1) Nasal drug delivery is a growing sector, with sales increasing annually by 15%. It provides a non-invasive alternative to oral and injectable routes.
2) The nasal route offers advantages like rapid drug absorption, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, and delivery of drugs directly to the brain. However, it also faces challenges like limited absorption area and risk of irritation.
3) Various technologies are being used and developed to enhance nasal drug delivery, such as aqueous nasal sprays, gels, and aerosols to improve drug deposition and absorption in the nasal cavity.
Introduction
Anatomy and physiology of lungs
Advantage and disadvantage of Pulmonary Drug Delivery system.
Aerosols , propellants & container types.
Current technologies for pulmonary drug delivery.
New technologies for pulmonary drug delivery.
Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Aerosols & PDDS.
Pulmonary drug delivery is primarily used to treat conditions of the airways, delivering locally acting drugs directly to their site of action.
Delivery of anti-asthmatic and other locally acting drugs directly to their site of action reduces the dose needed to produce a pharmacological effect, while the low concentrations in the systemic circulation may also reduce side-effects.
The drugs which are administered by pulmonary route are not only for lungs delivery but it goes to systemic circulation and produce the effect where it is desired through out the body. For Eg. A product containing ergotamine tartrate is available as an aerosolized dosage inhaler for the treatment of migraine & Volatile anesthetics, including, halothane, are also given via the pulmonary route.
Used for inhalation and topical aerosols .
Manufactured by impact extrusion process.
Light in weight, less fragile, Less incompatibility due to its seamless nature.
Greater resistance to corrosion .
Pure water and pure ethanol cause corrosion to Al containers.
Added resistance can be obtained by coating inside of the container with organic coating like phenolic , vinyl or epoxy and polyamide resins.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system interact with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface, & mucin molecules & increase the residence time of the dosage form at the site of the absorption.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system is a part of controlled delivery system.
Since the early 1980,the concept of Mucoadhesion has gained considerable interest in pharmaceutical technology.
combine mucoadhesive with enzyme inhibitory & penetration enhancer properties & improve the patient complaince.
MDDS have been devloped for buccal ,nasal,rectal &vaginal routes for both systemic & local effects.
Hydrophilic high mol. wt. such as peptides that cannot be administered & poor absorption ,then MDDS is best choice.
Mucoadhesiveinner layers called mucosa inner epithelial cell lining is covered with viscoelasticfluid
Composed of water and mucin.
Thickness varies from 40 μm to 300 μm
General composition of mucus
Water…………………………………..95%
Glycoproteinsand lipids……………..0.5-5%
Mineral salts……………………………1%
Free proteins…………………………..0.5-1%
The mechanism responsible in the formation of mucoadhesive bond
Step 1 : Wetting and swelling of the polymer(contact stage)
Step 2 : Interpenetration between the polymer chains and the mucosal membrane
Step 3 : Formation of bonds between the entangled chains (both known as consolidation stage)
Electronic theory
Wetting theory
Adsorption theory
Diffusion theory
Fracture theory
Advantages over other controlled oral controlled release systems by virtue of prolongation of residence of drug in GIT.
Targeting & localization of the dosage form at a specific site
-Painless administration.
-Low enzymatic activity & avoid of first pass metabolism
If MDDS are adhere too tightlgy because it is undesirable to exert too much force to remove the formulation after use,otherwise the mucosa could be injured.
-Some patient suffers unpleasent feeling.
-Unfortunately ,the lack of standardized techniques often leads to unclear results.
-costly drug delivery system
Introduction
Anatomy and physiology of lungs
Advantage and disadvantage of Pulmonary Drug Delivery system.
Aerosols , propellants & container types.
Current technologies for pulmonary drug delivery.
New technologies for pulmonary drug delivery.
Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Aerosols & PDDS.
Pulmonary drug delivery is primarily used to treat conditions of the airways, delivering locally acting drugs directly to their site of action.
Delivery of anti-asthmatic and other locally acting drugs directly to their site of action reduces the dose needed to produce a pharmacological effect, while the low concentrations in the systemic circulation may also reduce side-effects.
The drugs which are administered by pulmonary route are not only for lungs delivery but it goes to systemic circulation and produce the effect where it is desired through out the body. For Eg. A product containing ergotamine tartrate is available as an aerosolized dosage inhaler for the treatment of migraine & Volatile anesthetics, including, halothane, are also given via the pulmonary route.
Used for inhalation and topical aerosols .
Manufactured by impact extrusion process.
Light in weight, less fragile, Less incompatibility due to its seamless nature.
Greater resistance to corrosion .
Pure water and pure ethanol cause corrosion to Al containers.
Added resistance can be obtained by coating inside of the container with organic coating like phenolic , vinyl or epoxy and polyamide resins.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system interact with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface, & mucin molecules & increase the residence time of the dosage form at the site of the absorption.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system is a part of controlled delivery system.
Since the early 1980,the concept of Mucoadhesion has gained considerable interest in pharmaceutical technology.
combine mucoadhesive with enzyme inhibitory & penetration enhancer properties & improve the patient complaince.
MDDS have been devloped for buccal ,nasal,rectal &vaginal routes for both systemic & local effects.
Hydrophilic high mol. wt. such as peptides that cannot be administered & poor absorption ,then MDDS is best choice.
Mucoadhesiveinner layers called mucosa inner epithelial cell lining is covered with viscoelasticfluid
Composed of water and mucin.
Thickness varies from 40 μm to 300 μm
General composition of mucus
Water…………………………………..95%
Glycoproteinsand lipids……………..0.5-5%
Mineral salts……………………………1%
Free proteins…………………………..0.5-1%
The mechanism responsible in the formation of mucoadhesive bond
Step 1 : Wetting and swelling of the polymer(contact stage)
Step 2 : Interpenetration between the polymer chains and the mucosal membrane
Step 3 : Formation of bonds between the entangled chains (both known as consolidation stage)
Electronic theory
Wetting theory
Adsorption theory
Diffusion theory
Fracture theory
Advantages over other controlled oral controlled release systems by virtue of prolongation of residence of drug in GIT.
Targeting & localization of the dosage form at a specific site
-Painless administration.
-Low enzymatic activity & avoid of first pass metabolism
If MDDS are adhere too tightlgy because it is undesirable to exert too much force to remove the formulation after use,otherwise the mucosa could be injured.
-Some patient suffers unpleasent feeling.
-Unfortunately ,the lack of standardized techniques often leads to unclear results.
-costly drug delivery system
Intranasal drug delivery system - Introduction, Nasal enzymes and nasal ph, cross sectional view of nose, factors affecting nasal absorption, general formulations of intranasal drugs, Intranasal dosage forms, nasal sprays, spray pump devices, nasal aerosols, compressed air nebulizers, nasal powder, nasal gels, applications of intranasal drug delivery system, delivery of intranasal vaccines, intranasal anaesthesia, Evaluation of intranasal formulation, ussing chamber, Advantages and disadvantages of intranasal drug delivery system
Gastro retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS)Shweta Nehate
Oral route is the most acceptable route for drug administration. Apart from conventional dosage forms several other forms were developed in order to enhance the drug delivery for prolonged time period and for delivering drug to a particular target site. Gastro-retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) has gainned immense popularity in the field of oral drug delivery recently. it is a widely employed approach to retain the dosage form in the stomach for an extended period of time and release the drug slowly that can address many challenges associated with conventional oral delivery, including poor bioavailability. different innovative approaches are being applied to fabricate GRDDS. Gastroretentive drug delivery is an approach to prolong gastric residence time, there by targeting site-specific drugs release in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for local or systemic effects. It is obtained by retaining dosage form into stomach and by releasing the in controlled manner.
Pulmonary route used to treat different respiratory diseases from last decade.
The inhalation therapies involved the use of leaves from plants, vapours from aromatic plants, balsams, and myhrr.
Pulmonary drug delivery is primarily used to treat conditions of the airways, delivering locally acting drugs directly to their site of action.
Delivery of drugs directly to their site of action reduces the dose needed to produce a pharmacological effect.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system has gained interest among pharmaceutical scientists as a means of promoting dosage form residence time as well as improving intimacy of contact with various absorptive membranes of the bio- logical system
Intranasal drug delivery system - Introduction, Nasal enzymes and nasal ph, cross sectional view of nose, factors affecting nasal absorption, general formulations of intranasal drugs, Intranasal dosage forms, nasal sprays, spray pump devices, nasal aerosols, compressed air nebulizers, nasal powder, nasal gels, applications of intranasal drug delivery system, delivery of intranasal vaccines, intranasal anaesthesia, Evaluation of intranasal formulation, ussing chamber, Advantages and disadvantages of intranasal drug delivery system
Gastro retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS)Shweta Nehate
Oral route is the most acceptable route for drug administration. Apart from conventional dosage forms several other forms were developed in order to enhance the drug delivery for prolonged time period and for delivering drug to a particular target site. Gastro-retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) has gainned immense popularity in the field of oral drug delivery recently. it is a widely employed approach to retain the dosage form in the stomach for an extended period of time and release the drug slowly that can address many challenges associated with conventional oral delivery, including poor bioavailability. different innovative approaches are being applied to fabricate GRDDS. Gastroretentive drug delivery is an approach to prolong gastric residence time, there by targeting site-specific drugs release in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for local or systemic effects. It is obtained by retaining dosage form into stomach and by releasing the in controlled manner.
Pulmonary route used to treat different respiratory diseases from last decade.
The inhalation therapies involved the use of leaves from plants, vapours from aromatic plants, balsams, and myhrr.
Pulmonary drug delivery is primarily used to treat conditions of the airways, delivering locally acting drugs directly to their site of action.
Delivery of drugs directly to their site of action reduces the dose needed to produce a pharmacological effect.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system has gained interest among pharmaceutical scientists as a means of promoting dosage form residence time as well as improving intimacy of contact with various absorptive membranes of the bio- logical system
Nasopulmonary drug delivery system: Introduction to Nasal and Pulmonary routes of drug delivery, Formulation of Inhalers (dry powder and metered dose), nasal sprays, nebulizers
Introduction to Nasal drug delivery system,Anatomy of Nasal cavity,Advantages n limitataions of Nasal DDS,Mechanism,factors affecting Nasal DDS,Formulation,methods to enhance Nasal DDS,Dosage forms,Evalaution
INTRA NASAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM By RohitSharma.pptxRohit629384
A brief overview on Formulation of Intra Nasal Drug Delivery System By Rohit Sharma
#DrugDelivery
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#PharmaceuticalIndustry
#PrecisionMedicine
Intranasal drug delivery is a method of administering medications through the nasal route. This approach offers several advantages over traditional oral or injectable routes, including rapid onset of action, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, and non-invasive delivery.
The nasal cavity is an attractive route for drug administration due to its large surface area, rich vascularization, and permeability to many drugs. In intranasal drug delivery, medications can be administered in various forms such as nasal sprays, drops, powders, or gels.
Once administered, drugs can quickly enter the bloodstream through the nasal mucosa, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract and liver metabolism. This can lead to improved bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy for certain drugs.
Intranasal drug delivery has been utilized for a wide range of applications including pain management, hormone therapy, vaccination, treatment of allergic rhinitis, and central nervous system disorders such as migraine and epilepsy. Ongoing research continues to explore new formulations, delivery techniques, and applications for this versatile drug delivery system.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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NYSORA Guideline
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
1. 1
Prepared By: Prof. Shashank Chaurasiya
Asst. Professor
Bansal College of pharmacy, Bhopal
2. Novel drug delivery is one of the
fastest growing healthcare sectors,
with sales of drugs incorporating
novel drug delivery systems
increasing @ an annual rate of 15%
2
ABOUT
7. It is also a type of muco-adhesive drug delivery system.
Intranasal Medication administration offers a truly
“Needleless” solution to drug delivery.
Therapy through intranasal administration has been an
accepted as form of treatment in the Ayurvedic system
of Indian medicine
7
8. NASAL ENZYMES:
• Cytochrome p-450 dependent oxygenase ,
dehydrogenase , oxydoreductase ,
hydrolases, esterases, lactic dehydrogenases,
lactate
acid
malic
enzymes, lysosomal proteinases, steroid hydroxylases
etc.
NASAL PH:
• Adult nasal secretion pH: 5.5-6.5
• Infants & children : 5-6.7.
• Lysosome in the nasal secretion helps as antibacterial &
its activity is diminished in alkaline pH.
8
9. 1 A noninvasive route.
2. Hepatic first – pass metabolism is absent.
3. Rapid drug absorption.
4. Quick onset of action.
5.The bioavailability of larger drug molecules can be improved by
means of absorption enhancer or other approach.
6. Better nasal bioavailability for smaller drug molecules.
7. Drugs which can not be absorbed orally may be delivered tothe
systemic circulation through nasal drug delivery system.
8.Convenient route when compared with parenteral route for long
term therapy.
9
10. 1. The absorption enhancers used to improve nasal drug delivery
system may have histological toxicity which is not yet
clearly established
2. Absorption surface area is less when compared to GIT.
3. Once the drug administered can not be removed.
4. Nasal irritation.
10
14. The olfactory mucosa (smelling area in nose) is in direct
contact with the brain and CSF.
Medications absorbed across the olfactory mucosa directly
enter the brain.
This area is termed the nose brain pathway and offers a
rapid, direct route for drug delivery to the brain.
Olfactory
mucosa
Highly vascular
nasal mucosa
Brain
CSF
14
15. 15
• Aq route of transport.
• Slow and passive.
• Transport through lipoidal membrane
• Active transport via carrier mediated
means.
Paracellular
transport
Transcellular
transport
19. 19
Drug concentration
Mucosal contact time
pH of the absorption site
Size of the drug particle
Relative lipid solubility
Molecular weight of the drug
20. 20
1. Effect of perfusion rate
2. Effect of perfusate volume
3. Effect of solution pH
4. Effect of drug lipophilicity
5. Effect of initial drug concentration.
6. Chemical form
7. Polymorphism
8. Partition coefficient
9. Solubility and dissolution
10. Partical size
22. METHODS TO ENHANCE NASALABSORPTION
OF DRUGS
Structural modification
Formulation design
Salt or ester formation
22
23. 23
1.Improve nasal residence time
• Apply drug anteriorly
• Formulation with polymers
• Use of biodegradable microspheres
2.Enhance nasal absorption
• Increase the rate at which drug passes through nasal
absorption.
25. 25
Delivery of non-peptide pharmaceuticals
Delivery of diagnostic drugs
Delivery of peptide-based pharmaceuticals
Cns delivery through nasal route
Nasal vaccination
26. Drugs with extensive pre-systemic metabolism, such as
- progesterone
- estradiol
- propranolol
- nitroglycerin
- sodium chromoglyate
can be rapidly absorbed through the nasal mucosa with a systemic
bioavailability of approximately 100% 26
27. Peptides & proteins - low oral bioavailability because of
their physico-chemical instability and susceptibility to hepato
gastrointestinal first-pass elimination
27
for such
Eg. Insulin, Calcitonin, Pituitary hormones etc.
Nasal route is proving to be the best route
biotechnological products
28. Diagnostic agents such as
Phenolsulfonphthalein – kidney function
Secretin – pancreatic disorders
Pentagastrin – secretory function of gastric acid
28
29. The delivery of drugs to the CNS from the nasal route may
occur via olfactory neuroepithelium
Drug delivery through nasal route into CNS has been
reported for
i. Alzheimer’s disease
ii. brain tumours
iii. epilepsy
iv. pain and sleep disorders. 29
30. Fast and extended drug absorption
Ex.- analgesics (morphine),
i. cardiovascular drugs(propranolol)
ii. hormones (levonorgestrel, progesterone)
iii. antiviral drugs
Marketed formulation- zolmitriptan and sumatriptan
30
31. Nasal mucosa is the first site of contact with inhaled antigens
and therefore, its use for
vaccination, especially against respiratory infections,
has been extensively evaluated.
Ex. Human efficacy of intranasal vaccines include those
against influenza A and B
virus, proteosoma‐influenza, adenovirus‐vectored influenza,
group B meningococcal native, attenuated respiratory syncytial
virus and parainfluenza 3 virus.
31
34. Most simple and convenient systems
developed for nasal delivery.
It has been reported that nasal drops
deposit human serum albumin in the
nostrils more efficiently than nasal sprays.
Disadvantage-lack of the dose precision .
34
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40. Presently in India anti-vomiting treatments are available in the
conventional form of tablet and injection which take longer
time to bring relief.
LPL becomes the first company in India to introduce an
anti-vomiting treatment in the form of a Nasal spray pump.
40
41. 41
Nasal gels are high-viscosity thickened solutions or
suspensions.
Advantages of a nasal gel
Reduction of post-nasal drip due to high viscosity,
Reduction of taste impact due to reduced swallowing,
Reduction of anterior leakage of the formulation,
Reduction of irritation by using soothing/emollient
excipients and target to mucosa for better absorption.
42. Mucosal Atomization Device (MAD)
Device designed to
allow emergency
personnel to delivery
nasal medications as
an atomized spray.
Broad 30-micron
spray ensure
excellent mucosal
coverage.
42
43. Nasal mucosa is first site of contact with inhaled antigens
and, therefore, its use for vaccination, especially against
respiratory infections
Promising alternative to the classic parenteral route, because
it is able to enhance the systemic levels of specific
immunoglobulin G and nasal secretary immunoglobulinA.
Examples of human efficacy of intranasal vaccines include
those against influenza A and B virus, proteosoma influenza
e 40
Intra nasal H1N1 vaccine Nasovac by Serum Institut
46. An accessible alternative route for drug administration.
Provides future potential for several drugs through the development of safe
and efficacious formulations for simple, painless and long‐term therapy.
Drugs can be directly target to the brain in order to attain a good
therapeutic effect in CNS with reduced systemic side effects.
Much has been investigated and much more are to be investigated for the
recent advancement of nasal drug deliverysystem.
46