Nanotechnology has applications in surgery that could revolutionize how surgical procedures are performed. Nanorobots only 10-20 years away could operate at the molecular level and help tissues heal more gently. Lab-on-a-chip technologies using nanoparticles could provide targeted cancer detection and treatment. Bioprinting and 3D printing offer possibilities for creating artificial grafts and tissues that are indistinguishable from natural ones. However, risks also exist from unintended nanoparticle toxicity and potential for uncontrolled self-replicating nanorobots.

1. Nanotechnology in Surgery Louizos Alexander Louizos ΜSc Nanotechnology & Nanosciences PhD candidate in Nanomechanics Resident in Vascular Surgery

2. What is NanoTech ? Tech for objects in the size scale of < 100 nm Nanomedicine Nanotechnology in Medicine

3. “Nature is our playground through a holistic synthetic approach to science”. Biological Material, DNA synthesis MechanicalProperties NOVEL MATERIALS THROUGH NOVEL APPROACH TO SCIENCE Chemistry & SurfaceScience Optical Properties Electronic Properties Electron Microscopy, AFM

4. Who is the oldest Nanotechnologist?

5. Mother Nature has had 4.5 billion years to play with inorganic matter and build nanomachines that prove the feasibility of nanotechnology in medicine FACT THAT LED TO BIOMIMETIC TECHNOLOGY

6. Surgery Surgeons operate in the macro scale. We promote the self healing of the body so we do not heal. The reason for the tissue malfunction is on molecular basis All surgeons (almost all ) know that the more gentle you are with the tissue the less the complications We need lessons from nature on how to heal gently and elegantly from the bottom up!

7. Trends in surgery We created better tools to assist our hands We begun to be less invasive: Laparoscopic tools , endovascular treatments We created robotic hands that are performing better than human hand: Da Vinci Robotic Surgery We are now experimenting with microrobots ( I will show you some of them) We will finally move to the nanorobotics technology SEEMS BIT FRUSTRATING FOR YOUR TRAINING AS A SURGEON  The only thing that saves us is the time lag between experimental phase, clinical trials and widespread use of methods

8. Robots in Surgery Da Vinci Robotic Surgery Mag-μbot Endoscopy Capsule Mag-μRobot (Carnegie Mellon )

9. Nanorobots When and how? In about 10-20 years but we do not know how they will be like. We presume them to be like natural nanomechines (e.g. mitochondria)

11. Multiple exams on a small scale machine

12. Minimal invasive: less blood for the same exams

14. The Ideal Grafts Enhanced Biocompatibility through Biomimetism of nanotopography (still needing surgery for transplantation, hint: Future surgical specialties will be boosted toward transplantation of every possible human part) Artificial Grafts are mistaken for Real Tissue if they look like tissue We should still embed “if they function like tissue” Future of Grafts 3D Printing and Stem Cells The future may be towards “transcendence” meaning hacking of our physiological evolutionary path towards an enhanced man – machine hybrid. (possibly in the next 50 years)

15. Tissue Engineering - Bioprinting Bioprintingcan be defined as computer-aided, automatic, layer-by-layer deposition, transfer, and patterning of biologically relevant materials.

16. Potential Dangers of Nanomedicine D.I.Y. Bio: Biotechnology tools on the hands of ordinary people through the miniturization of devices Nanoparticles not yet deeply studied in terms of toxicity and safety Great Goo-> uncontrolled self replicating nanorobots

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