IPv6 is short for "Internet Protocol Version 6". IPv6 is the "next generation" protocol designed by the IETF to replace the current version Internet Protocol, IP Version 4 ("IPv4").
Overview of IPv6 protocol along with various transition scenarios for the migration from IPv4 to IPv6
IPv6 is the current and future Internet Protocol standard. As anticipated, IPv4 addresses became exhausted around 2012.
The IP address scarcity is the main driver for IPv6 protocol adoption.
IPv6 defines a much larger address space that should be sufficient for the foreseeable future, even taking into account Internet of Things scenarios with zillions of small devices connected to the Internet.
IPv6 is, however, much more than simply an expansion of the address space. IPv6 defines a clean address architecture with globally aggregatable addresses thus reducing routing table sizes in Internet routers.
IPv6 extension headers provide a standard mechanism for stacking protocols such as IP, IPSec, routing headers and upper layer headers such as TCP.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is already defined for IPv4. ICMP was totally revamped for IPv6 and as ICMPv6 provides common functions like IP address and prefix assignment.
Lack of business drivers for migrating to IPv6 is responsible for sluggish adoption of IPv6 in carrier and enterprise networks.
Numerous transition mechanisms were developed to ease the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. Many of these mechanisms are complex and difficult to administer.
The transition mechanisms can be coarsely classified into dual-stack, tunneling and translation mechanisms.
IPv6 is short for "Internet Protocol Version 6". IPv6 is the "next generation" protocol designed by the IETF to replace the current version Internet Protocol, IP Version 4 ("IPv4").
Overview of IPv6 protocol along with various transition scenarios for the migration from IPv4 to IPv6
IPv6 is the current and future Internet Protocol standard. As anticipated, IPv4 addresses became exhausted around 2012.
The IP address scarcity is the main driver for IPv6 protocol adoption.
IPv6 defines a much larger address space that should be sufficient for the foreseeable future, even taking into account Internet of Things scenarios with zillions of small devices connected to the Internet.
IPv6 is, however, much more than simply an expansion of the address space. IPv6 defines a clean address architecture with globally aggregatable addresses thus reducing routing table sizes in Internet routers.
IPv6 extension headers provide a standard mechanism for stacking protocols such as IP, IPSec, routing headers and upper layer headers such as TCP.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is already defined for IPv4. ICMP was totally revamped for IPv6 and as ICMPv6 provides common functions like IP address and prefix assignment.
Lack of business drivers for migrating to IPv6 is responsible for sluggish adoption of IPv6 in carrier and enterprise networks.
Numerous transition mechanisms were developed to ease the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. Many of these mechanisms are complex and difficult to administer.
The transition mechanisms can be coarsely classified into dual-stack, tunneling and translation mechanisms.
he Associate level of Cisco Certifications can begin directly with CCNA for network installation, operations and troubleshooting or CCDA for network design. Think of the Associate Level as the foundation level of networking certification.
IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4). This silde will give u all information about IPv4.
Hope so you like it Freinds.
and
Sorry if i can fulfill ur wish in the given IPv4 Presentation.
This presentation gives a brief description about IP Address (Internet protocol address), Classes of IPv4. And also included, what is IPv4 and what is IPv6.
Subnetting of IPv4 ip address that help you to solve every type of ip address with any one of the class you want to subnet,and have a basic introduction of IPv6 ,and why, Ipv5 is not used.
A
PROJECT REPORT
On
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE
A computer network, or simply a network, is a collection of computer and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network. Simply, more than one computer interconnected through a communication medium for information interchange is called a computer network.
10 IP VERSION SIX (6) WEEK TEN notes.pptxJoshuaAnnan5
IPV6 addressing solution was announced in the mid 1990s (RFC 2460) and was task in solving IPv4’s shortcomings
NB: Version 5 was already assigned to another developing protocol, this is the reason for the jump from version 4 to 6.
Although both versions function similarly, version 4 and version 6 use different types of packet header formatting and addressing lengths. Meanwhile IPV6 header are more efficient and greatly simplified compared to IPV4 header information . This helps to reduce processing overhead during transmission.
Larger address space:
The main limitations with IPv4 are the imposed address space limitations and eventual complete loss of addressing capability. IPv6 was designed to overcome IPv4’s 32-bit limitations by introducing much larger 128-bit addresses and providing an address pool that is virtually inexhaustible.
Stateless autoconfiguration:
A feature used to issue and generate an IP address without the need for a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP) server:
• Routers send router advertisements (RAs) to network hosts containing the first half, or first 64 bits, of the 128-bit network address.
• The second half of the address is generated exclusively by the host and is known as the interface identifier. The interface identifier uses its own MAC address, or it may use a randomly generated number.
This allows the host to keep hardware addresses hidden for security reasons and helps an administrator mitigate security risks.
More efficient packet headers: IPv6 uses a simpler header design than IPv4. The enhanced design allows routers to analyze and forward packets faster. Fewer header fields must be read, and header checksums are completely discarded in IPv6. More efficient packet headers improve network performance and save valuable router resources
Changes in multicast operation: Support for multicasting in IPv6 is now mandatory instead of optional, as with IPv4. The multicasting capabilities in IPv6 completely replace the broadcasting functionality found in IPv4. IPv6 replaces broadcasting with an “all-host” multicasting group.
Increased security: Another optional feature found in IPv4, IP Security (IPsec) measures are now considered mandatory and implemented natively in IPv6.
What all this numbers translate into is, flexibility of assigning different functions on the network, without facing address exhaustion. It also allows for an improved network design and troubleshooting efficiency.
The hexadecimal address look like
Components of Computer Networks
In this tutorial, we will cover the components of Computer Networks.
A Computer Network basically comprises multiple computers that are interconnected to each other in order to share information and other resources. Multiple computers are connected either with the help of cables or wireless media.
So basically with the help of a computer network two or more devices are connected in order to share a nearly limitless range of information and services whic
he Associate level of Cisco Certifications can begin directly with CCNA for network installation, operations and troubleshooting or CCDA for network design. Think of the Associate Level as the foundation level of networking certification.
IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4). This silde will give u all information about IPv4.
Hope so you like it Freinds.
and
Sorry if i can fulfill ur wish in the given IPv4 Presentation.
This presentation gives a brief description about IP Address (Internet protocol address), Classes of IPv4. And also included, what is IPv4 and what is IPv6.
Subnetting of IPv4 ip address that help you to solve every type of ip address with any one of the class you want to subnet,and have a basic introduction of IPv6 ,and why, Ipv5 is not used.
A
PROJECT REPORT
On
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE
A computer network, or simply a network, is a collection of computer and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network. Simply, more than one computer interconnected through a communication medium for information interchange is called a computer network.
10 IP VERSION SIX (6) WEEK TEN notes.pptxJoshuaAnnan5
IPV6 addressing solution was announced in the mid 1990s (RFC 2460) and was task in solving IPv4’s shortcomings
NB: Version 5 was already assigned to another developing protocol, this is the reason for the jump from version 4 to 6.
Although both versions function similarly, version 4 and version 6 use different types of packet header formatting and addressing lengths. Meanwhile IPV6 header are more efficient and greatly simplified compared to IPV4 header information . This helps to reduce processing overhead during transmission.
Larger address space:
The main limitations with IPv4 are the imposed address space limitations and eventual complete loss of addressing capability. IPv6 was designed to overcome IPv4’s 32-bit limitations by introducing much larger 128-bit addresses and providing an address pool that is virtually inexhaustible.
Stateless autoconfiguration:
A feature used to issue and generate an IP address without the need for a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP) server:
• Routers send router advertisements (RAs) to network hosts containing the first half, or first 64 bits, of the 128-bit network address.
• The second half of the address is generated exclusively by the host and is known as the interface identifier. The interface identifier uses its own MAC address, or it may use a randomly generated number.
This allows the host to keep hardware addresses hidden for security reasons and helps an administrator mitigate security risks.
More efficient packet headers: IPv6 uses a simpler header design than IPv4. The enhanced design allows routers to analyze and forward packets faster. Fewer header fields must be read, and header checksums are completely discarded in IPv6. More efficient packet headers improve network performance and save valuable router resources
Changes in multicast operation: Support for multicasting in IPv6 is now mandatory instead of optional, as with IPv4. The multicasting capabilities in IPv6 completely replace the broadcasting functionality found in IPv4. IPv6 replaces broadcasting with an “all-host” multicasting group.
Increased security: Another optional feature found in IPv4, IP Security (IPsec) measures are now considered mandatory and implemented natively in IPv6.
What all this numbers translate into is, flexibility of assigning different functions on the network, without facing address exhaustion. It also allows for an improved network design and troubleshooting efficiency.
The hexadecimal address look like
Components of Computer Networks
In this tutorial, we will cover the components of Computer Networks.
A Computer Network basically comprises multiple computers that are interconnected to each other in order to share information and other resources. Multiple computers are connected either with the help of cables or wireless media.
So basically with the help of a computer network two or more devices are connected in order to share a nearly limitless range of information and services whic
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest version of the
Internet Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that
provides an identification and location system for computers
on networks and routes traffic across the Internet.
IPv4 & IPv6 are not designed to be interoperable, complicating
the transition to IPv6. However, several IPv6 transition
mechanisms have been devised to permit communication
between IPv4 and IPv6 hosts.
Describe the similarities and differences between IPv4 & IPv6.So.pdfmayorothenguyenhob69
Describe how you would look up the critical z-value for a 72% on a normal curve table, what is
the critical z-value for a 72% confidence interval?
Solution
Za/2 = Z-table value = 1.08
Method 1:
I will use the below formula NORMINV(1-0.28/2,0,1)
Method 2:
To do this, if X ~ N(?, ?^2), then
STEP 1:
Z= X- ? / ? ~ N(0,1)
STEP 2:
A table of standardized normal values, can then be used to obtain an answer in terms of the
converted problem.
STEP 3:
Find x=Z ?+ ?
STEP 4:
Use below method
http://www.mathsisfun.com/data/standard-normal-distribution-table.html
Eg:
TYPE 1: (Z ? 1.65) = F(1.65) = 0.95.
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is what you are going to discover onwards. Here, you will get format, features and related required information of IPv6 addresses and its related protocols.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
3. Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest revision of the
Internet Protocol (IP), it IPv6 was developed by the Internet
EngineeringTask Force (IETF) to overcome the limitations of
the current standard IPv4 and to provide several advantages over
current Internet ProtocolVersion 4 (or IPv4).
Introduction To IPv6
4. IPv4, defines a 32-bit address - 232 (4,294,967,296) IPv4 addresses available.
~40% of the IPv4 address space is still unused which is different from
unallocated
Internet has grown exponentially, IP is everywhere
Data, voice, audio and video integration is a reality Regional registries apply a
strict allocation control
IPv4 on its own does provide week security features.
IPV4 Address configuration related issues.
In IPV4, Internet routing table very big.
Why IPv6
8. Simplified Header
IPv6’s header has been simplified by moving all unnecessary information
and options (which are present in IPv4 header) to the end of the IPv6
header.
End-to-end Connectivity
Every system now has unique IP. After IPv6 is fully implemented, every
host can directly reach other hosts on the Internet, with some
limitations involved like Firewall, organization policies, etc.
Ipv6 Address Feature
9. Auto-configuration
IPv6 supports both stateful and stateless auto configuration mode of its
host devices. This way, absence of a DHCP server does not put a halt on
inter segment communication.
Improved privacy and security IPsec
IPsec is the IETF standard for IP network security. IPsec is a set of Internet
standards that uses cryptographic security services to provide Confidentiality,
Authentication, Data integrity.
Available for both IPv4 and IPv6.
Although the functions are essentially identical in both environments, IPsec is
mandatory in IPv6. IPv6 also has optional security headers.
Ipv6 Address Feature
10. Faster Forwarding/Routing
Simplified header puts all unnecessary information at the end of the
header. The information contained in the first part of the header is
adequate for a Router to take routing decisions, thus making routing
decision as quickly as looking at the mandatory header.
No Broadcast
IPv6 does not have any broadcast support any more. It uses multicast to
communicate with multiple hosts.
Ipv6 Address Feature
11. Anycast Support
This is another characteristic of IPv6. IPv6 has introduced Anycast mode
of packet routing. In this mode, multiple interfaces over the Internet are
assigned same Anycast IP address. Routers, while routing, send the
packet to the nearest destination.
Flow labeling capability:
A new capability enables the labeling of packets belonging to particular
traffic flows for which the sender requests special handling, such as non
default quality of service (QoS) or real-time service
Ipv6 Address Feature
12. Mobility
IPv6 was designed keeping mobility in mind.This feature enables hosts
(such as mobile phone) to roam around in different geographical area and
remain connected with the same IP address.The mobility feature of IPv6
takes advantage of auto IP configuration and Extension headers.
Extensibility
One of the major advantages of IPv6 header is that it is extensible to add
more information in the option part.
IPv4 provides only 40-bytes for options, whereas options in IPv6 can be
as much as the size of IPv6 packet itself.
Ipv6 Address Feature
13. SmoothTransition
Large IP address scheme in IPv6 enables to allocate devices with globally
unique IP addresses.This mechanism saves IP addresses and NAT is not
required.
So devices can send/receive data among each other, for example,VoIP
and/or any streaming media can be used much efficiently.
Site multihoming:
IPv6 allows hosts to have multiple IPv6 addresses and allows
networks to have multiple IPv6 prefixes. Consequently, sites can have
connections to multiple ISPs without breaking the global routing
table.
Ipv6 Address Feature
15. Version: this field contains the
number 6 For IPv6.
Traffic class: 8 bits are used for
Type of Service to let the Router
know what services should be
provided to this packet. And used for
Explicit Congestion Notification
(ECN).
Payload length: The 16 bit payload
length field contains the length of the
data field in octets/bits following the
IPv6 packet header. the minimum
value is 1280 and the maximum is
1500.
IPv6 Header
16. Flow label
The 20bit can be used by a source sender
to requests special handling, such as non
default (QoS) or real-time service to label a
set of packets belonging to the same flow .
When routers receive the first packet of a
new flow , they can process the information
carried by the IPv6 header , Routing header
, and HopbyHop extension headers, and
store the result in the cache memory.
Router use the result in a cache memory to
route all other packets belonging to the
same flow (having the same source address
and the same Flow Label), by using the data
stored in the cache memory .
IPv6 Header
17. Next header: The 8-bit field determines
the type of header immediately following the
IPv6 header and located at the beginning of
the data field (payload) of the IPv6 packet.
Hop limit: Is like toTTL in IPv4.
Source address:16 octets (128 bits) used
to identifies the source of the packet.
Destination address: 16 octets (128
bits).used to identifies the destination of the
packet.
IPv6 Header
18. IPv6 Headers
In IPv6, the Fixed Header contains only that much information which is necessary,
avoiding information which are either not required or is rarely used.
Each Extension Header is identified by a distinct value.
When Extension Headers are used, IPv6 Fixed Header’s Next Header field points to the
first Extension Header.
Extension Headers are arranged one after another in a linked list manner.
Normal IPv6TCP
Packet
IPv6TCP encapsulated in
Routing
FragmentationIPv6TCP
packet Routing
19. IPv6 Headers
The following Extension Headers must be supported as per RFC
2460:
20. IPv6 Headers
The sequence of Extension Headers should be:
The order is Important.
21. IPv6 Headers features
No option field: Replaced by extension header. Result in a fixed
length, 40-byte IP header.
No header checksum: Result in fast processing.
No fragmentation at intermediate nodes: Result in fast IP forwarding.
Routers don’t fragment packets with IPv6
Fragmentation is being done by host.
If a packet is too big for next hop:
“Packet too big” error message .
This is an ICMPv6 message
22. Address Format
An IPv6 address is 128 bits long.
Represented in hexadecimal format (32 hexadecimal characters):
Each hexadecimal character is the equivalent of 4 bits (4 x 32 = 128).
Uses CIDR principles: prefix/prefix length
IPv6 address long is 8 hextets , separated by colons (:).
x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x, where x is a 16-bit hex field
The last 64 bits are used for the interface ID
A non-abbreviated IPv6 host address is shown here:
2001:0DB8:0001:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001
23. In this part, we will study and review rules for IPv6 address abbreviation to
correctly compress and decompress IPv6 addresses.
Rule 1: (abbreviated with single zeros)
In an IPv6 address, a string of four zeros (0s) in a hextet can be abbreviated as a
single zero.
2001:0404:0001:1000:0000:0000:0EF0:BC00
2001:0404:0001:1000:0:0:0EF0:BC00
Ipv6 abbreviation
24. Rule 2: (abbreviated with leading zeros omitted)
In an IPv6 address, the leading zeros in each hextet can be omitted, trailing
zeros cannot be omitted.
2001:0404:0001:1000:0000:0000:0EF0:BC00
2001:404:1:1000:0:0:EF0:BC00
Ipv6 abbreviation
25. Rule 3: In an IPv6 address, a single continuous string of four or more
zeros can be abbreviated as a double colon (::).
The double colon abbreviation can only be used one time in an IP
address.
2001:0404:0000:0000:0001:0000:0000:BC00
2001 : 404 :: 1 : 0 : 0 : BC00
2001 : 404 : 0 : 0 : 1 :: BC00
2001 : 404 :: 1 :: BC00
(abbreviated with leading zeroes omitted and continuous zeros replaced
with a double colon)
Ipv6 abbreviation
26. The image below illustrates these rules of IPv6 address abbreviation:
Ipv6 abbreviation
27. Network and Host IDs in IPv6
• The network ID is administratively assigned, and the host ID can be
configured manually or auto-configured by any of the following methods:
• Using a randomly generated number
• Using DHCPv6
• Using the Extended Unique Identifier (EUI-64) format
“Where are you connected to” “Who are you”
28. IPv6 has three different types of UnicastAddress
scheme.The last 64 bits is always used for
Interface ID.
This format expands the 48 bit MAC address
to 64 bits by inserting FFFE into Mac address.
Cisco commonly uses the EUI-64 host ID
format for Cisco IP Phones, gateways, routers,
and so forth.
To make sure that the chosen address is from a
unique Ethernet MAC address, the
universal/local (“u” bit) is set to 1 for global
scope and 0 for local scope.
Extended Unique Identifier (EUI-64) format
30. Unicast
Address of a single interface. One-to-one delivery to single interface
Unicast: one-to-one (global, link local, unique local, compatible).
Address Modes
31. Multicast
Address of a group of interfaces. One-to-many delivery to all interfaces
in the group .
Address Modes
32. Anycast
An IPv6 Anycast address is a new type of address that is assigned to a set of interfaces on different
device shared a uniform service.
Anycast is One To Nearest of many.
closest to the Sender in terms of Routing cost.
allocated from Unicast
Anycast addresses must not be used as the source address of an IPv6 packet.
Address Modes
33. Change from IPv4 mode:
Interface “expected” to have multiple
addresses.
Unicast Addresses have scope:
o Global Unicast Address
o Unique-LocalAddress
o Link-LocalAddress
Address Types
( Scope of IPv6 Unicast Addresses)
Global UnicastAddress
Unicast LocalAddress
Link local
Address
Link local scope
Organization/Site Scope
Global Scope
34. IPv6 Prefix Allocation Hierarchy and Policy Example
We must review IPv6 Hierarchy Before Describe each type of IPv6
36. Link-Local Addresses Used for:
MandatoryAddress for Communication between two IPv6 devices on the same link.
These addresses are not routable, so a Router never forwards these addresses outside the link.
Automatically assigned by device .
Assigned when DHCP server is unavailable.
Same as 169.254.x.x in IPV4.
Starts with FE80::/10
used in the neighbor discovery protocol and the dynamic address assignment process.
Example of a link local unicast address: FE80:0000:0000:0000:0987:65FF:FE01:2345
Link-Local Addresses
37. Unique-Local Addresses Used for:
Unique LocalAddress globally unique, but it should be used in local communication.
Not routable on the Internet, limiting their scope to an organization’s boundary.
Inter-siteVPNs
Starts with FD00::/7 or FC00::/7.
The Host or Interface ID has the same meaning for all unicast addresses. It is 64 bits long and is
typically created by using the EUI-64 format.
Example of a unique local unicast address: FD00:aaaa:bbbb:CCCC:0987:65FF:FE01:2345
Unique Local Unicast Address
38. Global unicast address used for:
This address type is equivalent to IPv4’s public address, is given By IANA.
Routable and reachable across the Internet
The global routing prefix is assigned to a service provider by the (IANA).
The site level aggregator (SLA), or subnet ID, is assigned to a customer by their service provider.
The Host or Interface ID has the same meaning for all unicast addresses. It is 64 bits long and is typically
created by using the EUI-64 format.
Unique.
Starts with 2000::/3
Example of a global unicast address: 2001:0DB8:BBBB:CCCC:0987:65FF:FE01:2345
Global unicast address
41. IPv6 multicast address has a prefix FF00::/8 (1111 1111).
Multicast addresses are always destination addresses.
Multicast addresses are used for router advertisements (RA), DHCPv6,
multicast applications, and so forth.
Multicast IPv6 Addresses
42. Multicast IPv6 Addresses
Common MulticastAddresses
Note that 02 means that this is a permanent address and has link scope.
