CompTIA exam study guide presentations by instructor Brian Ferrill, PACE-IT (Progressive, Accelerated Certifications for Employment in Information Technology) "Funded by the Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Grant #TC-23745-12-60-A-53" Learn more about the PACE-IT Online program: www.edcc.edu/pace-it

1. Introduction to
routing protocols.

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Instructor, PACE-IT Program – Edmonds Community College
Areas of Expertise Industry Certification
 PC Hardware
 Network Administration
 IT Project Management
 Network Design
 User Training
 IT Troubleshooting
Qualifications Summary
Education
 M.B.A., IT Management, Western Governor’s University
 B.S., IT Security, Western Governor’s University
Entrepreneur, executive leader, and proven manger
with 10+ years of experience turning complex issues
into efficient and effective solutions.
Strengths include developing and mentoring diverse
workforces, improving processes, analyzing
business needs and creating the solutions
required— with a focus on technology.

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– Interior vs. exterior gateway routing
protocols.
– More routing concepts.
– Routing protocols.
PACE-IT.

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Introduction to routing protocols.

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– Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP).
» A category of protocols used within autonomous
networks.
• Used between networks that you can control.
» The most popular IGP protocols are OSPF (Open
Shortest Path First) and RIPv2 (Routing Information
Protocol version 2).
» Special mention: IS-IS (Intermediate System to
Intermediate System), which is popular with extremely
large autonomous networks like an ISP’s network.
– Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP).
» A category of protocols used between non-autonomous
networks.
• The type of routing protocol used between networks
under separate control.
» The most popular EGP protocol is Border Gateway
Protocol (BGP).
Introduction to routing protocols.

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It is not uncommon for
organizations to have more
than one network that they
are routing traffic between.
These are called
autonomous networks.
Some IGP routing protocols use an administrator
defined autonomous system (AS) number as one
means of identifying which networks can directly
communicate with each other.
The AS is not a metric, but a means of identifying a
network that might possibly accept another
network’s traffic.
Remember, the AS is only significant within
autonomous networks and has no relevance outside
of them.
Introduction to routing protocols.

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Introduction to routing protocols.

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– Classification of routing protocols.
» IGP and EGP routing protocols can be broken out into
three other categories of protocols, which is designated
by their main method of determining routes between
networks.
» Distance-vector routing protocols.
• Routes are determined by how many routers exist
between the source and the destination. The efficiency
of the links in the selected route is not taken into
consideration.
• Periodically, the whole routing table is broadcasted.
» Link state routing protocols.
• Metrics are used to determine the best possible route
between destinations. The protocol then only monitors
the state of directly connected links and only makes
changes when changes to links occur.
• Only changes in link status are broadcasted.
» Hybrid routing protocols.
• Use aspects of both the distance vector and link state
routing protocols.
Introduction to routing protocols.

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– Next hop.
» The next router in the path between two points.
• Is often designated by an interface address of the
device that is receiving the data, or by the router’s
name, or by the router’s location.
– Routing table.
» The database table that is used by a router to determine
the best possible route between two points.
» Different routing protocols use different algorithms to
place routes in the table.
– Convergence (steady state).
» The amount of time that it takes all of the routers in an
autonomous system to learn all of the possible routes
within that system.
• Faster convergence times are desirable.
Introduction to routing protocols.

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Introduction to routing protocols.

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– Routing Information Protocol v2 (RIPv2).
» An IGP (autonomous) distance-vector protocol.
• A hop count of 16 is considered unreachable.
» Uses various methods, including hop count to reduce the
chances of a routing loop.
» Uses multicast to advertise routing tables (224.0.0.9).
– Open Shortest Path First (OSPF).
» An IGP link state routing protocol.
» Uses Dijkstra’s algorithm to determine the shortest path to a
network.
» After initial startup, it only advertises changes to its routing
table, making convergence faster.
» Uses different types of link state advertisements (LSAs) to
announce different changes or operations.
• Uses multicast addresses 224.0.0.5 or 224.0.0.6, depending
on the type of LSA.
Introduction to routing protocols.

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– Intermediate System-to-Intermediate
System (IS-IS).
» An IGP link state routing protocol.
» Similar to OSPF in operation.
• It uses Dijkstra’s algorithm as well, but also uses different
metrics to determine the best path.
» Highly scalable and offers fast convergence.
» Often found used within networks under the control of an ISP.
– Border Gateway Protocol.
» An EGP (non-autonomous) hybrid routing protocol.
» Considered the routing protocol of the Internet.
» It can be considered a path-vector protocol.
• One of the metrics used is the number of autonomous
systems that must be crossed (not individual routers).
» Highly scalable, but it has very slow convergence times when
changes occur.
Introduction to routing protocols.

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Enhanced Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is
an advanced distance-vector
(hybrid) IGP routing
protocol developed by Cisco.
In 2013, Cisco made EIGRP an open source routing
protocol in an effort to increase its use in autonomous
networks. It uses aspects of both the distance-vector
protocols and link state protocols to build its routing table.
EIGRP has very fast convergence times.
EIGRP uses a Neighbor Table (directly connected routers)
and a Topology Table to build its routing table. The protocol
only announces changes to the routing table (on multicast
address 224.0.0.10) in order to reduce bandwidth
consumption.
Introduction to routing protocols.

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Introduction to routing protocols.
IGP routing protocols are used within autonomous networks (networks
under the control of a single organization). BGP routing protocols are used
between non-autonomous networks. Some IGP protocols use an AS
number to help determine which networks can connect with each other.
Topic
Interior vs. exterior gateway
protocols.
Summary
IGP and EGP routing protocols can be broken into three types: distance-
vector protocols, link state protocols, and hybrid protocols. Their
classification is determined by how they operate. The next hop is the next
router in the path of a route. The routing table is a database of all known
routes from the perspective of the router. Convergence is when the network
has reached a steady state.
More routing concepts.
RIPv2 is a distance-vector routing protocol that only cares about the
number of hops between the source and destination. OSPF and IS-IS are
link state routing protocols that use the Dijkstra algorithm. BGP is a hybrid
path-vector routing protocol and is considered the routing protocol of the
Internet. EIGRP is an advanced distance-vector (hybrid) routing protocol
developed by Cisco.
Routing protocols.

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