PULMONARY DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

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PULMONARY DRUG DELIVERY
SYSTEM
PULMONARY DRUG DELIVERY
SYSTEM
PRESENTED BY:NIKHIL K. SHETE
2nd
SEM M- PHARM.
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS
RCPIPER, SHIRPUR
2015-16

2.  Introduction
 Objective
 Anatomy & physiology of lungs
 Factors affecting on pulmonary drug delivery system
 Mechanism of pulmonary absorption
 Advantages & disadvantages
 Current technologies
 Drugs given by pulmonary route:
 Conclusion
 References
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CONTENTS:CONTENTS:

3.  Pulmonary drug delivery is primarily used to treat conditions
of the airways, delivering locally acting drugs directly to their
site of action.
 Delivery of drugs directly to their site of action reduces the
dose needed to produce a pharmacological effect.
 As the lung is able to absorb both water and oil into the
tissue, this is not a restriction of pulmonary delivery
 Carriers like micro particles, nanoparticles, liposomes can be
used in lung targeting
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INTRODUCTION

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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY OF LUNG

5.  shortest average pathlength will show greatest peripheral
deposition.
 In nose breathing particles are deposited in the nose and
pharynx, Hence for pulmonary drug delivery, the aerosols are
inhaled via the mouth.
 Increasing the inspiratory flow rate (IFR) will enhance
deposition
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PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS PARTICLE DEPOSITION IN
THE AIRWAYS
Lung morphologyLung morphology
Oral vs. nasal breathingOral vs. nasal breathing
Inspiratory flow rateInspiratory flow rate

6.  volume of air inhaled in one breath, the “Tidal volume”.
 Increasing the time between the end of inspiration and the
start of exhalation increases the time for sedimentation to
occur.
 Bronchial obstruction result in localized deposition in the
larger airways of the TB region.
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Tidal volumeTidal volume
Breath holdingBreath holding
Disease statesDisease states

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Pharmaceutical factors affecting aerosol depositionPharmaceutical factors affecting aerosol deposition
Size and DensitySize and Density
Less than 5 µm sutable & densities of 0.4 g cm−3 are efficiently
deposited in the lungs.
ShapeShape
•Particles which are non-spherical will have at least one physical dimension
which is greater than the aerodynamic diameter.Particle shape should be uniform.
DensityDensity
Large porous particles with physical diameters of 20 μm and
Physical StabilityPhysical Stability
DPIs may be hygroscopic and,99.5% RH 37 0C greater chance of being
prematurely deposited.

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The fate of particles in the airwaysThe fate of particles in the airways
Mucus barrierMucus barrier
The first barrier
• The thickness of the mucus layer;
• Mucus viscosity
• Molecular size of the drug—for THE binding molecules to mucus
glycoproteins via electrostatic interactions increase contact time
Alveolar clearanceAlveolar clearance
The uptake of particles by alveolar macrophages is a fairly rapid
process clearance

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Mucociliary clearanceMucociliary clearance
The mucus not exist as a stagnant layer but is constantly being
propelled along the TB airways by the rhythmic beating of cilia on
epithelial cells,
Drug entrapped in the mucus will be removed from the TB region
via mucociliary clearance within a few hours after being deposited.
Fig. Process of mucocillary clearance

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Factors affecting the absorption and metabolism of drugs in the
airways
Factors affecting the absorption and metabolism of drugs in the
airways
Area & Absorption barrier thicknessArea & Absorption barrier thickness
The surface area of the airways is approximately 140 m2, greater surface area
the absorption of the drug.
Blood supplyBlood supply
•The lung receives 100% of the cardiac output via a network of fine capillaries.
•This rich blood supply which promotes rapid gaseous exchange is also
beneficial for systemic drug delivery.

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Mechanism of Pulmonary drug absorptionMechanism of Pulmonary drug absorption
Drug
Transcellular
Transport
Lipophilic Drug
Absorbed
Paracellular
Transport
Hydrophilic Drug
Absorbed

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ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
• low dose need due to targeted action because of that reduced systemic
side-effects
• Rapid onset of action;
• Avoidance of gastrointestinal upset;
• Avoidance of intestinal and hepatic first-pass metabolism.
• Nasal drug delivery is attractive not because it is BETTER than
injectable
•It used when a drug is poorly absorbed orally
e.g. Na cromoglicate.

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DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES
• Various factors affect the reproducibility of drug delivery to the lungs,
including physiological and pharmaceutical (device, formulation)
variables.
• limited absorbtion due to physical barrier of the mucus layer and the
interactions of drugs with mucus.
• Mucociliary clearance reduces the retention time of drugs within the
lungs.

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CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR PULMONARY DRUG DELIVERYCURRENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR PULMONARY DRUG DELIVERY
Currently there are three principal categories of aerosol generator employed in
inhalation therapy:
• Nebulizer;
• Pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pmdi);
• Dry powder inhaler (DPI).

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Air-jet nebulizersAir-jet nebulizers
Nebulizer Defination ---
Drug solution is drawn from the reservoir up the capillary as a result of the
region of negative pressure created by the compressed
air passing over the open end of the capillary (Venturi effect).

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Ultrasonic nebulizersUltrasonic nebulizers
These nebulizers rely on a transducer made from a piezo-electric crystal which
produces high frequency sound waves in the liquid.
The waves give rise to vertical capillaries of liquid (“fountains”) which, when the
amplitude of the energy applied is sufficient, break up to provide an aerosol.

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Pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pmdi)Pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pmdi)
1. Container
2. Metering
valve
3. An elastomer
seal
4. The actuator
5. propellant

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Dry powder inhalers (DPIs)Dry powder inhalers (DPIs)
For successful delivery of drug particles into the lung requires that particle
size should be controlled to <5 μm
The problems associated with particle size is to use a carrier particle such as
lactose. (usually 20–100 μm)
Spinhaler

19.  For Asthma:
B-adrenergic agents eg.salbutamol,terbutaline
Anticholinergics eg. Ipratropium Br
 Pulmonary Infections:(Pulmonary aspargillosis)
Antibiotics eg. Erythromycin & amphotericine-B
Cardiovascular agents:
Nifedipine,Nitroglycerine
Antiviral agents:
Rebavirin,zenamivir
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DRUGS GIVEN BY PULMONARY ROUTE:DRUGS GIVEN BY PULMONARY ROUTE:

20. PDDS used becouse of limition associsted with the
conventional treatment of verious chronic disease
In this DDS directly act to lung and get systemic and
local effect
Modification in PDDS keep going on to modify release
profile to over come limitation associate
Physicochemical barrier
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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

21. 1. Karhale Ashish A., Chaudhari Hiralal S., Ughade Prajkta L., Baviskar
Dheeraj T., Jain Dinesh K. “Pulmonary Drug Delivery System” International
Journal of PharmTech Research, Vol.4, No.1, Jan-Mar 2012
2. Chaturvedi N.P.*, Solanki h. “Pulmonary drug delivery system: review”,
international journal of applied pharmaceutics Vol 5, Issue 3, 2013
3. ND Shah, VV Shah and ND Chivate, “Pulmonary Drug Delivery: A
Promising Approach”, Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 02 (06);
2012
4. Hillery m.,Lloyd w.,2005, ‘Advanced Drug Delivery and Targeting: An
Introduction’Drug Delivery & Targeting, 3rd
Edition, Taylor & Francis Inc,29
West 35th Street, New York,Page no:244-273
5. Banker s. g.,Rhodes t. c.,2002, ‘Target Oriented Drug Delivery
System’Modern Pharmaceutics,4th
Edition,United States Of America,Page
no:431-480 21
REFERENCESREFERENCES

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