This document describes a fuzzy logic based control system for coordinating power sources in a hybrid wind/hydrogen/supercapacitor power system to provide stable distributed power generation. The system uses a DC bus structure with power electronic converters to control power from each source. Two power management strategies - grid-following and source-following - are presented and experimentally compared. The source-following strategy was found to better regulate grid power by using total power from sources to control the DC bus voltage, while allowing direct control of power delivered to the grid. The strategies coordinate the various sources including maximizing wind power, and using fuel cells, electrolyzers and supercapacitors to balance power flows.
This document summarizes a research paper about coordinating and controlling hybrid wind generator power systems. It describes a hybrid power system that includes a wind generator, fuel cells, electrolyzers, and supercapacitors. Two power management strategies are presented: the grid-following strategy and the source-following strategy. The grid-following strategy regulates the DC bus voltage by adjusting the power exchanged with the grid, while allowing the wind generator to operate at maximum power point tracking. The source-following strategy controls the grid's active power using a current loop and regulates the DC bus voltage using the wind generator and storage units. It is observed that the source-following strategy provides better grid regulation performance than the grid-following strategy under normal and abnormal conditions
Analysis of Design, and Control of Sustainable Energy Based Hybrid Power SystemIJSRED
This document presents a new control strategy for grid synchronization of a sustainable energy-based hybrid power system consisting of a wind turbine with a permanent magnet synchronous generator and a photovoltaic solar generator. The wind turbine and solar generator harvest sustainable energy which is converted to electrical power and interfaced to the grid via back-to-back voltage source converters. The control strategy aims to maximize power extraction from both generators while providing smooth sinusoidal voltages to the grid with fixed frequency and minimizing total harmonic distortion. The system and control algorithms are modeled and validated through MATLAB simulations.
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL IN TWO AREA NETWORK INCLUDING DGIAEME Publication
Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is associate integral a part of Energy Management
System. This paper deals with the automatic generation control of interconnected multi area grid
network. The first purpose of the AGC is to balance the full system generation against system load
and losses so the specified frequency and power interchange with neighboring systems are
maintained. Any pair between generation and demand causes the system frequency to deviate from
regular worth. So high frequency deviation could result in system collapse. This necessitates
associate correct and quick acting controller to take care of constant nominal frequency. The
limitations of the conventional controls are slow and lack of efficiency in handling system nonlinearity.
This leads to develop a control technique for AGC. In this paper both conventional and
PI viz. Proportional Integral controller approach of automatic generation control has been
examined. PI based AGC has been used for all optimization purposes. System performance has
been evaluated at various disturbances such as, load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load
and grid disturbances. Various responses due to conventional and proposed PI based AGC
controllers have been compared at load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load and grid
disturbances.
Power Quality Enhancement in Wind Connected Grid System Interface Based On St...IJERA Editor
This document discusses a Static Switched Filter Compensator (SSFC) scheme for improving power quality in a wind-connected grid system. The SSFC combines capacitor banks and a tuned filter to compensate for voltage sags/swells and improve power factor. It is controlled using a tri-loop dynamic error controller. Simulation results show the SSFC improves harmonics reduction, voltage compensation, and power factor at generator, load, and infinite buses under normal and disturbed conditions like changing wind speed and load variations. The SSFC effectively mitigates power quality issues in the distributed wind energy and grid system.
The use of a new control method for grid-connected inverters for reducing the output current harmonic distortion in a wide range of grid-connected distributed generation (DG) applications, including wind turbine (WT) and fuel cell (FC) inverters is proposed in this paper. The control method designed to eliminate main harmonics in a microgrid (MG) and between MG and point of common coupling (PCC) and responsible for the correction of the system unbalance. Another advantage of the proposed control method is that it can be easily adopted into the DG control system without the installation of extra hardware. The proposed control method is comprised of the synchronous reference frame method (SRF). Results from the proposed control method are provided to show the feasibility of the proposed approach.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
This paper presents the modeling and simulation of wind energy Conversion System using the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). The objectives are: to extract the maximum power of the wind speed by controlling the electromagnetic torque of the PMSG, to maintain constant the DC-link voltage despite the wind speed variations and to attain the unity power factor. In order to ensure a regulation with high performance and a good robustness against the internal and the external disturbances, a new control strategy called the Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) is used. Therefore, the Analysis and simulation of the ADRC and PI controllers are developed with MATLAB/Simulink software. The performance of these controllers is compared in term of references tracking, robustness and grid faults.
This document summarizes a research paper about coordinating and controlling hybrid wind generator power systems. It describes a hybrid power system that includes a wind generator, fuel cells, electrolyzers, and supercapacitors. Two power management strategies are presented: the grid-following strategy and the source-following strategy. The grid-following strategy regulates the DC bus voltage by adjusting the power exchanged with the grid, while allowing the wind generator to operate at maximum power point tracking. The source-following strategy controls the grid's active power using a current loop and regulates the DC bus voltage using the wind generator and storage units. It is observed that the source-following strategy provides better grid regulation performance than the grid-following strategy under normal and abnormal conditions
Analysis of Design, and Control of Sustainable Energy Based Hybrid Power SystemIJSRED
This document presents a new control strategy for grid synchronization of a sustainable energy-based hybrid power system consisting of a wind turbine with a permanent magnet synchronous generator and a photovoltaic solar generator. The wind turbine and solar generator harvest sustainable energy which is converted to electrical power and interfaced to the grid via back-to-back voltage source converters. The control strategy aims to maximize power extraction from both generators while providing smooth sinusoidal voltages to the grid with fixed frequency and minimizing total harmonic distortion. The system and control algorithms are modeled and validated through MATLAB simulations.
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL IN TWO AREA NETWORK INCLUDING DGIAEME Publication
Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is associate integral a part of Energy Management
System. This paper deals with the automatic generation control of interconnected multi area grid
network. The first purpose of the AGC is to balance the full system generation against system load
and losses so the specified frequency and power interchange with neighboring systems are
maintained. Any pair between generation and demand causes the system frequency to deviate from
regular worth. So high frequency deviation could result in system collapse. This necessitates
associate correct and quick acting controller to take care of constant nominal frequency. The
limitations of the conventional controls are slow and lack of efficiency in handling system nonlinearity.
This leads to develop a control technique for AGC. In this paper both conventional and
PI viz. Proportional Integral controller approach of automatic generation control has been
examined. PI based AGC has been used for all optimization purposes. System performance has
been evaluated at various disturbances such as, load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load
and grid disturbances. Various responses due to conventional and proposed PI based AGC
controllers have been compared at load disturbances, grid disturbances and both load and grid
disturbances.
Power Quality Enhancement in Wind Connected Grid System Interface Based On St...IJERA Editor
This document discusses a Static Switched Filter Compensator (SSFC) scheme for improving power quality in a wind-connected grid system. The SSFC combines capacitor banks and a tuned filter to compensate for voltage sags/swells and improve power factor. It is controlled using a tri-loop dynamic error controller. Simulation results show the SSFC improves harmonics reduction, voltage compensation, and power factor at generator, load, and infinite buses under normal and disturbed conditions like changing wind speed and load variations. The SSFC effectively mitigates power quality issues in the distributed wind energy and grid system.
The use of a new control method for grid-connected inverters for reducing the output current harmonic distortion in a wide range of grid-connected distributed generation (DG) applications, including wind turbine (WT) and fuel cell (FC) inverters is proposed in this paper. The control method designed to eliminate main harmonics in a microgrid (MG) and between MG and point of common coupling (PCC) and responsible for the correction of the system unbalance. Another advantage of the proposed control method is that it can be easily adopted into the DG control system without the installation of extra hardware. The proposed control method is comprised of the synchronous reference frame method (SRF). Results from the proposed control method are provided to show the feasibility of the proposed approach.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
This paper presents the modeling and simulation of wind energy Conversion System using the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). The objectives are: to extract the maximum power of the wind speed by controlling the electromagnetic torque of the PMSG, to maintain constant the DC-link voltage despite the wind speed variations and to attain the unity power factor. In order to ensure a regulation with high performance and a good robustness against the internal and the external disturbances, a new control strategy called the Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) is used. Therefore, the Analysis and simulation of the ADRC and PI controllers are developed with MATLAB/Simulink software. The performance of these controllers is compared in term of references tracking, robustness and grid faults.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In a distributed generation system, divers renewable agents are connected to the low voltage 3 phase utility grid by an inverter which is used as power condition and must assurance the higher efficiency of the renewable agent. To achieve this level of efficiency, a unitary power factor between the utility grid voltages and the inverter currents is necessary, and a synchronization algorithm is required for the perfect synchronization between the 3-phase utility grid and the renewable agent. The aim of this paper is to present the optimization of the performance of a Synchronization controller for a 3-phase photovoltaic grid-connected system, assessing its accuracy under different conditions and studying their drawbacks and advantages. A grid connected photovoltaic system with a nominal power of 5 kW is used so as to assess the behavior of the synchronization algorithm when the 3 phase utility grid is affected by some disturbances such as voltage unbalances.
Wind-Turbine Asynchronous Generator Synchronous Condenser with Excitation in ...IJMTST Journal
In this paper Standalone operation of a wind turbine generating system under fluctuating wind and variable load conditions is a difficult task. Moreover, high reactive power demand makes it more challenging due to the limitation of reactive capability of the wind generating system.The frequency is controlled by the Discrete Frequency Regulator block. This controller uses a standard three-phase Phase Locked Loop (PLL) system to measure the system frequency. The measured frequency is compared to the reference frequency to obtain the frequency error. This error is integrated to obtain the phase error. The phase error is then used by a Proportional-Differential (PD) controller to produce an output signal representing the required secondary load power. This signal is converted to an 8-bit digital signal controlling switching of the eight three-phase secondary loads. In order to minimize voltage disturbances, switching is performed at zero crossing of voltage.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Aircraft Electrical Power Generation & Distribution System Units Through an A...IJMTST Journal
This paper illustrates a generic Electrical Power Generation & Distribution System. The AC power frequency is variable and depends of the engine speed. The represents the generator mechanical drive and is modeled by a simple signal builder, which provides the mechanical speed of the engine shaft.The represents the power AC generator. It is composed of a modified version of the simplified synchronous machine. The mechanical input of the modified machine of 50 kW is the engine speed. The Generator Control Unit regulates the voltage of the generator to 200 volts line to line.The represents the Primary Distribution system. It is composed of three current and voltage sensors. There is also a 3-phase contactor controlled by the Generator Control Unit. Finally, a parasitic resistive load is required to avoid numerical oscillations. The section represents the secondary Power Distribution system. It is represented by 4 circuit breakers with adjustable current trip. The section represents the AC loads. There is a 4 kW Transformer and Rectifier Unit (which supplies 28 Vdc), a 12 kW induction machine (motor driving a pump), a 1 kW resistive load (lamps) and a 3 hp simplified (using an average value inverter) brushless DC drive (motor driving a ballscrew actuator)
6.[36 45]seven level modified cascaded inverter for induction motor drive app...Alexander Decker
1) The document presents a modified cascaded multilevel inverter topology for induction motor drive applications that reduces the number of switches compared to conventional designs.
2) The proposed topology uses 7 switches and 3 diodes to generate 7 voltage levels, whereas conventional designs require 12 switches. This reduces switching losses, cost, and complexity.
3) Simulation and experimental results show the proposed design can generate 7 voltage levels to drive an induction motor. FFT analysis shows lower total harmonic distortion compared to conventional designs.
This document presents a new PQ controller for regulating the output of a DC source connected to a microgrid or electrical grid. The controller independently controls active and reactive power output. It compares measured active and reactive power to reference values and uses PI controllers and phase calculations to generate PWM signals for the inverter. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show the controller effectively regulates active and reactive power injection according to reference values. The proposed PQ controller could be used to control distributed energy resources in interconnected microgrid systems.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Performance analysis of various parameters by comparison of conventional pitc...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper deals with a variable speed wind turbine coupled with a permanent magnet synchronous generator connected through a two mass drive train. This drive train is connected to synchronous generator and after the conversion process finally connected to grid and the idea of transmission over a long distance makes the use of converter necessary and at the receiving end. The inverter is used to convert it back and the inverter is designed with a proper gate signal to get the best output three phase voltages. The fuzzy logic controller is used to track generator speed with varying wind speed to optimize turbine aerodynamic efficiency in the outer speed loop. Pitch angle control of wind turbine has been used widely to reduce torque and output power variation in high rated wind speed areas .The machine side converter is designed to extract maximum power from the wind. In this work a WECS connected with grid is designed in Matlab and a Fuzzy controller is designed to improve the output and we can see the major difference in DC link voltage and reactive power in transmission line. From the outputs we can also go through the reactive power issue which system is best for inductive load or capacitive load. The simple PI system is good for capacitive load and the fuzzy system is better option for the inductive load. The results of both the system of normal controller and fuzzy controller is compared and analyzed. Key Words: Fuzzy logic controller (FLC), permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) , Pulse width modulation (PWM), Wind energy conversion system, DC link capacitor. FACTS Flexible A.C Transmission system, PI proportional integral
Performance analysis of various parameters by comparison of conventional pitc...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study of Wind Turbine based Variable Reluctance Generator using Hybrid FEMM-M...Yayah Zakaria
Based on exhaustive review of the state of the art of the electric generators fitted to Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), this study is focused on an innovative machine that is a Variable Reluctance Generator (VRG). Indeed, its simple and rugged structure (low cost), its high torque at low speed (gearless), its fault-tolerance (lowest maintenance), allow it to be a potential candidate for a small wind power application at variable wind
speed. For better accuracy, a finite element model of a studied doubly salient VRG is developed using open source software FEMM to identify the electromagnetic characteristics such as linkage flux, torque or inductance versus rotor position and stator excitation. The obtained data are then transferred into look-up tables of MATLAB/Simulink to perform various simulations. Performance of the proposed wind power system is analyzed for several parameters and results are discussed.
In this paper, using a neural controller and a genetic optimization algorithm to control the voltage as well as, control the frequency of the grid along with the management of the reactive power of the micro-grid to control the output power during islanding using Simultaneous bilateral power converters with voltage/frequency droop strategy and optimization of PI coefficients of parallel power converters by genetic-neural micro-grid algorithm to suppress AC side-current flow that increases stability and improvement of conditions frequency and voltage are discussed. Given the performance of the micro-grid in two simulation scenarios, namely transition from on-grid to off-grid, the occurrence of a step change in load in island mode as well as return to working mode is connected. The ability to detect the robust performance and proper performance of two-level neural controller. The controller performance time was also very good, indicating the appropriate features of the method used to design the controller, namely two-level neural, genetics. The main advantage of this method is its simplicity of design. The method used is also efficient and resistant to changes in the system, which results from the simulations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
4.power quality improvement in dg system using shunt active filterEditorJST
Injection of power generated by the wind turbine system into an electric grid mainly effects the power quality. The performance of this wind turbine and its power quality is determined on the basis of its measurement of power ratings as per IEEE standards. The influence of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation. To mitigate the power quality problems this paper proposes the shunt compensator techniques. Here, the proposed system is verified experimentally using both STATCOM and TSC compensators. This control schemes for grid connected wind energy system is simulated using Matlab/Simulink.
Stability Improvement in Grid Connected Multi Area System using ANFIS Based S...IJMTST Journal
Generally, the non-conventional energy sources are being extensively used in case of power electronic
converter based distribution systems. This paper mainly focuses on the wind energy system integrating with
grid connected system and also improvement of power quality features. The wind energy power plant is
modelled based on associated equations. For improving this power quality problems, this paper proposes the
concepts of shunt converter controllers. This paper also proposes the concepts of ANFIS based Static
Compensator. And also the results are compared for this cases. Thus with such a control, a balanced load
currents are obtained even in the presence of non-linear load. The experimental setup is done in Matlab and
verified the simulation results
This document proposes a compensation strategy using an Unified Power Quality Compensator (UPQC) device to mitigate power quality issues caused by the injection of wind power into electric grids. The UPQC is controlled using both proportional integral (PI) and fuzzy logic controllers to regulate the wind farm's terminal voltage and filter active and reactive power fluctuations. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink are presented to compare the performance of the UPQC using different control strategies, as well as total harmonic distortion calculations.
STATCOM Based Wind Energy System by using Hybrid Fuzzy Logic ControllerIJMTST Journal
The influence of the hybrid system in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, voltage deviation, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to International Electro-Technical Commission (IEC). The STATCOM provides reactive power support to hybrid system and load. These voltage fluctuations can be eliminated with the help of advanced reactive power compensator device such as SVC and STATCOM. This work focus on design, modeling and analysis of FACTS device in wind farm interconnected with grid during fault. These devices can be controlled by Synchronous Reference Frame theory. The performance is analyzed with the help of PI controller and Fuzzy logic technique. by using Matlab/Simulink Model.
A new control methods for offshore grid connected wind energy conversion syst...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a new control method for an offshore wind energy conversion system using a doubly fed induction generator and Z-source inverter. Two control methods are proposed - capacitor voltage control and DC-link voltage control. Simulation results show that for capacitor voltage control, the rotor speed tracks the maximum power point, extracted mechanical power tracks maximum turbine power, and capacitor voltage is kept constant. The power delivered to the grid matches the extracted mechanical power. DC-link voltage control maintains a constant DC-link voltage while capacitor voltage and power outputs vary with shoot-through time. Capacitor voltage control regulates power transfer more effectively.
Grid-Connection Control and Simulation of PMSG Wind Power System Based on Mul...ijsrd.com
This dissertation proposes a wind energy conversion system is composed of a wind turbine PMSG, a rectifier, and an inverter. The wind turbine PMSG transforms the mechanical power from the wind into the electrical power, while the rectifier converts the AC power into DC power and controls the speed of the PMSG. The controllable inverter helps in converting the DC power to variable frequency and magnitude AC power. With the voltage oriented control, the inverter also possesses the ability to control the active and reactive powers injected into the grid. Multilevel inerter is used to step up the voltage and to reduce the THD. Here nine level and eleven level inverter are used and the voltage increases and THD reduces from 12.87 % to 7.46 %. Active and reactive power is controlled dc stabilization and the reactive power is near to unity Here PI controller is used to control the inverter output rms voltage and LC filter is used to remove the harmonics available in the system.
This document presents a hybrid energy system connected to a DC smart grid powering both a DC fuel charging station and AC loads through a multilevel inverter. The system uses multiple renewable energy sources like solar and wind connected via the smart grid. It also includes an energy management system to improve efficiency and monitoring. The document discusses various components of the system like electric vehicles, smart grids, multilevel inverters and proposes a 13-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter model to provide efficient renewable energy through bidirectional power flow.
This dissertation examines the optimal placement and sizing of multiple distributed generation (DG) units in a distribution system considering different load models using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The author develops a multi-objective function to optimize that includes parameters like active and reactive power losses, voltage profile, line loading, short circuit level, and grid intake. PSO is used as the optimization technique to determine the best DG unit sizes and locations. The approach is tested on the IEEE 38-bus test system and results show the effectiveness of using PSO for optimal DG placement and sizing while considering different load models.
The document is a seminar report on utilizing a hybrid PV-wind energy system. It discusses the need for hybrid power plants due to the disadvantages of conventional combustion generators like pollution. It then explains hybrid power systems using examples like solar-wind. The report focuses on a solar-wind hybrid power station, providing block diagrams of the system components and an overview of how solar and wind energy work. It discusses combining wind turbines and solar panels in a hybrid system for increased reliability. The conclusion is that a hybrid PV-wind system can provide stable power supply by maximizing the strengths of both solar and wind energy sources.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In a distributed generation system, divers renewable agents are connected to the low voltage 3 phase utility grid by an inverter which is used as power condition and must assurance the higher efficiency of the renewable agent. To achieve this level of efficiency, a unitary power factor between the utility grid voltages and the inverter currents is necessary, and a synchronization algorithm is required for the perfect synchronization between the 3-phase utility grid and the renewable agent. The aim of this paper is to present the optimization of the performance of a Synchronization controller for a 3-phase photovoltaic grid-connected system, assessing its accuracy under different conditions and studying their drawbacks and advantages. A grid connected photovoltaic system with a nominal power of 5 kW is used so as to assess the behavior of the synchronization algorithm when the 3 phase utility grid is affected by some disturbances such as voltage unbalances.
Wind-Turbine Asynchronous Generator Synchronous Condenser with Excitation in ...IJMTST Journal
In this paper Standalone operation of a wind turbine generating system under fluctuating wind and variable load conditions is a difficult task. Moreover, high reactive power demand makes it more challenging due to the limitation of reactive capability of the wind generating system.The frequency is controlled by the Discrete Frequency Regulator block. This controller uses a standard three-phase Phase Locked Loop (PLL) system to measure the system frequency. The measured frequency is compared to the reference frequency to obtain the frequency error. This error is integrated to obtain the phase error. The phase error is then used by a Proportional-Differential (PD) controller to produce an output signal representing the required secondary load power. This signal is converted to an 8-bit digital signal controlling switching of the eight three-phase secondary loads. In order to minimize voltage disturbances, switching is performed at zero crossing of voltage.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Aircraft Electrical Power Generation & Distribution System Units Through an A...IJMTST Journal
This paper illustrates a generic Electrical Power Generation & Distribution System. The AC power frequency is variable and depends of the engine speed. The represents the generator mechanical drive and is modeled by a simple signal builder, which provides the mechanical speed of the engine shaft.The represents the power AC generator. It is composed of a modified version of the simplified synchronous machine. The mechanical input of the modified machine of 50 kW is the engine speed. The Generator Control Unit regulates the voltage of the generator to 200 volts line to line.The represents the Primary Distribution system. It is composed of three current and voltage sensors. There is also a 3-phase contactor controlled by the Generator Control Unit. Finally, a parasitic resistive load is required to avoid numerical oscillations. The section represents the secondary Power Distribution system. It is represented by 4 circuit breakers with adjustable current trip. The section represents the AC loads. There is a 4 kW Transformer and Rectifier Unit (which supplies 28 Vdc), a 12 kW induction machine (motor driving a pump), a 1 kW resistive load (lamps) and a 3 hp simplified (using an average value inverter) brushless DC drive (motor driving a ballscrew actuator)
6.[36 45]seven level modified cascaded inverter for induction motor drive app...Alexander Decker
1) The document presents a modified cascaded multilevel inverter topology for induction motor drive applications that reduces the number of switches compared to conventional designs.
2) The proposed topology uses 7 switches and 3 diodes to generate 7 voltage levels, whereas conventional designs require 12 switches. This reduces switching losses, cost, and complexity.
3) Simulation and experimental results show the proposed design can generate 7 voltage levels to drive an induction motor. FFT analysis shows lower total harmonic distortion compared to conventional designs.
This document presents a new PQ controller for regulating the output of a DC source connected to a microgrid or electrical grid. The controller independently controls active and reactive power output. It compares measured active and reactive power to reference values and uses PI controllers and phase calculations to generate PWM signals for the inverter. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show the controller effectively regulates active and reactive power injection according to reference values. The proposed PQ controller could be used to control distributed energy resources in interconnected microgrid systems.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Performance analysis of various parameters by comparison of conventional pitc...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper deals with a variable speed wind turbine coupled with a permanent magnet synchronous generator connected through a two mass drive train. This drive train is connected to synchronous generator and after the conversion process finally connected to grid and the idea of transmission over a long distance makes the use of converter necessary and at the receiving end. The inverter is used to convert it back and the inverter is designed with a proper gate signal to get the best output three phase voltages. The fuzzy logic controller is used to track generator speed with varying wind speed to optimize turbine aerodynamic efficiency in the outer speed loop. Pitch angle control of wind turbine has been used widely to reduce torque and output power variation in high rated wind speed areas .The machine side converter is designed to extract maximum power from the wind. In this work a WECS connected with grid is designed in Matlab and a Fuzzy controller is designed to improve the output and we can see the major difference in DC link voltage and reactive power in transmission line. From the outputs we can also go through the reactive power issue which system is best for inductive load or capacitive load. The simple PI system is good for capacitive load and the fuzzy system is better option for the inductive load. The results of both the system of normal controller and fuzzy controller is compared and analyzed. Key Words: Fuzzy logic controller (FLC), permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) , Pulse width modulation (PWM), Wind energy conversion system, DC link capacitor. FACTS Flexible A.C Transmission system, PI proportional integral
Performance analysis of various parameters by comparison of conventional pitc...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study of Wind Turbine based Variable Reluctance Generator using Hybrid FEMM-M...Yayah Zakaria
Based on exhaustive review of the state of the art of the electric generators fitted to Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), this study is focused on an innovative machine that is a Variable Reluctance Generator (VRG). Indeed, its simple and rugged structure (low cost), its high torque at low speed (gearless), its fault-tolerance (lowest maintenance), allow it to be a potential candidate for a small wind power application at variable wind
speed. For better accuracy, a finite element model of a studied doubly salient VRG is developed using open source software FEMM to identify the electromagnetic characteristics such as linkage flux, torque or inductance versus rotor position and stator excitation. The obtained data are then transferred into look-up tables of MATLAB/Simulink to perform various simulations. Performance of the proposed wind power system is analyzed for several parameters and results are discussed.
In this paper, using a neural controller and a genetic optimization algorithm to control the voltage as well as, control the frequency of the grid along with the management of the reactive power of the micro-grid to control the output power during islanding using Simultaneous bilateral power converters with voltage/frequency droop strategy and optimization of PI coefficients of parallel power converters by genetic-neural micro-grid algorithm to suppress AC side-current flow that increases stability and improvement of conditions frequency and voltage are discussed. Given the performance of the micro-grid in two simulation scenarios, namely transition from on-grid to off-grid, the occurrence of a step change in load in island mode as well as return to working mode is connected. The ability to detect the robust performance and proper performance of two-level neural controller. The controller performance time was also very good, indicating the appropriate features of the method used to design the controller, namely two-level neural, genetics. The main advantage of this method is its simplicity of design. The method used is also efficient and resistant to changes in the system, which results from the simulations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
4.power quality improvement in dg system using shunt active filterEditorJST
Injection of power generated by the wind turbine system into an electric grid mainly effects the power quality. The performance of this wind turbine and its power quality is determined on the basis of its measurement of power ratings as per IEEE standards. The influence of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation. To mitigate the power quality problems this paper proposes the shunt compensator techniques. Here, the proposed system is verified experimentally using both STATCOM and TSC compensators. This control schemes for grid connected wind energy system is simulated using Matlab/Simulink.
Stability Improvement in Grid Connected Multi Area System using ANFIS Based S...IJMTST Journal
Generally, the non-conventional energy sources are being extensively used in case of power electronic
converter based distribution systems. This paper mainly focuses on the wind energy system integrating with
grid connected system and also improvement of power quality features. The wind energy power plant is
modelled based on associated equations. For improving this power quality problems, this paper proposes the
concepts of shunt converter controllers. This paper also proposes the concepts of ANFIS based Static
Compensator. And also the results are compared for this cases. Thus with such a control, a balanced load
currents are obtained even in the presence of non-linear load. The experimental setup is done in Matlab and
verified the simulation results
This document proposes a compensation strategy using an Unified Power Quality Compensator (UPQC) device to mitigate power quality issues caused by the injection of wind power into electric grids. The UPQC is controlled using both proportional integral (PI) and fuzzy logic controllers to regulate the wind farm's terminal voltage and filter active and reactive power fluctuations. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink are presented to compare the performance of the UPQC using different control strategies, as well as total harmonic distortion calculations.
STATCOM Based Wind Energy System by using Hybrid Fuzzy Logic ControllerIJMTST Journal
The influence of the hybrid system in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, voltage deviation, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to International Electro-Technical Commission (IEC). The STATCOM provides reactive power support to hybrid system and load. These voltage fluctuations can be eliminated with the help of advanced reactive power compensator device such as SVC and STATCOM. This work focus on design, modeling and analysis of FACTS device in wind farm interconnected with grid during fault. These devices can be controlled by Synchronous Reference Frame theory. The performance is analyzed with the help of PI controller and Fuzzy logic technique. by using Matlab/Simulink Model.
A new control methods for offshore grid connected wind energy conversion syst...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a new control method for an offshore wind energy conversion system using a doubly fed induction generator and Z-source inverter. Two control methods are proposed - capacitor voltage control and DC-link voltage control. Simulation results show that for capacitor voltage control, the rotor speed tracks the maximum power point, extracted mechanical power tracks maximum turbine power, and capacitor voltage is kept constant. The power delivered to the grid matches the extracted mechanical power. DC-link voltage control maintains a constant DC-link voltage while capacitor voltage and power outputs vary with shoot-through time. Capacitor voltage control regulates power transfer more effectively.
Grid-Connection Control and Simulation of PMSG Wind Power System Based on Mul...ijsrd.com
This dissertation proposes a wind energy conversion system is composed of a wind turbine PMSG, a rectifier, and an inverter. The wind turbine PMSG transforms the mechanical power from the wind into the electrical power, while the rectifier converts the AC power into DC power and controls the speed of the PMSG. The controllable inverter helps in converting the DC power to variable frequency and magnitude AC power. With the voltage oriented control, the inverter also possesses the ability to control the active and reactive powers injected into the grid. Multilevel inerter is used to step up the voltage and to reduce the THD. Here nine level and eleven level inverter are used and the voltage increases and THD reduces from 12.87 % to 7.46 %. Active and reactive power is controlled dc stabilization and the reactive power is near to unity Here PI controller is used to control the inverter output rms voltage and LC filter is used to remove the harmonics available in the system.
This document presents a hybrid energy system connected to a DC smart grid powering both a DC fuel charging station and AC loads through a multilevel inverter. The system uses multiple renewable energy sources like solar and wind connected via the smart grid. It also includes an energy management system to improve efficiency and monitoring. The document discusses various components of the system like electric vehicles, smart grids, multilevel inverters and proposes a 13-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter model to provide efficient renewable energy through bidirectional power flow.
This dissertation examines the optimal placement and sizing of multiple distributed generation (DG) units in a distribution system considering different load models using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The author develops a multi-objective function to optimize that includes parameters like active and reactive power losses, voltage profile, line loading, short circuit level, and grid intake. PSO is used as the optimization technique to determine the best DG unit sizes and locations. The approach is tested on the IEEE 38-bus test system and results show the effectiveness of using PSO for optimal DG placement and sizing while considering different load models.
The document is a seminar report on utilizing a hybrid PV-wind energy system. It discusses the need for hybrid power plants due to the disadvantages of conventional combustion generators like pollution. It then explains hybrid power systems using examples like solar-wind. The report focuses on a solar-wind hybrid power station, providing block diagrams of the system components and an overview of how solar and wind energy work. It discusses combining wind turbines and solar panels in a hybrid system for increased reliability. The conclusion is that a hybrid PV-wind system can provide stable power supply by maximizing the strengths of both solar and wind energy sources.
seminar report on optimal placement and optimal sizing of DGkhemraj298
The document discusses distributed generation and voltage stability in power distribution systems. It introduces distributed generation as small-scale power generation located near customers. Benefits include improved reliability, power quality, and economic benefits. Challenges include higher costs and integrating variable generation. Voltage stability ensures acceptable voltage levels across the distribution system. As systems operate closer to capacity, voltage stability becomes important to prevent blackouts from voltage collapse. The document examines static and dynamic voltage stability and factors influencing stability.
This document describes a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for a photovoltaic-wind-battery (PVWB) hybrid energy system. It discusses modeling the individual components, developing the FLC using fuzzification, a rule base, and defuzzification. Simulation results show the FLC provides better system response and faster load power recovery compared to a PI controller during changes in solar irradiance and wind speed. The FLC effectively handles the non-linearity of the hybrid system components.
Opportunities for Power Electronics in Renewable Electricity Generation 2016 ...Yole Developpement
Renewable energy sources, namely photovoltaics and wind, offer big and sustainable opportunities for power electronics companies and battery makers.
Report’s key features
Overview of renewable energy sources, drivers and barriers, and synergies important for companies involved in power electronics
2015-2021 market size (MW and $M) for wind converters and photovoltaic inverters
Overview of the main trends and key technology needs in PV and wind markets
Identification of business opportunities for power electronics in the photovoltaic and wind industries
Focus on tidal energy turbines and associated opportunities for power electronics
Focus on battery electricity storage, associated opportunities for power electronics and battery synergies with renewable energy sources.
Identification of main technological challenges
This document discusses hybrid wind-solar power systems. It begins by introducing solar and wind energy individually, including their advantages such as being renewable and clean sources of energy, as well as some disadvantages like unpredictability and high upfront costs. It then describes a hybrid system that combines both solar panels and wind turbines to generate electricity, along with other components like batteries, controllers, and inverters. The document presents a case study of a hybrid system installed in India and finds it generated over 6,000 kWh annually with only 6.66% variation from predictions. In conclusion, hybrid systems are found to perform better than individual wind or solar systems due to their complementary nature.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a FACTS-based Static Switched Filter Compensator (SSFC) scheme for improving power quality when integrating wind energy into smart grids. The SSFC scheme uses controlled switching between two capacitor banks to provide series and shunt compensation. It is controlled using a tri-loop dynamic error controller and VSC controller to mitigate harmonics, stabilize voltages, improve power factor, and reduce losses. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink show the SSFC scheme improves voltage regulation, reduces current and voltage harmonics to within IEEE limits, and enhances the power factor at generator, load and grid buses compared to without SSFC.
Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Level Wi...Pradeep Avanigadda
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly
connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic
converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for
achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters
when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter
is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating
active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be
utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from
RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance,
load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and
load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished
either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the
combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire
linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling
appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control
concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation
studies and validated through digital signal processor-based
laboratory experimental results.
Index Terms—Active power filter
A Novel Technique for Enhancing Active and Reactive Power Quality for Renewab...IJMER
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies and results.
Power Flow Control in Grid-Connected Wind Energy Conversion System Using PMSG...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method for reducing grid current total harmonic distortion in a wind energy conversion system using a permanent magnet synchronous generator. The method uses optimal torque control for maximum power point tracking from the wind turbines. It then employs vector control of the grid-side inverter to both control active power injection into the grid and eliminate higher-order current harmonics from local nonlinear loads, improving power quality. Simulation results demonstrate the benefits of maximum power point tracking at different wind speeds and lower total harmonic distortion when the harmonic elimination function is used.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method for reducing grid current total harmonic distortion in a grid-connected wind energy conversion system using a permanent magnet synchronous generator. The method uses the grid-side inverter, which normally injects power into the grid, to also eliminate high-order harmonics generated by a nonlinear load connected to the grid. Simulation results on a system with a 20 kW permanent magnet synchronous generator show that when a nonlinear load is connected, the proposed harmonic elimination method significantly reduces the total harmonic distortion of the grid current compared to when it is not used. The maximum power point tracking algorithm employed also achieves over 97% tracking efficiency across different wind speeds tested.
Performance Analysis of DC Micro Grid with PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid GenerationIJMREMJournal
Conventional energy resources are being replaced by Renewable energy sources mainly due to increasing
environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cell (FC) are suitable to be used in modern DC microgrids
due to their DC output. In this research work, a DC microgrid structure is proposed for small residential areas
using hybrid PV and FC generation. Power Electronic converters are used to regulate generated voltage of the
two sources for integration to a common DC bus. Proposed system is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK to
observe its performance. Simulation results show that output voltage is properly maintained at different DC
Improving Distribution Feeders for Photovoltaic Generation by Loop Power Cont...IJMER
1) The document discusses using a Loop Power Controller (LPC) to improve distribution feeder loading balance for systems with high photovoltaic (PV) generation. The LPC controls real and reactive power flows between feeders by adjusting voltage ratio and phase shift.
2) A control algorithm is developed for the LPC to minimize loading imbalance and power losses based on hourly PV generation and load profiles from a distribution automation system.
3) Simulation results on Taiwanese distribution feeders show the LPC improves loading balance and reduces losses compared to conventional reconfiguration methods affected by intermittent PV generation.
Adaptive Fuzzy PID Based Control Strategy For 3Phase 4Wire Shunt Active Filte...IJERA Editor
The document presents a new control strategy for controlling a shunt active power filter to compensate for reactive power and reduce current harmonics in a grid connected to a renewable energy based distribution system. The proposed control strategy uses a fuzzy PID controller to determine the reference compensating currents for a three-phase shunt active power filter. Simulations in MATLAB/Simulink show that the controller has fast dynamic response, accurately tracks the DC voltage reference, and is robust to load parameter variations. The fuzzy PID controller hybridizes classical PID and fuzzy control to exploit the benefits of both.
This document summarizes a research article that proposes using a Unified Power Quality Compensator (UPQC) device to regulate voltage and mitigate fluctuations at a weak grid connection to a wind farm. The UPQC uses internal control strategies to regulate the voltage at the wind farm terminals using its series converter, and uses its shunt converter to filter wind farm power and prevent voltage fluctuations. The control strategy manages active and reactive power sharing between the series and shunt converters through a common DC link. Simulation results showed the UPQC approach effectively regulated voltage during load changes and rejected power fluctuations from tower shadow effects at the wind turbines.
This document describes using a two-layer fuzzy logic controller with a unified power flow controller to dampen tie-line power oscillations in an interconnected thermal power system. Conventionally, automatic generation control is performed using primary governor control and a secondary proportional-integral controller. However, this can still result in frequency and tie-line power transients during load disturbances. The document proposes using a UPFC along with a two-layer fuzzy logic controller to further improve damping. Simulation results indicate this approach reduces transients and achieves faster settling times.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes an operating strategy for a grid-connected hybrid power system consisting of a photovoltaic array and proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The strategy determines the control mode (unit power control or feeder flow control) and reference power values. In unit power control mode, the reference power is set such that the PV array operates at maximum power and the fuel cell operates within its high efficiency band. The reference power is increased incrementally as PV output increases beyond certain thresholds to maintain these constraints. The strategy aims to improve system performance and stability while minimizing the number of control mode changes.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This work includes the establishment of a Photovoltaic system connected to the grid by means of an inverter. The fundamental goal of the work is to incorporate an advanced active power flow management scheme in order to adopt load at any weather condition along with the advantage of maximum active power flow and zero harmonics from PV inverter to the grid. The outcome of analysis and control design of grid connected PV inverter using a Proportional-Integral (PI) control technique is based on synchronous dq rotating reference frame so as to achieve maximum output voltage and record the active power. It has been observed that the model provides a better rate of stability as compared to the existing topology.
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Improvement of Power Quality using Fuzzy Logic Controller in Grid Connected P...IAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, the design of combined operation of UPQC and PV-ARRAY is designed. The proposed system is composed of series and shunt inverters connected back to back by a dc-link to which pv-array is connected. This system is able to compensate voltage and current related problems both in inter-connected mode and islanding mode by injecting active power to grid. The fundamental aspect is that the power electronic devices (PE) and sensitive equipments (SE) are normally designed to work in non-polluted power system, so they would suffer from malfunctions when supply voltage is not pure sinusoidal. Thus this proposed operating strategy with flexible operation mode improves the power quality of the grid system combining photovoltaic array with a control of unified power quality conditioner. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is used in both three phase four leg inverters. A Proportional Integral (PI) and Fuzzy Logic Controllers are used for power quality improvement by reducing the distortions in the output power. The simulated results were compared among the two controller’s strategies With pi controller and fuzzy logic controller
A grid connected hybrid generation system (HGS) consisting of wind energy conversion System (WECS)/Photo voltaic (PV) System/solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is designed and simulated by using Matlab/Simulink. SOFC is the replacement of battery, attached to produce the clean energy when these renewable energy sources are unable to produce required amount of electric power. A controller is used to regulate the flow of H2 through the valveto the SOFC and the rest amount of H2 is stored in storage tank. Also, an operational control strategy (OCS) is developed to utilize maximum amount of power of PV to the required load and rest amount of power is coming from wind to fulfill the load demand. Hence, the electrolyzer is supplied by the wind power to convert the water in to H2 and oxygen. Also the power quality factor (PQF) analysis is exercised to measure the quality of power transmission.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Enhancement of Voltage Stability by using Fuel Cell as Shunt CompensatorIRJET Journal
This document proposes using a fuel cell system as a shunt compensator to enhance voltage stability in a power distribution system. It models a proton exchange membrane fuel cell connected to a boost converter and three-phase inverter to inject power into the grid. Simulation results in MATLAB Simulink show that connecting the fuel cell compensator maintains voltage levels closer to acceptable ranges when additional loads are added, improving voltage stability, compared to the system without the compensator. The fuel cell system with power electronic interfaces provides flexible distributed generation and reactive power support to enhance power quality and reliability.
Similar to Fuzzy based power control of a hybrid active wind generator for distributed power generation (20)
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
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5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
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Fuzzy based power control of a hybrid active wind generator for distributed power generation
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331,Volume 6, Issue 3 (May. - Jun. 2013), PP 91-100
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 91 | Page
Fuzzy based power control of a hybrid active wind generator for
distributed power generation
Prof. D. Shobha Rani1
, Tellapati Anuradha Devi2
, K.Hanumantha Rao3
1, 2, 3
(Department of EEE, Vardhaman College of Engineering (Autonomous), JNTU Hyderabad, India)
Abstract : A dc-coupled wind/hydrogen/super capacitor hybrid power system using fuzzy logic is studied in this
paper. The purpose of the control system is to coordinate these different sources, particularly their power
exchange, in order to make controllable the generated power. As a result, an active wind generator can be built
to provide some ancillary services to the grid. The control system should be adapted to integrate the power
management strategies. Two power management strategies are presented and compared experimentally. We
found that the “source-following” strategy has better performances on the grid power regulation than the
“grid-following” strategy.
Keywords - Distributed power, energy management, hybrid power system (HPS), power control, wind generator
(WG), Fuzzy logic system.
I. INTRODUCTION
Renewable energy sources (RES) and distributed generations (DGs) have attracted special attention all
over the world in order to reach the following two goals:
1) The security of energy supply by reducing the dependence on imported fossil fuels;
2) The reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases (e.g., CO2) from the burning of fossil fuels.
Other than their relatively low efficiency and high cost, the controllability of the electrical production
is the main drawback of renewable energy generators, like wind turbines and photovoltaic panels, because of the
uncontrollable meteorological conditions. In consequence, their connection into the utility network can lead to
grid instability or even failure if they are not properly controlled. Moreover, the standards for interconnecting
these systems to the utility become more and more critical and require the DG systems to provide certain
services, like frequency and voltage regulations of the local grid. Wind power is considered in this paper. Wind
energy is the world’s fastest growing energy source, expanding globally at a rate of 25%–35% annually over the
last decade (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Total wind power (in giga watts) installed in the world since 1993.
However, classical wind energy conversion systems work like passive generators. Because of the
intermittent and fluctuant wind speed, they cannot offer any ancillary services to the electrical system in a
microgrid application, where stable active- and reactive-power requirements should be attributed to the
generators. As solutions, hybrid power systems (HPS) are proposed to overcome these problems with the
following two innovative improvements.
II. Fuzzy Based Hps Control System
A. Structure of HPS:
In this paper, we use a dc-coupled structure in order to decouple the grid voltages and frequencies from
other sources. All sources are connected to a main dc bus before being connected to the grid through a main
inverter (Fig. 2). Each source is electrically connected with a power-electronic converter in order to get
possibilities for power control actions. Moreover, this HPS structure and its global control system can also be
used for other combinations of sources.
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Fig.2. Structure of the studied wind/hydrogen/SC HPS.
B. Structure of Control System:
Power converters introduce some control inputs for power conversion. In this case, the structure of the
control system can be divided into different levels (Fig. 3).
Fig.3.Hierarchical control structure of the HPS.
The switching control unit (SCU) is designed for each power converter. In an SCU, the drivers with
optocouplers generate the transistor’s ON/OFF signals from the ideal states of the switching function {0, 1}, and
the modulation technique (e.g., pulse width modulation) determines the switching functions from the
modulation functions (m).
The automatic control unit (ACU) is designed for each energy source and its power conversion
system. In an ACU, the control algorithms calculate the modulation functions (m) for each power converter
through the regulation of some physical quantities according to their reference values.
The power control unit (PCU) is designed to perform the instantaneous power balancing of the entire
HPS in order to satisfy the grid requirements. These requirements are real- and reactive-power references, which
are obtained from the secondary control center and from references of droop controllers. In a PCU, some power-
balancing algorithms are implemented to coordinate the power flows of different energy sources. The different
power-balancing algorithms correspond to a number of possible operating modes of the HPS and can be
gathered.
The purpose of this paper is to present the power-balancing strategies in the PCU. In order to focus on
the power-balancing strategies of the HPS, the control schemes of the power conversion systems through
different power converters will not be detailed in this paper. However, some explanations of the ACUs are given
in the following paragraphs in order to make the controllable variables of the power conversion systems appear.
C. ACU:
The control schemes in the ACUs are shown in Fig. 4 with block diagrams.
1) The EL power conversion system is controlled by setting the terminal voltage (uel) equal to a prescribed
reference (uel_ref) through the dc chopper N◦5. The EL stack is considered as an equivalent current source (iel).
3. Fuzzy based power control of a hybrid active wind generator for distributed power generation
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2) The FC power conversion system is controlled with a reference of the FC current (ifc_ref) through the dc
chopper N◦4. The FC stack is considered as an equivalent voltage source (ufc).
3) The SC power conversion system is controlled with a current reference (isc_ref) through the dc chopper N◦3.
The SC bank is considered as an equivalent voltage source (usc).
4) The wind energy conversion system is controlled with a reference of the gear torque (Tgear_ref) by the three-
phase rectifier N◦2.
5) The grid connection system consists of a dc-bus capacitor and a grid power conversion system. The grid
power conversion system is controlled with line-current references (il_ref ) by the three-phase inverter N◦1,
because the grid transformer is considered as an equivalent voltage source (ugrid).
The dc-bus voltage is described as
……………. (1)
Fig.4. Modeling and control of the HPS by the Energetic Macroscopic Representation.
In order to control the dc-bus voltage, a voltage controller must be used. The output of the voltage
controller is a current reference idc_ref (Fig. 4).
III. Power Control Units
A. Layout of PCU:
The power modeling of the HPS can be divided into two levels: the power calculation level and the
power flow level (Fig. 5). Thus, the PCU is also divided into two levels: the power control level and the power
sharing level.
The PCU enables one to calculate references for the ACU from power references. The power sharing
level coordinates the power flow exchanges among the different energy sources with different power-balancing
strategies. They are presented here in detail with the help of the Multilevel Representation (Fig. 5), which was
developed by Peng Li in 2008.
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Fig. 5. Multilevel representation of the power modeling and control of the HPS.
B. Power Control Level:
The power exchanges with various sources are controlled only via the related five references (uel_ref ,
ifc_ref , isc_ref , Tgear_ref , and il_ref in Fig. 5). Therefore, the expressions of the powers should be deduced in
order to obtain these power references (Table I). Only the sources’ powers and the exchanged power with the
dc-bus capacitor are taken into account here. For the energy storage systems, the powers are calculated by
multiplying the measured currents and the measured voltages (Int3, Int4, and Int5 in Table I). The references of
the controllable variables are obtained by dividing the power reference with the measured current or the
measured voltages (Int3c, Int4c, and Int5c in Table I).
Table I
Summary Of Equations For Power Calculation
For the wind energy conversion system, a maximal-power-point- tracking (MPPT) strategy is used to
extract the maximum power of the available wind energy according to a nonlinear characteristic in function of
the speed. It receives the measured rotational speed (Ωtur) and sets a desired power reference (pwg_ref) (Int2 and
Int2c in Table I).
The output of the dc-bus voltage control loop is the current reference (idc_ref ) of the dc-bus capacitor,
and its product with the measured dc-bus voltage gives the power reference
(pdc_ref ) for the dc-bus voltage regulation (Int0e). The powers, which are exchanged with the grid, can be
calculated with the ―two-wattmeter‖ method (Int1 and Int1c in Table I). In order to focus on the power
exchanges with the different sources around the dc bus, the instantaneously exchanged power with the choke,
the losses in the filters, and the losses in the power converters are neglected.
C. Power Sharing Level:
The power sharing level is used to implement the power balancing strategies in order to coordinate the
various sources in the HPS (Fig. 5). It plays a very important role in the control system, because the power
exchanges lead directly to the stability of the HPS and impact the dc-bus voltage (udc).
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………………… (2)
Fig:6. Multilevel representation of the Grid –following strategy
With
Edc stored energy in the dc-bus capacitor;
pdc resulted power into the dc-bus capacitor;
pwg generated power from the WG;
pfc generated power from the FC;
psc exchanged power with the SC;
pel consumed power by the EL;
pg delivered power into the grid from the dc bus.
According to the power exchange, the power flows inside this HPS are modeled with four equations.
…………………. (3)
………………… (4)
……………….. (5)
………………….. (6)
With
psour ―source‖ total power arriving at the dc bus;
psto ―storage‖ total power arriving at the dc bus;
pH2 ―hydrogen‖ total power arriving at the dc bus.
In this wind/hydrogen/SC HPS, five power-electronic converters are used to regulate the power transfer
with each source. According to a chosen power flow, the following two power balancing strategies can be
implemented.
1) The grid-following strategy uses the line-current loop to regulate the dc-bus voltage.
2) The source-following strategy uses the line-current loop to control the grid active power, and the
dc-bus voltage is regulated with the WG and storage units.
III. Power-Balancing Strategies
A. Grid-Following Strategy:
With the grid-following strategy, the dc-bus voltage is regulated by adjusting the exchanged power
with the grid, while the WG works in MPPT strategies [27]. In Fig. 6, the dc-bus voltage control is shown by a
closed loop (pdc_ref → pg_ref → pg → pdc). Thus, the required power for the dc-bus voltage regulation (pdc_ref) is
used to estimate the grid power reference
(pg_ref).
…………………….. (7)
The source total power (psour) is a disturbance and should also be taken into account with the
estimated wind power and the sensed total storage power
…………………. (8)
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The energy storage systems help the wind energy conversion system satisfy the power references, which are
asked by the microgrid operator
……………… (9)
………………… (10)
In steady state, the dc-bus voltage is regulated, and the averaged power exchange with the dc-bus capacitor can
be considered as zero in (3). Hence, in steady state, the grid power (pg) is equal to the total power from the
sources (psour). If the microgrid system operator sets a power requirement (pgc_ref ), it must be equal to the
sources’ power reference (psour_ref ), as shown in Fig. 6.
………………. (11)
Fig.7.Block diagram of the grid-following strategy.
In order to help the wind energy conversion system respect the active-power requirement, the energy
storage systems should be coordinated to supply or absorb the difference between this power requirement
(pgc_ref ) and the fluctuant wind power (pwg), as shown in Fig. 6
………………… (12)
Among the energy storage systems, the FCs and the ELs are the main energy exchangers because a
large quantity of hydrogen can be stored for enough energy availability. For efficiency reasons, the FC and the
EL should not work at the same time. The activation of the FC or the activation of the EL depends on the sign of
the reference (pH2_ref). Thus, a selector assigns the power reference (pH2_ref) to the FC (pfc_ref) or to the EL (pel_ref)
according to the sign of pH2_ref (Fig. 6)
Pow4C:
……………… (13)
However, the power reference (psto_ref) is a fast-varying quantity due to the fluctuant wind power (pwg)
and the varying grid power (pg). In order to avoid the fast-chattering problem when it is close to zero, it should
be slowed down. Moreover, the FCs and the ELs have relatively slow power dynamics, and fast-varying power
references are not welcome for their operating lifetime. Therefore, a low-pass filter (LPF) with a slope limiter
should be added (Fig. 6)
………………. (14)
where τ is the time constant of the LPF and should be set large enough by taking into account the power
dynamics of the FCs and the ELs, as well as the size of the SCs.
The SCs are not made for a long-term energy backup unit because they have limited energy storage
capacities due to their low energy density. However, they have very fast power dynamics and can supply fast-
varying powers and power peaks. They can be used as an auxiliary power system of the FCs and ELs to fill the
power gaps during their transients
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…………….. (15)
The block diagram of the grid-following strategy for the active WG is shown in Fig. 7.
B. Source-Following Strategy:
The total power (psour) from the energy storage and the WG can also be used to provide the necessary
dc power (pdc) for the dc-bus voltage regulation (Fig. 8). In this case, the necessary total power reference
(psour_ref ) must be calculated by taking into account the required power for the dc-bus voltage regulation
(pdc_ref ) and the measured grid power (pg) as disturbance input by using the inverse equation of Pow1 (Fig. 8)
……………………. (16)
Fig.8. Multilevel representation of the source-following strategy
Then, the total power reference of the storage systems is deduced by taking into account the fluctuant
wind power with the inverse equation of Pow2 (Fig. 8)
…………….. (17)
This power reference is shared among the FCs, the ELs, and the SCs in the same way as explained
earlier (Pow2c, Pow3c, Pow4c, and Pow’
3c). In addition, now, the grid power reference (pg_ref) is free to be
used for the grid power control. The microgrid system operator can directly set the power requirements (pgc_ref
and qgc_ref) for the grid connection system (pg_ref = pgc_ref ). Therefore, the HPS can directly supply the required
powers for providing the ancillary services to the microgrid, like the regulations of the grid voltage and
frequency.
The block diagram of the grid-following strategy for the active WG is shown in Fig. 9.
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Fig.9. Block diagram of the source-following strategy.
V. Experimental Tests
A. Experimental Platform Assessment
An experimental platform of the HPS has been built to test the different power-balancing strategies.
Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) emulations of a part of a power system enable a fast experimental validation test
before implementation with the real process. Some parts of the emulator process are simulated in real time in a
controller board and are then interfaced in hardware with the real devices. Such a HIL simulation has been
intensively used and enables one to check the availability and reliability of the hybrid active WG (storage
component sizing, power-electronic interface, and operation control). The FC and EL emulators are used to
provide the same electrical behavior as the real FC stack and the EL stack [28]. Models of the FCs and the EL
have been previously validated through comparisons with obtained experimental results and simulated results
from models. They are implemented in a digital control board (DSpace 1102) and calculated voltages
And currents are generated by using power-electronic converters. Three ―Boostcap SC‖ modules (160
F and 48 V) are connected in series (Table II). Therefore, the equivalent capacitor of the SC bank is about 53 F,
and the maximal voltage is about 144 V. All sources are connected to the dc bus through different power
converters (Fig. 10). The dc bus is connected to the grid through a three-phase inverter, three line filters, and a
grid transformer. Moreover, the HPS is controlled by a digital control board (DSpace 1103). The wind power
emulator is used to provide the predefined reduced wind power profile pwg (1.2 kW). The sizing of the FC and
EL stacks is adapted by using the modeling parameters of Table II in the HIL simulation in order to be
interfaced in the experimental test bench. Two power-balancing strategies are tested and compared, respectively.
With this experimental test bench, it is possible to apply our proposed hierarchical control system for
the active generator and to test it with the developed power-balancing strategies.
B. Power Profile of Different Sources
Two tests are performed experimentally for both strategies,respectively. The same fluctuant wind
power profile is used during 150 s (Fig. 11). The active-power requirement from the microgrid is assumed to be
pgc_ref = 600W. Similar power profiles are obtained for the energy storage systems (Fig. 11). When the
generated wind power is more than 600 W, the EL is activated to absorb the power difference, but when the
generated wind power is less than 600 W, the FC is activated to compensate the power difference. Since the
power dynamics of the FCs and the EL are limited by an LPF with a 5-s time constant, they are not able to filter
the fast fluctuations of the wind power. Therefore, the SCs supply or absorb the power difference.
C. Grid Following Strategy
In the grid-following strategy, the dc-bus voltage is well regulated around 400 V by the grid power
conversion system (Fig. 12). The energy storage systems help the WG supply the microgrid power requirement
(psour = pgc_ref = 600 W). Because of the different power losses in the filters and power converters, the grid
active power is slightly less than the microgrid’s requirement (pg < pgc_ref = 600 W).
D. Source-Following Strategy
In the grid-following strategy, the energy storage systems are controlled to supply or absorb the necessary
powers in order to maintain the dc-bus voltage (around 400 V) against the fluctuant wind power (Fig. 13). The
grid active power is also regulated and is equal to the microgrid’s requirement, because the line-current control
loop regulates directly the grid powers (pg = pgc_ref = 600 W). Therefore, the sourcefollowing strategy has
better performances on the grid power regulation than the grid-following strategy, and it can provide ancillary
services according to the microgrid’s requirements.
E. Comparison and Discussion
Thanks to the help of energy storage systems, the dc-bus voltage and the grid powers can be well regulated with
both power-balancing strategies, while the WG extracts the maximum available wind power. By comparing the
two power-balancing strategies with their experimental test results (Figs. 12 and 13), we see that the grid
active power is better regulated in the ―grid-following‖ strategy than in the ―source-following‖ strategy. In the
grid-following strategy, the grid power varies continuously because the linecurrent control loop regulates the
dc-bus voltage and the grid power is adjusted all the time. In the source-following strategy, the dc-bus voltage
is regulated by the SCs, and the grid power can be directly used to supply the same power as required by the
microgrid system operator. Thus, if the active generator is required to provide the necessary powers to
participate in the microgrid management, the source-following strategy is preferred for more precisely
controlling the grid powers.
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Fig.11. Power profiles of the different sources.
Fuzzy ruled based grid following strategy:
Fig. 12.Grid-following strategy test results.
Fuzzy ruled based source following strategy:
Fig. 13.Source-following strategy test results.
VI. Conclusion
In this paper, a dc-coupled fuzzy based HPS has been studied with the three kinds of energy sources: 1) a WG as
a renewable energy generation system; 2) SCs as a fast-dynamic energy storage system; and 3) FCs with ELs
and hydrogen tank as a longterm energy storage system. The structure of the control system is divided into three
levels: 1) SCU; 2) ACU; and 3) PCU. Two power-balancing strategies have been presented and compared for
the PCU: the grid-following strategy and the source following strategy. For both of them, the dc-bus voltage and
the grid power can be well regulated. The experimental tests have shown that the source-following strategy has
better performance on the grid power regulation than the grid-following strategy by using the fuzzy logic
system.
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