CompTIA exam study guide presentations by instructor Brian Ferrill, PACE-IT (Progressive, Accelerated Certifications for Employment in Information Technology) "Funded by the Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Grant #TC-23745-12-60-A-53" Learn more about the PACE-IT Online program: www.edcc.edu/pace-it

1. Introduction to
IPv6.

2. Page 2
Instructor, PACE-IT Program – Edmonds Community College
Areas of Expertise Industry Certifications
 PC Hardware
 Network Administration
 IT Project Management
 Network Design
 User Training
 IT Troubleshooting
Qualifications Summary
Education
 M.B.A., IT Management, Western Governor’s University
 B.S., IT Security, Western Governor’s University
Entrepreneur, executive leader, and proven manger
with 10+ years of experience turning complex issues
into efficient and effective solutions.
Strengths include developing and mentoring diverse
workforces, improving processes, analyzing
business needs and creating the solutions
required— with a focus on technology.

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PACE-IT.
– IPv6 address structure.
– IPv6 network transmissions.

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Introduction to IPv6.

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IPv6 is the answer to the
question “What do we do
about running out of IPv4
addresses?”
Unlike IPv4, IPv6 will provide enough Internet Protocol (IP)
addresses for the foreseeable future. Shortly after IPv4’s creation
and implementation, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
(IANA)—the organization that is tasked with assigning routable
IP addresses—realized that the available IPv4 address space
would not be enough.
The IANA then set about creating the replacement and started
work on IPv5. While working on IPv5, however, the IANA
determined that it was not going to be
Introduction to IPv6.
sufficient for the task. They scrapped IPv5 and began
working on IPv6. The IANA is confident that IPv6 will
function as the replacement for IPv4 for many decades
to come.

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Introduction to IPv6.
– IPv6 works at Layer 3 of the OSI model.
» Layer 3 of the OSI model is also known as the network layer
and its major focus is logical network and host addressing.
IPv6’s job is to provide logical network and host addresses to
devices.
– IPv6 is a 128-bit binary addressing scheme.
» The 128 bits are grouped together in sets, with each set being
separated by a colon.
• Each set is 2 bytes long (a byte is 8 bits).
» For human readability, the binary IPv6 number is converted to
hexadecimal (base 16) with each hexadecimal number being
equal to 4 bits (which can be referred to as a “nibble” because it
is half of a byte).
• An IPv6 address is eight sets of four hexadecimal numbers
with each set separated by colons.
– There are over 340 undecillion addresses
available to IPv6.
» 2128 is roughly equal to 340 x 1036.
• 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456

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Introduction to IPv6.
– IPv6 local address structure.
» The first 64 bits represent the local network and the last 64 bits
represent the host.
• The local address structure follows the Extended Unique
Identifier (EUI) format—EUI-64. The 48-bit MAC address is
padded with 16 bits to make it 64 bits in length.
» The local address is called the link local address and it always
begins with fe80.
– IPv6 global address structure.
» The host address is always the last 64 bits.
» The network portion is actually composed of the routing prefix
and subnet.
• It follows the Classless Inter-domain Routing (CIDR)
convention with the number that follows the slash denoting the
routing prefix.
• The subnet is composed of the bits between the prefix and the
EUI-64 host address.
» Global IPv6 addresses always begin in the range of 2000 to
3999.

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In most cases, the need for
Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol
(DHCP) has been eliminated.
When implemented, IPv6 will auto-configure both the
local and global addresses that are required to be
unique on the networks. When a device first comes
online, it will use Neighbor Discover Protocol (NDP) to
discover what the required network addresses are, both
the local and the global. This allows the device to
configure its own IPv6 addresses.
Introduction to IPv6.

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Introduction to IPv6.
– IPv6 notation.
» The 128-bit nature of IPv6 makes it cumbersome to write out
and can take up unnecessary space. Because of this, some
rules were developed to ease the burden and to save space.
• Leading 0s in a set can be dropped.
• Any single set of consecutive 0s may be replaced by a double
colon.
– IPv6 notation example.
» Original address = 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:ff00:0042:8329
» Drop the leading 0s = 2001:db8:0:0:0:ff00:42:8329
» Remove sets of consecutive 0s = 2001:db8::ff00:42:8329
• Remember, only one set of consecutive 0s may replaced with
the double colon.
• Even this is still difficult for us mere mortals to remember, but
it is easier to write out and it conserves on space.

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Introduction to IPv6.

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Introduction to IPv6.
– Unicast.
» One-to-one communication.
• A specific device sending network traffic to another specific
device.
» Unicast can occur on the local network (fe80) or it can occur on
the global network (2000 to 3999).
– Multicast.
» One-to-a-few communication.
• A specific device sending network traffic to a specific group of
devices that have registered to receive that traffic.
» Routers register to receive multicast transmissions that involve
the routing protocols they are programmed to use.
• Multicast addresses always begin with an ff.
– Anycast.
» One-to-the-closest communication.
• A specific device sending network traffic to a specific IPv6
address that has been assigned to multiple devices.
• The router only sends the communication to the closest one.
» Involves implementing DHCPv6.

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Introduction to IPv6.
– DHCPv6.
» IPv6 is capable of auto-configuring its own local and global
addresses.
• In certain situations, that is not always desirable.
» DHCPv6 can be configured to hand out specific IPv6 addresses
(or duplicate IPv6 addresses) when necessary.
» Useful for when load balancing a network, or for when network
redundancy has been created.
– IPv6 and IPv4.
» Dual stack configuration.
• The network and the devices on the network receive both an
IPv6 configuration and an IPv4 configuration.
» Tunneling.
• 6to4 tunneling is used to encapsulate IPv6 data packets in an
IPv4 datagram, allowing IPv6 packets to travel across or
through all IPv4 networks.
• 6to4 tunneling can also be called Teredo tunneling.

13. Page 13
Introduction to IPv6.
The IANA developed IPv6 as a long term replacement to IPv4. It is a 128-bit
binary addressing scheme that provides 340 x 1036 possible unique
addresses. It is represented by eight sets of colon separated hexadecimal
numbers (each set representing 16 bits). IPv6 is capable of auto-
configuration through the use of NDP. DHCPv6 is only used in certain
specific network configurations.
Topic
IPv6 address structure.
Summary
Unicast is one-to-one communication (one device sending to a specific
device). Multicast is one-to-a-few communication (one device sending to a
registered group). Anycast is one-to-the-closest communication (one device
sends to a specific IPv6 address, which has been assigned to multiple
devices and the closest one receives the packet). By implementing a dual
stack configuration or using 6to4 tunneling, IPv6 can be used in conjunction
with IPv4.
IPv6 network transmissions.

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THANK YOU!

15. This workforce solution was 100 percent funded by a $3 million grant awarded by the
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