The nasal drug delivery system is one of the fastest growing healthcare sectors, with the market expected to be worth $30 billion by 2010. Nasal delivery provides advantages over other methods by allowing for lower doses with fewer side effects and rapid onset of action. Drugs commonly administered nasally include beta-agonists, corticosteroids, antibiotics, and vaccines. Formulations must consider physiological factors like metabolism and toxicity as well as properties like particle size, pH, concentration, and lipophilicity to optimize absorption. The nasal route is well-suited for delivery of non-peptide drugs and peptides like insulin.

1. 1
RESPIRATORY DRUG
DELIVERY SYSTEM
BY
SUNILBOREDDY

2. Novel Drug Delivery System
Nasal Drug Delivery System
Medical aspects
Formulation Development
Applications
Conclusion
CONTENTS
2

3. Novel drug delivery is one of
the fastest growing healthcare
sectors, with sales of drugs
incorporating novel drug
delivery systems increasing @
an annual rate of 15%
3

4. By 2010, the US drug
delivery market alone will
be worth $30 billion
4

5. Why Novel Drug
Delivery system?
To optimize drug’s therapeutic
effect, convenience and dose
To enhance a product’s life-cycle
To improve `patient compliance
To target drug delivery
To control overall healthcare costs
To facilitate biological drug delivery
5

6. Drug Delivery Systems
Oral
Inject-
able
Mucosal
Trans-
dermal
Ocular
Vaginal/
Anal
Needle
Needle-
less
Nasal
Buccal
Pulmo-
nary
Active
Passive
Topical
6

7. Global drug delivery market by administration mode
Oral 53%
Inhalation
32%
Transdermal
8%
Injectable/
Implant 3%
Ocular 2%
Nasal 2%
7

8. NASAL
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
8

9. Inhalation/pulmonary drug delivery system includes
Metered dose inhalers
Dry powder inhalers
Inhalation nasal sprays
Inhalation solutions & suspensions (for nebulizers)
9

10. Nasal Drug Delivery System
&
Opportunity
Annual market growth
Merits
Limitations
10

11. Annual growth of
locally acting
products
Annual growth of
systemically acting
products
11%
30%
11

12. Lower dose & hence lower side effects
Merits...
For CNS drugs, better site for rapid onset of
action
Eg. Inhalation anesthesia, Morphine etc.
Useful for both local & systemic drug delivery
12

13. Limitations
Pathologic conditions such as cold or allergies
may alter significantly the nasal bioavailability
Once administered, rapid removal of the
therapeutic agent from the site of absorption is
difficult
13

14. NASAL ROUTE
- medical aspects
14

15.  The respiratory tract, which includes the
 nasal mucosa
 hypopharynx
 large airways &
 small airways
 provides a relatively large mucosal surface
area of approx. 100 m2 (in normal adult)
for drug absorption
15
DRUG DELIVERY TO RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

16. Cross-sectional view
Pathways for nasal absorption
Nasal site of drug spray & absorption
16

17. Cross-sectional view
17
a – nasal vestibule d – middle turbinate
b – palate e – superior turbinate (olfactory mucosa)
c – inferior turbinate f – nasopharynx

18. Site of drug
spray &
absorption
18

19. Pathways for nasal absorption
 Absorption into the cerebrospinal fluid
 Absorption through the supporting cells & the
surrounding capillary bed
- venous drainage
19

20. Transneuronal absorption
Olfactory nerve – 1st
cranial sensory nerve
20

21. Venous drainage
21

22. •Cyto chrome P 450 dependent Lactate
dehydrogenase, Oxidoreductase, Hydrolases, lactic
dehydogenase, malic enzymes, lysosomal proteinases,
steroid hydroxylase.
Nasal enzymes
Nasal pH
•Nasal secretion of adult : 5.5-6.5
•Infants and children: 5-6.7
22

23. Therapeutic class of
drugs for nasal route
23

24. Therapeutic class of drugs
1. β2 adrenergic agonists
2. Corticosteroids
3. Antiviral
4. Antibiotics
6. More recently, vaccines
5. Antifungal
24

25. Drugs commonly administered through pulmonary
route include
1. Terbutaline Sulphate - β2 adrenergic agonist
2. Salbutamol - β2 adrenergic agonist
4. Ipratropium Bromide - anticholinergic
5. Sodium Chromoglycate – mast cell stabilizer
3. Budesonide - corticosteroid
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26. Formulation
Development
26

27. Formulation Development
Dosage formDosage form
Formulation considerationsFormulation considerations
Physiological
Pharmaceutical
27

28. Dosage forms
Liquid drop
Liquid spray/nebulizers
Suspension spray/nebulizers
Gel
Sustained release
Aerosol
28

29. Physiological effects
- Drug metabolism in the respiratory tract &
reduction of systemic effect
- Local toxic effects of the drug
Eg., edema, cell injury, or altered tissue defenses
Local or systemic effects of propellants, preservatives,
or carriers
29

30. Pharmaceutical
- Physico-chemical properties of a drug candidate
- Spray pump devices
- Methods to enhance drug absorption
30

31. 1. Effect of particle size
2. Effect of molecular size
3. Effect of solution pH
5. Effect of drug concentration
4. Effect of drug lipophilicity
31

32. 1. Effect of particle size
(aerodynamic size distribution)
- Large particles (> 7 microns) will be lost in the
gastrointestinal tract
- Intermediate particles (3 to 7 microns) reach the
actual site of action
- Small particles (< 3 microns) will be lost in exhaled
breathe
32

33. 2. Effect of molecular size
- Higher the molecular size, lower the nasal absorption
Absorption enhancers:
Polyacrylic acid
Sodium Glycocholate
Sodium Deoxycholate
Polysorbate 80 etc.
33

34. 3. Effect of solution pH
- Nasal absorption is pH dependent
- Absorption is higher at a pH lower than the
dissociation constant (pKa) of the molecule.
34

35. 4. Effect of drug lipophilicity
-
- Lipid soluble drugs are absorbed more rapidly
than water soluble drugs
5. Effect of drug concentration
- Absorption depends on the initial concentration of
the drug
35

36. Methods to enhance nasal absorption of drugs
Structural modification
Formulation design
Salt or ester formation
36

37. SPRAY PUMP DEVICES
- Unidose
- Multidose
- Bidose
37

38. Bidose
Unidose
38

39. Multidose
39

40. Applications
Delivery of non-peptide pharmaceuticals
Delivery of diagnostic drugs
Delivery of peptide-based pharmaceuticals
40

41. 1. Delivery of non-peptide pharmaceuticals
Drugs with extensive pre-systemic metabolism, such as
- progesterone
- estradiol
- propranolol
- nitroglycerin
- sodium chromoglyate
can be rapidly absorbed through the nasal mucosa
with a systemic bioavailability of approximately 100%
41

42. 2. Delivery of peptide-based pharmaceuticals
Eg. Insulin, Calcitonin, Pituitary hormones etc.
Nasal route is proving to be the best route for
such biotechnological products
3. Delivery of
diagnostic drugs
Diagnostic agents such as
• Phenolsulfonphthalein – kidney function
42

43. CONCLUSION
43

44. Nasal route is a part of drug delivery
strategy that is emerging to be a fastest
growing drug delivery system with an
annual growth of
11% for locally acting drugs
&
30% for systemically acting drugs
44

45. Nasal drug delivery offers such benefits as
Rapid onset of action with lower dose &
minimal side effects
Has an advantage of site-specific delivery
with improved therapeutic effects
45

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