International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Analysis of DC Micro Grid with PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid GenerationIJMREMJournal
Conventional energy resources are being replaced by Renewable energy sources mainly due to increasing
environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cell (FC) are suitable to be used in modern DC microgrids
due to their DC output. In this research work, a DC microgrid structure is proposed for small residential areas
using hybrid PV and FC generation. Power Electronic converters are used to regulate generated voltage of the
two sources for integration to a common DC bus. Proposed system is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK to
observe its performance. Simulation results show that output voltage is properly maintained at different DC
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
GA Based Controller for Autonomous Wind-DG Micro gridIOSRJEEE
A single renewable source of energy when integrated with other sources of energy it is termed as hybrid system. In this paper an active power control strategy has been developed such that when the wind alone is not able to meet the energy demand, without compromising the frequency a transition occurs to wind diesel mode so that the energy demand is met. This work proposes the coordination of WDG(Wind DG), VSC’s are used for two purposes one is frequency control and another is voltage control. PMBLDC generator is used as a wind power generator and the Incremental conductance method is used as MPPT along with boost converter. This output is stored into battery system (BS) and surplus is supplied to the consumer loads. Back propagation feed forward (BPFF) control scheme is used for VF control of VSC. This controller provides harmonics elimination, load leveling and reactive power compensation and also regulates the voltage at PCC. Genetic algorithm is used for the purpose of tuning PI controller of BPFF. The performance and the analysis is done in a user friendly MATLAB/Simulink environment.
In a distributed generation system, divers renewable agents are connected to the low voltage 3 phase utility grid by an inverter which is used as power condition and must assurance the higher efficiency of the renewable agent. To achieve this level of efficiency, a unitary power factor between the utility grid voltages and the inverter currents is necessary, and a synchronization algorithm is required for the perfect synchronization between the 3-phase utility grid and the renewable agent. The aim of this paper is to present the optimization of the performance of a Synchronization controller for a 3-phase photovoltaic grid-connected system, assessing its accuracy under different conditions and studying their drawbacks and advantages. A grid connected photovoltaic system with a nominal power of 5 kW is used so as to assess the behavior of the synchronization algorithm when the 3 phase utility grid is affected by some disturbances such as voltage unbalances.
Open-Switch Fault-Tolerant Control of Power Converters in a Grid-Connected Ph...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents the study of an open switch fault tolerant control of a
grid-connected photovoltaic system. The studied system is based on the
classical DC-DC boost converter and a bidirectional 6-pulse DC-AC
converter. The objective is to provide an open-switch fault detection method
and fault-tolerant control for both of boost converter and grid-side converter
(GSC) in a grid-connected photovoltaic system. A fast fault detection method
and a reliable fault-tolerant topology are required to ensure continuity of
service, and achieve a faster corrective maintenance. In this work, the mean
value of the error voltages is used as fault indicator for the GSC, while, for
the boost converter the inductor current form is used as fault indicator. The
fault-tolerant topology was achieved by adding one redundant switch to the
boost converter, and by adding one redundant leg to the GSC. The results of
the fault tolerant control are presented and discussed to validate the proposed
approach under different scenarios and different solar irradiances.
Performance Analysis of DC Micro Grid with PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid GenerationIJMREMJournal
Conventional energy resources are being replaced by Renewable energy sources mainly due to increasing
environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cell (FC) are suitable to be used in modern DC microgrids
due to their DC output. In this research work, a DC microgrid structure is proposed for small residential areas
using hybrid PV and FC generation. Power Electronic converters are used to regulate generated voltage of the
two sources for integration to a common DC bus. Proposed system is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK to
observe its performance. Simulation results show that output voltage is properly maintained at different DC
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
GA Based Controller for Autonomous Wind-DG Micro gridIOSRJEEE
A single renewable source of energy when integrated with other sources of energy it is termed as hybrid system. In this paper an active power control strategy has been developed such that when the wind alone is not able to meet the energy demand, without compromising the frequency a transition occurs to wind diesel mode so that the energy demand is met. This work proposes the coordination of WDG(Wind DG), VSC’s are used for two purposes one is frequency control and another is voltage control. PMBLDC generator is used as a wind power generator and the Incremental conductance method is used as MPPT along with boost converter. This output is stored into battery system (BS) and surplus is supplied to the consumer loads. Back propagation feed forward (BPFF) control scheme is used for VF control of VSC. This controller provides harmonics elimination, load leveling and reactive power compensation and also regulates the voltage at PCC. Genetic algorithm is used for the purpose of tuning PI controller of BPFF. The performance and the analysis is done in a user friendly MATLAB/Simulink environment.
In a distributed generation system, divers renewable agents are connected to the low voltage 3 phase utility grid by an inverter which is used as power condition and must assurance the higher efficiency of the renewable agent. To achieve this level of efficiency, a unitary power factor between the utility grid voltages and the inverter currents is necessary, and a synchronization algorithm is required for the perfect synchronization between the 3-phase utility grid and the renewable agent. The aim of this paper is to present the optimization of the performance of a Synchronization controller for a 3-phase photovoltaic grid-connected system, assessing its accuracy under different conditions and studying their drawbacks and advantages. A grid connected photovoltaic system with a nominal power of 5 kW is used so as to assess the behavior of the synchronization algorithm when the 3 phase utility grid is affected by some disturbances such as voltage unbalances.
Open-Switch Fault-Tolerant Control of Power Converters in a Grid-Connected Ph...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents the study of an open switch fault tolerant control of a
grid-connected photovoltaic system. The studied system is based on the
classical DC-DC boost converter and a bidirectional 6-pulse DC-AC
converter. The objective is to provide an open-switch fault detection method
and fault-tolerant control for both of boost converter and grid-side converter
(GSC) in a grid-connected photovoltaic system. A fast fault detection method
and a reliable fault-tolerant topology are required to ensure continuity of
service, and achieve a faster corrective maintenance. In this work, the mean
value of the error voltages is used as fault indicator for the GSC, while, for
the boost converter the inductor current form is used as fault indicator. The
fault-tolerant topology was achieved by adding one redundant switch to the
boost converter, and by adding one redundant leg to the GSC. The results of
the fault tolerant control are presented and discussed to validate the proposed
approach under different scenarios and different solar irradiances.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Power system Projects, Power electronics projects, Control system projects,
MSR PROJECTS ( Now as a MSR EDUSOFT PVT LTD),
#503,Annapurna Block, beside mytrivanam, Adhithya Enclave, Ameerpet, HYD-38.
E-mail: msrprojectshyd@gmail.com,
Web: www.msrprojectshyd.com , facebook.com/msrprojects ,
Ring on: 040 66334142, +91 9581464142.
Branches: Hyderabad ( Ameerpet | Dilsuknagar) | Kurnool
ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR CRITICAL LOADS USING POWER ELECTRONICSrenukasningadally
The work aims at an Energy Management System (EMS) for Critical loads using Power Electronics. Here hybrid power sources (Grid and Solar cells) with battery have been used to supply the power to the critical loads at all times, suppose an end user increases his critical loads or non-critical loads this EMS system helps to maintain continuous power supply to these loads. Solar or Photovoltaic cells have been used for storing energy through battery and these batteries will discharge the stored energy at two conditions, one is when grid is shut down for short duration or for a long duration and another one is when there sudden increase in load by users
Isolated Wind Hydro Hybrid Generation System with Battery StorageIJMER
In this paper, a new isolated wind- hydro hybrid generation system comprising one squirrel -cage induction generator (SCIG) driven by a variable-speed wind turbine and another synchronous generator driven by constant power hydro turbine feeding three phase four wire local loads is proposed. The system utilizes two back to back connected voltage-source converters (VSCs) with a battery energy storage system at their dc link. The main objective of the control algorithm for the VSC is to achieve control of the magnitude and the frequency of the load voltage. The proposed wind-hydro hybrid system has a capability of bidirectional active- and reactive-power flow, by which it controls the magnitude and the frequency of the load voltage. The proposed electromechanical system is modelled and simulated in MATLAB using Simulink.
A non-isolated tri-port converter is a fully compact and functional system by the integration of basic converters. This can be used for renewable energy applications. This converter is capable of achieving different switching patterns of power flow between the source and load, interfaced sources of various voltage and current levels with the dc grid. This tri-port converter has to be used for continuous power distribution of rechargeable battery, photovoltaic panels and load. Due to the implementation of this dc-dc converter some operations like buck, boost and buck-boost operations became easy. Use of this converter helps in easy implementation of the system. The solar PV panel implementation boosts the system to a high level and bidirectional flow became easy from source to load and vice versa.
There is need for an energy storage device capable of transferring high power in transient situations
aboard naval vessels. Currently, batteries are used to accomplish this task, but previous research has
shown that when utilized at high power rates, these devices deteriorate over time causing a loss in lifespan.
It has been shown that a hybrid energy storage configuration is capable of meeting such a demand while
reducing the strain placed on individual components. While designing a custom converter capable of
controlling the power to and from a battery would be ideal for this application, it can be costly to develop
when compared to purchasing commercially available products. Commercially available products offer
limited controllability in exchange for their proven performance and lower cost point - often times only
allowing a system level control input without any way to interface with low level controls that are
frequently used in controller design. This paper proposes the use of fuzzy logic control in order to provide
a system level control to the converters responsible for limiting power to and from the battery. A system
will be described mathematically, modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, and a fuzzy logic controller will be
compared with a typical controller.
A Wind driven PV- FC Hybrid System and its Power Management Strategies in a GridIJERA Editor
This paper shows the work done on the method to operate a Wind driven grid connected hybrid system which is composed of a Photovoltaic (PV) array and a Proton exchange membrane fuel cell . A wind system provides with an opportunity to harness the abundantly available renewable resource. With the proton exchange membrane the hybrid system output power becomes controllable. Here the system uses two operation modes, the unit-power control (UPC) mode and the feeder-flow control (FFC) mode. This papers discusses the coordination of two control modes, the coordination of the PV array and the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in hybrid system and the way in which the reference parameters are determined.
In this paper, using a neural controller and a genetic optimization algorithm to control the voltage as well as, control the frequency of the grid along with the management of the reactive power of the micro-grid to control the output power during islanding using Simultaneous bilateral power converters with voltage/frequency droop strategy and optimization of PI coefficients of parallel power converters by genetic-neural micro-grid algorithm to suppress AC side-current flow that increases stability and improvement of conditions frequency and voltage are discussed. Given the performance of the micro-grid in two simulation scenarios, namely transition from on-grid to off-grid, the occurrence of a step change in load in island mode as well as return to working mode is connected. The ability to detect the robust performance and proper performance of two-level neural controller. The controller performance time was also very good, indicating the appropriate features of the method used to design the controller, namely two-level neural, genetics. The main advantage of this method is its simplicity of design. The method used is also efficient and resistant to changes in the system, which results from the simulations.
This paper discusses about a LabVIEW based controller for the hybrid renewable energy system operated AC-DC microgrid with the major objectives of: i) predicting the power generation potential of the solar–PV and wind generators ii) effective power management iii) load scheduling based on the available power with the renewable sources and iv) grid/islanding mode of operation of the microgrid. In order topredict the output power of wind generator and Solar-PV system, an artificial neural network is developed.The laboratory-scale model of three phase, 400 V, 10 kVA microgrid structure is developed at National Institute of Technology Calicut, India. The developed LabVIEW based controller has been tested successfully for a real-time load and source in the laboratory environment. Test results show that the designed controller is effectively managing the output powerof the primary energy sources under different scenarios.
The battery energy storage systems are very essential for maintaining constant power supply when using solar photovoltaic systems for power generation. The viability and ability of battery energy storage systems are assessed based on battery usage in Solar Photovoltaic utility grid-connected systems. The power supply quality and reliability are improved by utilizing battery energy storage technologies in conjunction with solar photovoltaic systems. This paper presents a comparative analysis of Lead-Acid Storage battery and Lithium-ion battery banks connected to a utility grid. The battery mathematical model simulation study gives their performance characteristics of these batteries under grid-connected loads. Cost-benefit analysis of battery usage for determining the best battery suitable for solar photovoltaic system applications is also presented in this paper.
Parallel Operation of Current-Source Inverter for Low-Voltage High-Current Gr...IJECEIAES
Solar energy is very potential to be developed in a tropical country such as in Indonesia. This energy source is eco-friendly because it can eliminate air pollution such as caused by conventional fossil fuels. This research article presents analysis results of a novel grid-connected photovoltaic system using low-voltage high-current system. The electrical energy produced by the photovoltaic system was sent into the electrical power grid using two or more H-bridge current source inverters operated in parallel. The proposed system is very suitable for large size photovoltaic system because of its some merits. The inverter circuits work generating sinusoidal output currents and controlling the power delivered into the grid. The test results of the new system showed that the system worked properly as interface between photovoltaic system and the electrical grid delivering high ac current with low harmonic distortion.
Comparative of Conventional and Intelligence Controller based Hybrid Generati...IJERD Editor
Harmonic pollution of the power supply system has risen significantly in recent years due primarily
to an increase of non-linear loads connected to the utility through residential, commercial and industrial
customers. This paper, proposed a solution to eliminate the harmonics introduced by the nonlinear loads in
steady and in transients. It presents a predictive current control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from
these grid-interfacing inverters implementing conventional DC link controller and intelligence controller, when
installed in 3-phase 4-leg voltage source inverter (VSI). The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function
device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The use of a four-leg voltage-source inverter allows
the compensation of current harmonic components, as well as unbalanced current generated by three-phase
nonlinear loads. Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems
utilizing power electronic converters. The compensation performance of the proposed active power filter and the
associated hybrid PV/Wind system generation scheme with new control scheme is demonstrated to improve the
power quality features is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK.
PV Hybrid System with DSTATCOM for Residential ApplicationsIDES Editor
Now a days PV based energy systems are playing a
vital role among all the renewable energy sourcesin our day
to day life.Proper control should be required to meet the exact
load conditions such that it should satisfy the non-linear
nature of both the solar irradiance and load. In this paper, a
battery is also incorporated along with the PV system to meet
the necessary drop due to change in weather conditions. Here,
a proper control is achieved by using DSTATCOM to
compensate the reactive power. This paper proposes an
advanced technique of PWM to generate the gating pulses
and applied to a Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter to
improve the voltage quality. Here, the entire system is designed
to meet the load of Mogulthur (W.G.Dt. Andhra Pradesh).
Simulation results are presented through Matlab/Simulink
by taking different cases into consideration.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Power system Projects, Power electronics projects, Control system projects,
MSR PROJECTS ( Now as a MSR EDUSOFT PVT LTD),
#503,Annapurna Block, beside mytrivanam, Adhithya Enclave, Ameerpet, HYD-38.
E-mail: msrprojectshyd@gmail.com,
Web: www.msrprojectshyd.com , facebook.com/msrprojects ,
Ring on: 040 66334142, +91 9581464142.
Branches: Hyderabad ( Ameerpet | Dilsuknagar) | Kurnool
ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR CRITICAL LOADS USING POWER ELECTRONICSrenukasningadally
The work aims at an Energy Management System (EMS) for Critical loads using Power Electronics. Here hybrid power sources (Grid and Solar cells) with battery have been used to supply the power to the critical loads at all times, suppose an end user increases his critical loads or non-critical loads this EMS system helps to maintain continuous power supply to these loads. Solar or Photovoltaic cells have been used for storing energy through battery and these batteries will discharge the stored energy at two conditions, one is when grid is shut down for short duration or for a long duration and another one is when there sudden increase in load by users
Isolated Wind Hydro Hybrid Generation System with Battery StorageIJMER
In this paper, a new isolated wind- hydro hybrid generation system comprising one squirrel -cage induction generator (SCIG) driven by a variable-speed wind turbine and another synchronous generator driven by constant power hydro turbine feeding three phase four wire local loads is proposed. The system utilizes two back to back connected voltage-source converters (VSCs) with a battery energy storage system at their dc link. The main objective of the control algorithm for the VSC is to achieve control of the magnitude and the frequency of the load voltage. The proposed wind-hydro hybrid system has a capability of bidirectional active- and reactive-power flow, by which it controls the magnitude and the frequency of the load voltage. The proposed electromechanical system is modelled and simulated in MATLAB using Simulink.
A non-isolated tri-port converter is a fully compact and functional system by the integration of basic converters. This can be used for renewable energy applications. This converter is capable of achieving different switching patterns of power flow between the source and load, interfaced sources of various voltage and current levels with the dc grid. This tri-port converter has to be used for continuous power distribution of rechargeable battery, photovoltaic panels and load. Due to the implementation of this dc-dc converter some operations like buck, boost and buck-boost operations became easy. Use of this converter helps in easy implementation of the system. The solar PV panel implementation boosts the system to a high level and bidirectional flow became easy from source to load and vice versa.
There is need for an energy storage device capable of transferring high power in transient situations
aboard naval vessels. Currently, batteries are used to accomplish this task, but previous research has
shown that when utilized at high power rates, these devices deteriorate over time causing a loss in lifespan.
It has been shown that a hybrid energy storage configuration is capable of meeting such a demand while
reducing the strain placed on individual components. While designing a custom converter capable of
controlling the power to and from a battery would be ideal for this application, it can be costly to develop
when compared to purchasing commercially available products. Commercially available products offer
limited controllability in exchange for their proven performance and lower cost point - often times only
allowing a system level control input without any way to interface with low level controls that are
frequently used in controller design. This paper proposes the use of fuzzy logic control in order to provide
a system level control to the converters responsible for limiting power to and from the battery. A system
will be described mathematically, modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, and a fuzzy logic controller will be
compared with a typical controller.
A Wind driven PV- FC Hybrid System and its Power Management Strategies in a GridIJERA Editor
This paper shows the work done on the method to operate a Wind driven grid connected hybrid system which is composed of a Photovoltaic (PV) array and a Proton exchange membrane fuel cell . A wind system provides with an opportunity to harness the abundantly available renewable resource. With the proton exchange membrane the hybrid system output power becomes controllable. Here the system uses two operation modes, the unit-power control (UPC) mode and the feeder-flow control (FFC) mode. This papers discusses the coordination of two control modes, the coordination of the PV array and the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in hybrid system and the way in which the reference parameters are determined.
In this paper, using a neural controller and a genetic optimization algorithm to control the voltage as well as, control the frequency of the grid along with the management of the reactive power of the micro-grid to control the output power during islanding using Simultaneous bilateral power converters with voltage/frequency droop strategy and optimization of PI coefficients of parallel power converters by genetic-neural micro-grid algorithm to suppress AC side-current flow that increases stability and improvement of conditions frequency and voltage are discussed. Given the performance of the micro-grid in two simulation scenarios, namely transition from on-grid to off-grid, the occurrence of a step change in load in island mode as well as return to working mode is connected. The ability to detect the robust performance and proper performance of two-level neural controller. The controller performance time was also very good, indicating the appropriate features of the method used to design the controller, namely two-level neural, genetics. The main advantage of this method is its simplicity of design. The method used is also efficient and resistant to changes in the system, which results from the simulations.
This paper discusses about a LabVIEW based controller for the hybrid renewable energy system operated AC-DC microgrid with the major objectives of: i) predicting the power generation potential of the solar–PV and wind generators ii) effective power management iii) load scheduling based on the available power with the renewable sources and iv) grid/islanding mode of operation of the microgrid. In order topredict the output power of wind generator and Solar-PV system, an artificial neural network is developed.The laboratory-scale model of three phase, 400 V, 10 kVA microgrid structure is developed at National Institute of Technology Calicut, India. The developed LabVIEW based controller has been tested successfully for a real-time load and source in the laboratory environment. Test results show that the designed controller is effectively managing the output powerof the primary energy sources under different scenarios.
The battery energy storage systems are very essential for maintaining constant power supply when using solar photovoltaic systems for power generation. The viability and ability of battery energy storage systems are assessed based on battery usage in Solar Photovoltaic utility grid-connected systems. The power supply quality and reliability are improved by utilizing battery energy storage technologies in conjunction with solar photovoltaic systems. This paper presents a comparative analysis of Lead-Acid Storage battery and Lithium-ion battery banks connected to a utility grid. The battery mathematical model simulation study gives their performance characteristics of these batteries under grid-connected loads. Cost-benefit analysis of battery usage for determining the best battery suitable for solar photovoltaic system applications is also presented in this paper.
Parallel Operation of Current-Source Inverter for Low-Voltage High-Current Gr...IJECEIAES
Solar energy is very potential to be developed in a tropical country such as in Indonesia. This energy source is eco-friendly because it can eliminate air pollution such as caused by conventional fossil fuels. This research article presents analysis results of a novel grid-connected photovoltaic system using low-voltage high-current system. The electrical energy produced by the photovoltaic system was sent into the electrical power grid using two or more H-bridge current source inverters operated in parallel. The proposed system is very suitable for large size photovoltaic system because of its some merits. The inverter circuits work generating sinusoidal output currents and controlling the power delivered into the grid. The test results of the new system showed that the system worked properly as interface between photovoltaic system and the electrical grid delivering high ac current with low harmonic distortion.
Comparative of Conventional and Intelligence Controller based Hybrid Generati...IJERD Editor
Harmonic pollution of the power supply system has risen significantly in recent years due primarily
to an increase of non-linear loads connected to the utility through residential, commercial and industrial
customers. This paper, proposed a solution to eliminate the harmonics introduced by the nonlinear loads in
steady and in transients. It presents a predictive current control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from
these grid-interfacing inverters implementing conventional DC link controller and intelligence controller, when
installed in 3-phase 4-leg voltage source inverter (VSI). The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function
device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The use of a four-leg voltage-source inverter allows
the compensation of current harmonic components, as well as unbalanced current generated by three-phase
nonlinear loads. Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems
utilizing power electronic converters. The compensation performance of the proposed active power filter and the
associated hybrid PV/Wind system generation scheme with new control scheme is demonstrated to improve the
power quality features is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK.
PV Hybrid System with DSTATCOM for Residential ApplicationsIDES Editor
Now a days PV based energy systems are playing a
vital role among all the renewable energy sourcesin our day
to day life.Proper control should be required to meet the exact
load conditions such that it should satisfy the non-linear
nature of both the solar irradiance and load. In this paper, a
battery is also incorporated along with the PV system to meet
the necessary drop due to change in weather conditions. Here,
a proper control is achieved by using DSTATCOM to
compensate the reactive power. This paper proposes an
advanced technique of PWM to generate the gating pulses
and applied to a Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter to
improve the voltage quality. Here, the entire system is designed
to meet the load of Mogulthur (W.G.Dt. Andhra Pradesh).
Simulation results are presented through Matlab/Simulink
by taking different cases into consideration.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Implementation Of A High-Efficiency, High-Lifetime, And Low-Cost Converter Us...irjes
This paper proposes a new converter for photovoltaic water pumping and treatment systems without
the use of storage elements. The converter is designed to drive a three-phase induction motor directly from PV
solar energy. The use of this motor has the objective of presenting a better solution to the standard DC motor
water pumping system. The development is oriented to achieve a commercially viable solution and a market
friendly product. The converter topology is based on a Resonant Two Inductor Boost converter and a Threephase
Voltage Source inverter achieving 90% efficiency at a rated power of 210W.
Operation and Control of Grid Connected Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid using Various RESIAES-IJPEDS
This paper proposes a Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid in alliance with Photo Voltaic (PV) energy, Wind Energy and Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel cells. Microgrids are becoming increasingly attractive to the researchers because of the less greenhouse gases, low running cost, and flexibility to operate in connection with utility grid. The Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid constitutes independent AC and DC subgrids, where all the corresponding sources and loads are connected to their respective buses and these buses are interfaced using an interfacing converter. The Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid increases system efficiency by reducing the multiple reverse conversions involved in conventional RES integration to grid. A Small Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid in grid connected mode was modeled and simulated in MATLAB- SIMULINK environment. The simulation results prove the stable operation considering the uncertainty of generations and loads.
Power Quality Improvement of a Distributed Generation Power SystemIJERA Editor
The aim of this work is to improve the power quality for Distributed Generation (DG) with power storage system. Power
quality is the combination of voltage quality and current quality. Power quality is the set of limits of electrical properties that
allows electrical systems to function in their intended manner without significant loss of performance or life. The electrical
power quality is more concerned issue. The main problems are stationery and transient distortions in the line voltage such as
harmonics, flicker, swells, sags and voltage asymmetries. Distributed Generation (DG) also called as site generation, dispersed
generation, embedded generation, decentralized generation, decentralized energy or distributed energy, generates electricity
from the many small energy sources. In recent years, micro electric power systems such as photovoltaic generation systems,
wind generators and micro gas turbines, etc., have increased with the deregulation and liberalization of the power market.
Under such circumstances the environment surrounding the electric power industry has become ever more complicated and
provides high-quality power in a stable manner which becomes an important topic. Here DG is assumed to include Wind
power Generation (WG) and Fuel Cells (FC), etc. Advantages of this system are constant power supply, constant voltage
magnitude, absence of harmonics insupply voltage, un-interrupted power supply. In this project the electric power qualities in
two cases will be compared.
Case I: With the storage battery when it is introduced.
Case II: Without the storage battery.
The storage battery executes the control that maintains the voltage in the power system. It will be found that the Electric power
quality will be improved, when storage battery is introduced. The model system used in this Project work is composed of a
Wind Turbine, an Induction Generator, Fuel Cells, An Inverter and a Storage Battery. A miniature Wind Power Generator is
represented by WG. A fuel cell module is represented by FC. Transmission lines will be simulated by resistors and coils. The
combined length of the lines from synchronous generator to the load terminal is 1.5 km. This model will be simulated using
Matlab/Simulink
Analysis of Fuel Cell Based Multilevel DC-DC Boost Converter for Induction MotorIJMTST Journal
In this paper new topologies and interleaving modulation concepts for multilevel DC-DC boost converter
enabling a significantly less loss and a reduced chip size of the power semiconductors are proposed. The
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Gm3611661171
1. M.Bala Raghav et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1166-1171
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Optimization of Generated Power for a Grid Connected Pv-Fc
Hybrid System
D. Ravi Kishore*, M. Bala Raghav$, G. Gowthami#
*
(Assoc. Professor, EEE Department, K.L. University, Vijayawada, India)
(B. Tech student, EEE Department, K.L. University, Vijayawada, India)
#
(M. Tech student, EEE Department, K.L. University, Vijayawada, India)
$
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a method to operate a grid connected hybrid system. The hybrid system composed of a
Photovoltaic (PV) array and a Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is considered. Two operation
modes, the unit-power control (UPC) mode and the feeder-flow control (FFC) mode, can be applied to the
hybrid system. In the UPC mode, variations of load demand are compensated by the main grid because the
hybrid source output is regulated to reference power. Renewable energy is currently widely used. One of these
resources is solar energy. The photovoltaic (PV) array normally uses a maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
technique to continuously deliver the highest power to the load when there are variations in irradiation and
temperature. The disadvantage of PV energy is that the PV output power depends on weather conditions and cell
temperature, making it an uncontrollable source. Furthermore, it is not available during the night.
Keywords: Photovoltaics, Fuel cell, Hybrid systems, modelling.
I.
INTRODUCTION
a) HYBRID POWER SYSTEMS:
Electrical energy requirements for many
remote applications are too large to allow the costeffective use of stand-alone or autonomous PV
systems. In these cases, it may prove more feasible to
combine several different types of power sources to
form what is known as a "hybrid" system. To date,
PV has been effectively combined with other types of
power generators such as
wind,
hydro,
thermoelectric, petroleum-fueled and even hydrogen.
The selection process for hybrid power source types
at a given site can include a combination of many
factors including site topography, seasonal
availability of energy sources, cost of source
implementation, cost of energy storage and delivery,
total site energy requirements, etc.
• Hybrid power systems use local renewable
resource to provide power.
• illage hybrid power systems can range in size
from small household systems (100 Wh/day) to
ones supplying a whole area (10’s MWh/day).
• They combine many technologies to provide
reliable power that is tailored to the local
resources and community.
• Potential components include: PV, wind, microhydro, river-run hydro, biomass, batteries and
conventional generators.
A. Configuration of hybrid system
Figure shows the basic configuration of
hybrid system discussed in this study. The hybrid
system was consisted of reduction gear, main-motor
(EM1), sub- motor (EM2), engine, power controller
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and battery. It was supposed that a double-motor
system was prepared for the driving system discussed
in this study. At first, acceleration was assisted by
was applied only by main motor when the driving
speed was low, while the corporation by two motors
was often achieved to drive the system.
If the SOC (state of charge) of battery was
decreased below the specific threshold, the battery
was charged by sub-motor. This operation was
priority to over other actions. Figure 2 shows the
modified configuration of hybrid system proposed in
this study.
In the modified system, CVT was utilized to
keep constant revolution numbers of the sub-motor
when the sub-motor contributed to assist the system.
Schematic view of double motor hybrid system with
CVT
Fig:1
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2. M.Bala Raghav et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1166-1171
www.ijera.com
b) Petroleum-fuel edenginegenerators (Gensets)
Petroleum-fueled
gensets
(operating
continuously in many cases) are presently the most
common method of supplying power at sites remote
from the utility grid such as villages, lodges, resorts,
cottages and a variety of industrial sites including
telecommunications, mining and logging camps, and
military and other government operated locations.
Although gensets are relatively inexpensive in initial
cost, they are not inexpensive to operate. Costs for
fuel and maintenance can increase exponentially
when these needs must be met in a remote location.
Environmental factors such as noise, carbon oxide
emissions, transport and storage of fuel must also be
considered.
Figure : 3Genset fuel efficiency vs. capacity utilized.
to power conversion efficiencies may be as
high as 25% (for a diesel fueled unit operating at
rated capacity). Under part load conditions, however,
efficiencies may decline to a few percent.
Considerable waste heat is therefore available and
may be utilized for other requirements such as space
and/or water heating.
II.
Fig:2
Figure
Hybrid PV/Generator System
Example; Courtesy Photron Canada Inc., Location:
Sheep Mountain Interpretive Centre, Parks Canada
Kluone National Park, Yukon Territories, Canada,
63° North Latitude; Components shown include:
generator (120/240 V), battery (deep cycle industrial
rated @ ± 10 kWh capacity), DC to AC stand-alone
inverter (2500 W @ 120 V output), miscellaneous
safety + control equipment including PV array
disconnect, PV control/regulator, automatic generator
start/-stop control, DC/AC system metering etc.; Components not shown: PV array (800 W peak).
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MODELING AND CONTROL OF
INVERTER INTERFACED DG
UNITS
Basically each DG unit may have DC type
or rectified generation unit (Fuel cell, solar cell, wind
turbine, micro turbine…), storage devices, DC-DC
converter, DC-AC inverter, filter, and transformer for
connecting to loads or utility in order to exchange
power. Model and dynamic of each of this part may
have influence in system operation. But here for
simplification it is considered that DC side of the
units has sufficient storage and considered as a
constant DC source. Hence only DC-AC inverter
modeling and control investigated in this paper.
A circuit model of a three-phase DC to AC
inverter with LC output filter is further described in
Figure As shown in the figure, the system consists of
a DC voltage source (Vdc), a three- phase PWM
inverter, an output filter (Lf and C with considering
parasitic resistance of filter- Rf). Sometimes a
transformer may be used for stepping up the output
voltage and hence Lf can be transformer inductance.
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3. M.Bala Raghav et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1166-1171
Figure: 4 PWM inverter diagram
There are two ways for controlling an
inverter in a distributed generation system
A. PQ Inverter Control
This type of control is adopted when the DG
unit system is connected to an external grid or to an
island of loads and more generators. In this situation,
the variables controlled by the inverter are the active
and reactive power injected into the grid, which have
to follow the set points Pref and Qref, respectively.
These set points can be chosen by the customer or by
a central controller.
The PQ control of an inverter can be
performed using a current control technique in qd
reference frame which the inverter current is
controlled in amplitude and phase to meet the desired
set-points of active and reactive power.
With the aim of Park transform and
equations between inverter input and output, the
inverter controller block diagram for supplying
reference value of Pref and Qref is as figures. For the
current controller, two Proportional-Integral (PI)
regulators have been chosen in order to meet the
requirements of stability of the system and to make
the steady state error be zero. With this control
scheme, it is possible to control the inverter in such
way that injects reference value of Pref, Qref into
other part of stand-alone network.
When the output voltage is needed to be
regulated, the PV control scheme that is similar to PQ
mode with feedback of voltage used to adjust Qref.
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B. Vf Inverter Control
This controller has to act on the inverter
whenever the system is in stand-alone mode of
operation. In fact in this case it must regulate the
voltage value at a reference bus bar and the frequency
of the whole grid. A regulators work in order to keep
the measured voltages upon the set points. Moreover
the frequency is imposed through the modulating
signals of the inverter PWM control by mean of an
oscillator. A simple PI controller can regulate bus
voltage in reference value with getting feedback of
real bus voltage.
Figure outlines this control strategy. In this
case it is obvious that the DG unit should have
storage device in order to regulate the power and
voltage.
FIG:6
III.
FUEL CELL
A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that
converts a source fuel into an electrical current. It
generates electricity inside a cell through reactions
between a fuel and an oxidant, triggered in the
presence of an electrolyte. The reactants flow into the
cell, and the reaction products flow out of it, while
the electrolyte remains within it. Fuel cells can
operate continuously as long as the necessary reactant
and oxidant flows are maintained.Fuel cells are
different from conventional electrochemical cell
batteries in that they consume reactant from an
external source, which must be replenished – a
thermodynamically open system. By contrast,
batteries store electrical energy chemically and hence
represent a thermodynamically closed system.
A. DESIGN FEATURES IN A FUEL CELL
ARE:
The electrolyte substance. The electrolyte
substance usually defines the type of fuel cell.
The fuel that is used. The most common fuel is
hydrogen.
The anode catalyst, which breaks down the
fuel into electrons and ions. The anode catalyst
Figure :5 PQ control scheme of inverter
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4. M.Bala Raghav et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1166-1171
is usually made up of very fine platinum
powder.
The cathode catalyst, which turns the ions into
the waste chemicals like water or carbon
dioxide. The cathode catalyst is often made up
of nickel.
A typical fuel cell produces a voltage from
0.6 V to 0.7 V at full rated load. Voltage decreases as
current increases, due to several factors:
Activation loss
Ohmic loss (voltage drop due to resistance of
the cell components and interconnects)
Mass transport loss (depletion of reactants at
catalyst sites under high loads, causing rapid
loss of voltage).
To deliver the desired amount of energy, the
fuel cells can be combined in series and parallel
circuits, where series yields higher voltage, and
parallel allows a higher current to be supplied. Such a
design is called a fuel cell stack. The cell surface area
can be increased, to allow stronger current from each
cell.
B. Fuel cell efficiency:
The efficiency of a fuel cell is dependent on
the amount of power drawn from it. Drawing more
power means drawing more current, this increases the
losses in the fuel cell. As a general rule, the more
power (current) drawn, the lower the efficiency. Most
losses manifest themselves as a voltage drop in the
cell, so the efficiency of a cell is almost proportional
to its voltage. For this reason, it is common to show
graphs of voltage versus current (so-called
polarization curves) for fuel cells. A typical cell
running at 0.7 V has an efficiency of about 50%,
meaning that 50% of the energy content of the
hydrogen is converted into electrical energy; the
remaining 50% will be converted into heat.
(Depending on the fuel cell system design, some fuel
might leave the system unreacted, constituting an
additional loss.)
IV.
OPTIMIZATION OF POWER
Power optimization is a feature of some
electricalappliances,especially copiers, computers an
d computer peripherals such as monitors and printers,
that turns off the power or switches the system to a
low-power state when inactive. In computing this is
known as PC power management and is built around
a standard called ACPI. This supersedes APM. All
recent (consumer) computers have ACPI support.
Motivation:
PC power management for computer
systems is desired for many reasons, particularly:
Reduce overall energy consumption
Prolong battery life for portable and embedded
systems
Reduce cooling requirements
Reduce noise.
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Reduce operating costs for energy and cooling.
Lower power consumption also means lower
heat dissipation, which increases system stability, and
less energy use, which saves money and reduces the
impact on the environment.
i.
Power Management System helps to:
Avoid Black-outs
In case of a lack of power, Load Shedding
secures the electrical power to critical loads by
switching off non-critical loads according to dynamic
priority tables.
Reduce Energy Costs / Peak Shaving
When all on-site power generation is
maximized and the power demand still tends to
exceed the contracted maximum electricity import,
the system will automatically shed some of the low
priority loads.
Enhanced Operator Support
At sites where electricity is produced by
several generators, the demands with respect to
control activities by operators are much higher.
Advanced functions such as intelligent alarm
filtering, consistency analysis, operator guidance, and
a well organized single-window interface support the
operator and prevent incorrect interventions.
Achieve Stable Operation
The Power Control function shares the
active and reactive power between the different
generators and tie-lines in such a way that the
working points of the machines are as far as possible
away from the border of the individual PQ-capability
diagrams so that the plant can withstand bigger
disturbances.
Optimize Network Design
Because the set points for the generators,
turbines and transformers are calculated in such a
way that no component will be overloaded and the
electrical network can be used up to its limits, overdimensioning of the network is no longer needed.
V.
Minimize Cabling and Engineering
MODELLING OF CASE STUDY:
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
A. Structure of Grid-Connected Hybrid Power
System
The system consists of a PV-FC hybrid
source with the main grid connecting to loads at the
PCC as shown in Fig. 1. The photovoltaic and the
PEMFC are modeled as nonlinear voltage sources.
These sources are connected to dc–dc converters
which are coupled at the dc side of a dc/ac inverter.
The dc/dc connected to the PV array works as an
MPPT controller. Many MPPT algorithms have been
proposed in the literature, such as incremental
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1166-1171
conductance (INC), constant voltage (CV), and
perturbation and observation (P&O). The P&O
method has been widely used because of its simple
feedback structure and fewer measured parameters.
The P&O algorithm with power feedback control is
shown in Fig. 2. As PV voltage and current are
determined, the power is calculated. At the maximum
power point, the derivative
is equal to zero. The maximum power
point can be achieved by changing the reference
voltage by the amount of
B. Overall Operating Strategy for the GridConnected Hybrid System
It is well known that in the microgrid, each
DG as well as the hybrid source has two control
modes: 1) the UPC mode and 2) the FFC mode.
In the aforementioned subsection, a method
to determine in the UPC mode is proposed. In this
VI.
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subsection, an operating strategy is presented to
coordinate the two control modes.
The purpose of the algorithm is to decide
when each control mode is applied and to determine
the reference value of the feeder flow when the FFC
mode is used. This operating strategy must enable the
PV to work at its maximum power point, FC output,
and feeder flow to satisfy their constraints. If the
hybrid source works in the UPC mode, the hybrid
output is regulated to a reference value and the
variations in load are matched by feeder power. With
the reference power proposed in Subsection A, the
constraints of FC and PV are always satisfied.
Therefore, only the constraint of feeder flow is
considered. On the other hand, when the hybrid
works in the FFC mode, the feeder flow is controlled
to a reference value
MATLAB DESIGN OF CASE STUDY AND RESULTS
Fig. 11:Grid connected PV-FC hybrid system
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1166-1171
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Fig. 12:Operating strategy of the hybrid source.
VII.
CONCLUSION
This paper has presented an available
method to operate a hybrid grid-connected system.
The hybrid system, composed of a PV array and
PEMFC, was considered. The operating strategy of
the system is based on the UPC mode and FFC mode.
The purposes of the proposed operating strategy
presented in this paper are to determine the control
mode, to minimize the number of mode changes, to
operate PV at the maximum power point, and to
operate the FC output in its high-efficiency
performance band.
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