The document provides a comprehensive overview of IPv6, detailing its features, advantages over IPv4, address types, header structure, and address modes. It highlights IPv6's larger address space, simplified routing, enhanced security features, and various address configurations, including unicast, multicast, and anycast. Additionally, it covers IPv6 address abbreviation rules, the importance of auto-configuration, and the transition from IPv4 to IPv6.

1. By Msc student
Sara Qasim Abedulridha
2016/2017
Introduction To IpV6
College of InformationTechnology
University of Babylon

2. Content
 Introduction to IPv6.
 Why IPv6
 Ipv6 features.
 Ipv6 address Header.
 IPv6 address format.
 Ipv6 abbreviation.
 IPv6 Address Mode.
 IPv6 Address types.
 IPv4/IPv6 Difference.

3.  Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest revision of the
Internet Protocol (IP), it IPv6 was developed by the Internet
EngineeringTask Force (IETF) to overcome the limitations of
the current standard IPv4 and to provide several advantages over
current Internet ProtocolVersion 4 (or IPv4).
Introduction To IPv6

4.  IPv4, defines a 32-bit address - 232 (4,294,967,296) IPv4 addresses available.
 ~40% of the IPv4 address space is still unused which is different from
unallocated
 Internet has grown exponentially, IP is everywhere
 Data, voice, audio and video integration is a reality Regional registries apply a
strict allocation control
 IPv4 on its own does provide week security features.
 IPV4 Address configuration related issues.
 In IPV4, Internet routing table very big.
Why IPv6

5. What IP touching?

6.  Larger Address Space
Ipv6 Address Feature

7.  Larger Address Space
Ipv6 Address Feature

8.  Simplified Header
 IPv6’s header has been simplified by moving all unnecessary information
and options (which are present in IPv4 header) to the end of the IPv6
header.
 End-to-end Connectivity
 Every system now has unique IP. After IPv6 is fully implemented, every
host can directly reach other hosts on the Internet, with some
limitations involved like Firewall, organization policies, etc.
Ipv6 Address Feature

9.  Auto-configuration
 IPv6 supports both stateful and stateless auto configuration mode of its
host devices. This way, absence of a DHCP server does not put a halt on
inter segment communication.
 Improved privacy and security IPsec
 IPsec is the IETF standard for IP network security. IPsec is a set of Internet
standards that uses cryptographic security services to provide Confidentiality,
Authentication, Data integrity.
 Available for both IPv4 and IPv6.
 Although the functions are essentially identical in both environments, IPsec is
mandatory in IPv6. IPv6 also has optional security headers.
Ipv6 Address Feature

10.  Faster Forwarding/Routing
 Simplified header puts all unnecessary information at the end of the
header. The information contained in the first part of the header is
adequate for a Router to take routing decisions, thus making routing
decision as quickly as looking at the mandatory header.
 No Broadcast
 IPv6 does not have any broadcast support any more. It uses multicast to
communicate with multiple hosts.
Ipv6 Address Feature

11.  Anycast Support
 This is another characteristic of IPv6. IPv6 has introduced Anycast mode
of packet routing. In this mode, multiple interfaces over the Internet are
assigned same Anycast IP address. Routers, while routing, send the
packet to the nearest destination.
 Flow labeling capability:
 A new capability enables the labeling of packets belonging to particular
traffic flows for which the sender requests special handling, such as non
default quality of service (QoS) or real-time service
Ipv6 Address Feature

12.  Mobility
 IPv6 was designed keeping mobility in mind.This feature enables hosts
(such as mobile phone) to roam around in different geographical area and
remain connected with the same IP address.The mobility feature of IPv6
takes advantage of auto IP configuration and Extension headers.
 Extensibility
 One of the major advantages of IPv6 header is that it is extensible to add
more information in the option part.
 IPv4 provides only 40-bytes for options, whereas options in IPv6 can be
as much as the size of IPv6 packet itself.
Ipv6 Address Feature

13.  SmoothTransition
 Large IP address scheme in IPv6 enables to allocate devices with globally
unique IP addresses.This mechanism saves IP addresses and NAT is not
required.
 So devices can send/receive data among each other, for example,VoIP
and/or any streaming media can be used much efficiently.
 Site multihoming:
 IPv6 allows hosts to have multiple IPv6 addresses and allows
networks to have multiple IPv6 prefixes. Consequently, sites can have
connections to multiple ISPs without breaking the global routing
table.
Ipv6 Address Feature

14. IPv6 Headers

15.  Version: this field contains the
number 6 For IPv6.
 Traffic class: 8 bits are used for
Type of Service to let the Router
know what services should be
provided to this packet. And used for
Explicit Congestion Notification
(ECN).
 Payload length: The 16 bit payload
length field contains the length of the
data field in octets/bits following the
IPv6 packet header. the minimum
value is 1280 and the maximum is
1500.
IPv6 Header

16.  Flow label
 The 20bit can be used by a source sender
to requests special handling, such as non
default (QoS) or real-time service to label a
set of packets belonging to the same flow .
 When routers receive the first packet of a
new flow , they can process the information
carried by the IPv6 header , Routing header
, and HopbyHop extension headers, and
store the result in the cache memory.
 Router use the result in a cache memory to
route all other packets belonging to the
same flow (having the same source address
and the same Flow Label), by using the data
stored in the cache memory .
IPv6 Header

17.  Next header: The 8-bit field determines
the type of header immediately following the
IPv6 header and located at the beginning of
the data field (payload) of the IPv6 packet.
 Hop limit: Is like toTTL in IPv4.
 Source address:16 octets (128 bits) used
to identifies the source of the packet.
 Destination address: 16 octets (128
bits).used to identifies the destination of the
packet.
IPv6 Header

18. IPv6 Headers
 In IPv6, the Fixed Header contains only that much information which is necessary,
avoiding information which are either not required or is rarely used.
 Each Extension Header is identified by a distinct value.
 When Extension Headers are used, IPv6 Fixed Header’s Next Header field points to the
first Extension Header.
 Extension Headers are arranged one after another in a linked list manner.
Normal IPv6TCP
Packet
IPv6TCP encapsulated in
Routing
FragmentationIPv6TCP
packet Routing

19. IPv6 Headers
 The following Extension Headers must be supported as per RFC
2460:

20. IPv6 Headers
 The sequence of Extension Headers should be:
 The order is Important.

21. IPv6 Headers features
 No option field: Replaced by extension header. Result in a fixed
length, 40-byte IP header.
 No header checksum: Result in fast processing.
 No fragmentation at intermediate nodes: Result in fast IP forwarding.
 Routers don’t fragment packets with IPv6
 Fragmentation is being done by host.
 If a packet is too big for next hop:
 “Packet too big” error message .
 This is an ICMPv6 message

22. Address Format
 An IPv6 address is 128 bits long.
 Represented in hexadecimal format (32 hexadecimal characters):
 Each hexadecimal character is the equivalent of 4 bits (4 x 32 = 128).
 Uses CIDR principles: prefix/prefix length
 IPv6 address long is 8 hextets , separated by colons (:).
 x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x, where x is a 16-bit hex field
 The last 64 bits are used for the interface ID
 A non-abbreviated IPv6 host address is shown here:
2001:0DB8:0001:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001

23.  In this part, we will study and review rules for IPv6 address abbreviation to
correctly compress and decompress IPv6 addresses.
 Rule 1: (abbreviated with single zeros)
 In an IPv6 address, a string of four zeros (0s) in a hextet can be abbreviated as a
single zero.
2001:0404:0001:1000:0000:0000:0EF0:BC00
2001:0404:0001:1000:0:0:0EF0:BC00
Ipv6 abbreviation

24.  Rule 2: (abbreviated with leading zeros omitted)
 In an IPv6 address, the leading zeros in each hextet can be omitted, trailing
zeros cannot be omitted.
2001:0404:0001:1000:0000:0000:0EF0:BC00
2001:404:1:1000:0:0:EF0:BC00
Ipv6 abbreviation

25.  Rule 3: In an IPv6 address, a single continuous string of four or more
zeros can be abbreviated as a double colon (::).
 The double colon abbreviation can only be used one time in an IP
address.
2001:0404:0000:0000:0001:0000:0000:BC00
2001 : 404 :: 1 : 0 : 0 : BC00
2001 : 404 : 0 : 0 : 1 :: BC00
2001 : 404 :: 1 :: BC00
(abbreviated with leading zeroes omitted and continuous zeros replaced
with a double colon)
Ipv6 abbreviation

26.  The image below illustrates these rules of IPv6 address abbreviation:
Ipv6 abbreviation

27. Network and Host IDs in IPv6
• The network ID is administratively assigned, and the host ID can be
configured manually or auto-configured by any of the following methods:
• Using a randomly generated number
• Using DHCPv6
• Using the Extended Unique Identifier (EUI-64) format
“Where are you connected to” “Who are you”

28.  IPv6 has three different types of UnicastAddress
scheme.The last 64 bits is always used for
Interface ID.
 This format expands the 48 bit MAC address
to 64 bits by inserting FFFE into Mac address.
 Cisco commonly uses the EUI-64 host ID
format for Cisco IP Phones, gateways, routers,
and so forth.
 To make sure that the chosen address is from a
unique Ethernet MAC address, the
universal/local (“u” bit) is set to 1 for global
scope and 0 for local scope.
Extended Unique Identifier (EUI-64) format

29.  Unicast
 Multicast
 Anycast
 No more broadcast addresses
Address Modes

30.  Unicast
 Address of a single interface. One-to-one delivery to single interface
 Unicast: one-to-one (global, link local, unique local, compatible).
Address Modes

31.  Multicast
 Address of a group of interfaces. One-to-many delivery to all interfaces
in the group .
Address Modes

32.  Anycast
 An IPv6 Anycast address is a new type of address that is assigned to a set of interfaces on different
device shared a uniform service.
 Anycast is One To Nearest of many.
 closest to the Sender in terms of Routing cost.
 allocated from Unicast
 Anycast addresses must not be used as the source address of an IPv6 packet.
Address Modes

33.  Change from IPv4 mode:
 Interface “expected” to have multiple
addresses.
 Unicast Addresses have scope:
o Global Unicast Address
o Unique-LocalAddress
o Link-LocalAddress
Address Types
( Scope of IPv6 Unicast Addresses)
Global UnicastAddress
Unicast LocalAddress
Link local
Address
Link local scope
Organization/Site Scope
Global Scope

34. IPv6 Prefix Allocation Hierarchy and Policy Example
We must review IPv6 Hierarchy Before Describe each type of IPv6

35. Another IPv6 Prefix Allocation Hierarchy and Policy
Example

36.  Link-Local Addresses Used for:
 MandatoryAddress for Communication between two IPv6 devices on the same link.
 These addresses are not routable, so a Router never forwards these addresses outside the link.
 Automatically assigned by device .
 Assigned when DHCP server is unavailable.
 Same as 169.254.x.x in IPV4.
 Starts with FE80::/10
 used in the neighbor discovery protocol and the dynamic address assignment process.
 Example of a link local unicast address: FE80:0000:0000:0000:0987:65FF:FE01:2345
Link-Local Addresses

37.  Unique-Local Addresses Used for:
 Unique LocalAddress globally unique, but it should be used in local communication.
 Not routable on the Internet, limiting their scope to an organization’s boundary.
 Inter-siteVPNs
 Starts with FD00::/7 or FC00::/7.
 The Host or Interface ID has the same meaning for all unicast addresses. It is 64 bits long and is
typically created by using the EUI-64 format.
 Example of a unique local unicast address: FD00:aaaa:bbbb:CCCC:0987:65FF:FE01:2345
Unique Local Unicast Address

38. Global unicast address used for:
 This address type is equivalent to IPv4’s public address, is given By IANA.
 Routable and reachable across the Internet
 The global routing prefix is assigned to a service provider by the (IANA).
 The site level aggregator (SLA), or subnet ID, is assigned to a customer by their service provider.
 The Host or Interface ID has the same meaning for all unicast addresses. It is 64 bits long and is typically
created by using the EUI-64 format.
 Unique.
 Starts with 2000::/3
 Example of a global unicast address: 2001:0DB8:BBBB:CCCC:0987:65FF:FE01:2345
Global unicast address

39. Global unicast address
Defines site Defines subnet
Defines interface

40. IPv4 EquivalentDesignation and
Explanation
Prefix
0.0.0.0Unspecified::/128
127.0.0.1Loopback::1/128
There is no equivalentIPv4-Mapped::ffff/96
Example: ::ffff:192.0.2.47
There is no equivalentIPv4 Compatible::/96
Example: 192.11.1.3
Are converted to hexes decimal
::C00B:0103
Special Addresses

41.  IPv6 multicast address has a prefix FF00::/8 (1111 1111).
 Multicast addresses are always destination addresses.
 Multicast addresses are used for router advertisements (RA), DHCPv6,
multicast applications, and so forth.
Multicast IPv6 Addresses

42. Multicast IPv6 Addresses
 Common MulticastAddresses
 Note that 02 means that this is a permanent address and has link scope.

43. IPv6 Addresses
• Summery ofAddressType Prefixes

44. IPv6 Address Answer
2001:0DB8:1:ACAD::FE55:6789:B210
b
::1
a
FC00:22:A:2::CD4:23E4:76FA
d
2033:DB8:1:1:22:A33D:259A:21FE
b
FE80::3201:CC01:65B1
c
FF00::
e
FF00::DB7:4322:A231:67C
e
FF02::2
e
• Answer Choices
A. LoopbackAddress
B. Global Unicast Address
C. Link-localAddress
D. Unique-localAddress
E. MulticastAddress
Match the IPv6 address to its type

45. Ipv4/Ipv6 Difference

46. Reference
 DianeTeare,Authorized Self-Study Guide Designing for Cisco Internetwork
Solutions (DESGN), Second Edition, ISBN-13: 978-1-58705-272-9.
 (2010), Deploying IPv6 in Unified Communications Networks with Cisco
Unified Communications Manager 8.0(x), Cisco Systems, Inc., San Jose, CA
95134-1706 ,USA,http://www.cisco.com
 Learn IPv6, www.tutorialspoint.com/ipv6/ipv6_overview.html
 IPv6 Header Deconstructed, www.ipv6.com
 Advanced IPv6,Training Course, November2016
 Introduction to IPv6, 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc.