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PACE-IT: Introduction to IPv6 - N10 006
The document provides an overview of IPv6, highlighting its significance as the successor to IPv4, addressing the limitations of the latter and offering a much larger address space of over 340 undecillion addresses. It explains the structure of IPv6 addresses, including local and global formats, and discusses various types of communications such as unicast, multicast, and anycast. Additionally, the document touches on auto-configuration capabilities and the compatibility of IPv6 with IPv4 through methods like dual stack configuration and tunneling.
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PACE-IT: Introduction to IPv6 - N10 006
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- 2. Page 2 Instructor, PACE-ITProgram – Edmonds Community College Areas of Expertise Industry Certifications PC Hardware Network Administration IT Project Management Network Design User Training IT Troubleshooting Qualifications Summary Education M.B.A., IT Management, Western Governor’s University B.S., IT Security, Western Governor’s University Entrepreneur, executive leader, and proven manger with 10+ years of experience turning complex issues into efficient and effective solutions. Strengths include developing and mentoring diverse workforces, improving processes, analyzing business needs and creating the solutions required— with a focus on technology.
- 3. Page 3 PACE-IT. – IPv6address structure. – IPv6 network transmissions.
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- 5. Page 5 IPv6 isthe answer to the question “What do we do about running out of IPv4 addresses?” Unlike IPv4, IPv6 will provide enough Internet Protocol (IP) addresses for the foreseeable future. Shortly after IPv4’s creation and implementation, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)—the organization that is tasked with assigning routable IP addresses—realized that the available IPv4 address space would not be enough. The IANA then set about creating the replacement and started work on IPv5. While working on IPv5, however, the IANA determined that it was not going to be Introduction to IPv6. sufficient for the task. They scrapped IPv5 and began working on IPv6. The IANA is confident that IPv6 will function as the replacement for IPv4 for many decades to come.
- 6. Page 6 Introduction toIPv6. – IPv6 works at Layer 3 of the OSI model. » Layer 3 of the OSI model is also known as the network layer and its major focus is logical network and host addressing. IPv6’s job is to provide logical network and host addresses to devices. – IPv6 is a 128-bit binary addressing scheme. » The 128 bits are grouped together in sets, with each set being separated by a colon. • Each set is 2 bytes long (a byte is 8 bits). » For human readability, the binary IPv6 number is converted to hexadecimal (base 16) with each hexadecimal number being equal to 4 bits (which can be referred to as a “nibble” because it is half of a byte). • An IPv6 address is eight sets of four hexadecimal numbers with each set separated by colons. – There are over 340 undecillion addresses available to IPv6. » 2128 is roughly equal to 340 x 1036. • 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456
- 7. Page 7 Introduction toIPv6. – IPv6 local address structure. » The first 64 bits represent the local network and the last 64 bits represent the host. • The local address structure follows the Extended Unique Identifier (EUI) format—EUI-64. The 48-bit MAC address is padded with 16 bits to make it 64 bits in length. » The local address is called the link local address and it always begins with fe80. – IPv6 global address structure. » The host address is always the last 64 bits. » The network portion is actually composed of the routing prefix and subnet. • It follows the Classless Inter-domain Routing (CIDR) convention with the number that follows the slash denoting the routing prefix. • The subnet is composed of the bits between the prefix and the EUI-64 host address. » Global IPv6 addresses always begin in the range of 2000 to 3999.
- 8. Page 8 In mostcases, the need for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) has been eliminated. When implemented, IPv6 will auto-configure both the local and global addresses that are required to be unique on the networks. When a device first comes online, it will use Neighbor Discover Protocol (NDP) to discover what the required network addresses are, both the local and the global. This allows the device to configure its own IPv6 addresses. Introduction to IPv6.
- 9. Page 9 Introduction toIPv6. – IPv6 notation. » The 128-bit nature of IPv6 makes it cumbersome to write out and can take up unnecessary space. Because of this, some rules were developed to ease the burden and to save space. • Leading 0s in a set can be dropped. • Any single set of consecutive 0s may be replaced by a double colon. – IPv6 notation example. » Original address = 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:ff00:0042:8329 » Drop the leading 0s = 2001:db8:0:0:0:ff00:42:8329 » Remove sets of consecutive 0s = 2001:db8::ff00:42:8329 • Remember, only one set of consecutive 0s may replaced with the double colon. • Even this is still difficult for us mere mortals to remember, but it is easier to write out and it conserves on space.
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- 11. Page 11 Introduction toIPv6. – Unicast. » One-to-one communication. • A specific device sending network traffic to another specific device. » Unicast can occur on the local network (fe80) or it can occur on the global network (2000 to 3999). – Multicast. » One-to-a-few communication. • A specific device sending network traffic to a specific group of devices that have registered to receive that traffic. » Routers register to receive multicast transmissions that involve the routing protocols they are programmed to use. • Multicast addresses always begin with an ff. – Anycast. » One-to-the-closest communication. • A specific device sending network traffic to a specific IPv6 address that has been assigned to multiple devices. • The router only sends the communication to the closest one. » Involves implementing DHCPv6.
- 12. Page 12 Introduction toIPv6. – DHCPv6. » IPv6 is capable of auto-configuring its own local and global addresses. • In certain situations, that is not always desirable. » DHCPv6 can be configured to hand out specific IPv6 addresses (or duplicate IPv6 addresses) when necessary. » Useful for when load balancing a network, or for when network redundancy has been created. – IPv6 and IPv4. » Dual stack configuration. • The network and the devices on the network receive both an IPv6 configuration and an IPv4 configuration. » Tunneling. • 6to4 tunneling is used to encapsulate IPv6 data packets in an IPv4 datagram, allowing IPv6 packets to travel across or through all IPv4 networks. • 6to4 tunneling can also be called Teredo tunneling.
- 13. Page 13 Introduction toIPv6. The IANA developed IPv6 as a long term replacement to IPv4. It is a 128-bit binary addressing scheme that provides 340 x 1036 possible unique addresses. It is represented by eight sets of colon separated hexadecimal numbers (each set representing 16 bits). IPv6 is capable of auto- configuration through the use of NDP. DHCPv6 is only used in certain specific network configurations. Topic IPv6 address structure. Summary Unicast is one-to-one communication (one device sending to a specific device). Multicast is one-to-a-few communication (one device sending to a registered group). Anycast is one-to-the-closest communication (one device sends to a specific IPv6 address, which has been assigned to multiple devices and the closest one receives the packet). By implementing a dual stack configuration or using 6to4 tunneling, IPv6 can be used in conjunction with IPv4. IPv6 network transmissions.
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- 15. This workforce solutionwas 100 percent funded by a $3 million grant awarded by the U.S. Department of Labor's Employment and Training Administration. The solution was created by the grantee and does not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Labor. The Department of Labor makes no guarantees, warranties, or assurances of any kind, express or implied, with respect to such information, including any information on linked sites and including, but not limited to, accuracy of the information or its completeness, timeliness, usefulness, adequacy, continued availability or ownership. Funded by the Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Grant #TC-23745-12-60-A-53. PACE-IT is an equal opportunity employer/program and auxiliary aids and services are available upon request to individuals with disabilities. For those that are hearing impaired, a video phone is available at the Services for Students with Disabilities (SSD) office in Mountlake Terrace Hall 159. Check www.edcc.edu/ssd for office hours. Call 425.354.3113 on a video phone for more information about the PACE-IT program. For any additional special accommodations needed, call the SSD office at 425.640.1814. Edmonds Community College does not discriminate on the basis of race; color; religion; national origin; sex; disability; sexual orientation; age; citizenship, marital, or veteran status; or genetic information in its programs and activities.