cases, but cause
confusion in most cases. May be useful in checking the
adequacy of reduction.
• Plain x-rays will not identify cartilaginous disruptions
• If cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea is suspected
CT scan
NOTE: CSF leaks are rare and are associated with a
fracture of the cribriform plate or posterior wall of
the frontal sinus. The leak may not be apparent for
several days after injury.
43. Complications
• Soft tissue injury
• Infection
• Fracture of the facial skeleton
• Septal hematoma
• Fracture or dislocation of septum
• Possible development of a saddle nose
• Blowout fractures
• Nasolacrimal duct injury
• Inflammation
• Fracture of the cribriform plate
44. Saddle Nose Deformity
• Can occur when there is a loss of dorsal septal cartilage
• Physical exam: marked “saddle” or “dipping” of the
external structures between the nasal bones and nasal tip
upward tilting of the nasal tip
• This can collapse the nasal valve area (complaints of nasal
congestion)
• Determine: classification of deformity, status of the internal
and external nasal valves, and the structural integrity of the
support structures
• Surgical management: reconstruction of the septal cartilage
and/or bridge of the nose
• However, persons with a disease that can destroy the septal
cartilage are at risk for continuing damage despite surgery
45. Causes
• Septal hematoma
• Nasal surgeries: septoplasty, rhinoplasty, or
both
• Trauma
• Diseases that destroy septal cartilage (Wegener’s
granulomatosis, relapsing polychondritis)
• Large septal perforation
• Cocaine use
Editor's Notes
25 pounds = 11.3 kilos
The nose is supported by cartilage anteriorly and inferiorly and by bone posteriorly and superiorly.
Visual changes and neurological complaints in nasal orbital ethmoid fracture.
any unusual variations in contour, size, anatomic angles, lacerations of the skin, and hematomas noted
…bone depression, displacement, or mobility
Murray etal after examining nearly 70 patients with fracture nasal bones classified them
into 7 types. This classification was based on damage suffered by the nasal septum. This is
actually a pathological classification.
Management of septal hematoma. (A) Cross-sectional view of a septal hematoma, showing blood accumulation between the septum and perichondrium. Treatment involves anesthesia, followed by (B) incision using a hemostat, (C) drainage of the hematoma, and (D) insertion of sterile gauze to prevent the reaccumulation of blood.
CT is warranted to rule out associated maxillofacial trauma