The document is a seminar report on utilizing a hybrid PV-wind energy system. It discusses the need for hybrid power plants due to the disadvantages of conventional combustion generators like pollution. It then explains hybrid power systems using examples like solar-wind. The report focuses on a solar-wind hybrid power station, providing block diagrams of the system components and an overview of how solar and wind energy work. It discusses combining wind turbines and solar panels in a hybrid system for increased reliability. The conclusion is that a hybrid PV-wind system can provide stable power supply by maximizing the strengths of both solar and wind energy sources.

1. Seminar on
UTILIZATION OF HYBRID PV-WIND ENERGY
SYSTEM
Seminar report submitted for partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering from the Electrical
department, MCKV Institute of Engineering
Submitted by:
GOURAB SARKAR
Registration No.
131160110258 OF 2013-2014
University Roll No.
11601613018
Department of Electrical Engineering
MCKV Institute of Engineering
243 G.T Road (N), Liluah
Howrah- 711204
Year - 2015

2. i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to extend my sincere gratitude of our teacher Prof. Arghya Sarkar, Head of the
department of Electrical Engineering, MCKV Institute of Engineering for his experienced
guidance, perseverance and hospitality.
I would like to thank all teachers of Electrical Engineering, MCKV Institute of
Engineering for their continuous support and guidance.
---------------------------------------------------
Name and Signature of the Candidate

3. ii
MCKV Institute of Engineering
243 G.T Road (N), Liluah
Howrah- 711204
CERTIFICATE
The seminar report entitled “UTILIZATION OF HYBRID PV-WIND ENERGY SYSTEM”
prepared by GOURAB SARKAR (Roll No. 11601613018) is hereby approved and certified as
a creditable study in technological subjects performed in a way sufficient for its acceptance
for partial fulfillment of the degree for which it is submitted.
It is to be understood that by this approval, the undersigned do not, necessarily endorse
or approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusions drawn therein, but approve
this project only for the purpose for which it is submitted.
-------------------------------------
Head of the Department
EE Department, MCKVIE

4. iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
Acknowledgement i
Certificate ii
List of Figures v
List of Tables vi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 2: NEED OF HYBRID POWER PLANT 3
2.1: DISADVANTAGES OF CONVENTIONAL COMBUSTION
GENERATORS 3
CHAPTER 3: HYBRID POWER SYSTEMS
4
CHAPTER 4: SOLAR-WIND HYBRID POWER STATION 5
4.1: SOLAR-WIND HYBRID SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM 6
4.2: INTRODUCTION TO WIND ENERGY 7
4.2.1: ADVANTAGES 7
4.2.2: DISADVANTAGES 7
4.3: INTRODUCTION OF SOLAR ENERYGY 9
4.3.1: ADVANTAGES 9
4.3.2: DISADVANTAGES 9
CHAPTER 5: COMBINING WIND TURBINE AND SOLAR PANELS 11
5.1 PV-WIND HYBRID SYSTEM FUNCTION PROCEDURE 12
5.2 ADVANTAGES OF A SOLAR WIND HYBRID POWER STATION 13

5. iv
CHAPTER 6: FUTURE EXPANSION 14
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION 15
CHAPTER 8: REFERENCES 16

6. v
List of Figures
Figure No Title Page No.
3.1 Hybrid Power station 5
4.1 Wind density map of INDIA 8
4.2 Solar resources of INDIA 10
5.1 Street lighting using hybrid technology 11
5.2 Graphical representation of hybrid power plant 12
6.2 Vertical axis wind turbine 14

7. vi
List of Tables
Table No. Title Page No.
1.1 Solar-wind Hybrid System Installed (kW) in INDIA as on 2
31.12.2012
4.1 SOLAR-WIND HYBRID SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM 6

8. 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Since the oil crisis in the early 1970’s, utilization of solar and wind power has become
increasingly significant, attractive and cost-effective. In recent years, hybrid PV/Wind system
(HPWS) has become alternatives to meet environmental protection requirement and electricity
demands. With the complementary characteristics between solar and wind energy resources for
certain locations, hybrid PV/Wind system with Storage banks presents an unbeatable option for
the supply of small electrical loads at remote locations where no utility grid power supply. Since
they can offer a high reliability of power supply, their applications and investigations gain more
concerns nowadays.
Due to the behavior of both solar and wind energy, the major aspects in design of the HPWS are
the reliable power supply of consumer under varying atmospheric conditions and cost of the
kWh of energy is low. To use solar and wind energy resources more efficiently and
economically, the optimal sizing of hybrid PV/Wind system with battery plays an important role
in this respect.
When thinking about nonconventional source of energy what usually comes to our mind are the
existing and extensively used nonconventional sources of energy like solar, tidal, wind, geo
thermal heat, biomass .But in countries where we have so fluctuant weather and temperature, to
depend on these resources are highly unreliable .That made think out of the box and find a new
method of generating energy which should be highly reliable and cost effective, which is a
hybrid power system.
A hybrid power system has more than one type of generator-usually a gasoline or diesel-powered
engine generator and a renewable energy source such as PV, wind, or hydropower system. For
explanation, a solar-wind hybrid system is mainly considered in this report.
Hybrid energy system usually consists of two or more energy sources used together to provide
increased system efficiency as well as greater balance in energy supply. Example of a
hybrid energy system can be a solar electric (PV) array that could be coupled with a wind
turbine, which would create output from the wind turbine during the winter, whereas during the
summer the solar panels would produce their output with a better efficiency.

9. 2
Sl.No. State 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 Total
1 Andhrapradesh 16.0 16.0
2 Arunachal Pradesh 0.0 6.8 6.8
3 Assam 6.0 6.0
4 Goa 68.8 95.0 163.8
5 Gujrat 10.0 10.0
6 Haryana 10.0 10.0
7 Jammu& Kashmir 15.8 15.8
8 Karnataka 39.20 39.2
9 Kerala 8.0 8.0
10 Madhya Pradesh 0.0 24.0 24.0
11 Maharashtra 566.9 40.8 23.0 403.2 1033.9
12 Manipur 30.0 40.0 40.0 110.0
13 Meghalaya 5.0 10.0 15.0
14 Pondicherry 5.0 5.0
15 Punjab 0.0 30.0 20.0 50.0
16 Rajasthan 4.0 10.0 14.0
17 Sikkim 15.5 15.5
18 Tamilnadu 24.5 24.5
19 Tripura 2.0 2.0
20 WestBengal 38.0 74.0
21 Uttarakhand 0.0 4.0
TOTAL 848.8 222.6 53.0 523.0 1674.4
1.1: Solar-wind Hybrid System Installed (kW) in INDIA as on
31.12.2012

10. 3
CHAPTER 2
NEED OF HYBRID POWER PLANT
Conventional combustion type power generation methods include the combustion of primary
fuels like gasoline, natural gas, coal etc where mechanical power is produced by a heat engine
that transforms thermal energy, from combustion of a fuel, into rotational energy. Most thermal
power stations produce steam, and these are sometimes called steam power stations. Not all
thermal energy can be transformed into mechanical power. Therefore, there is always heat lost to
the environment. On the other hand, we have nuclear power stations, in which the mechanical
energy required for rotating a turbine is obtained from converting water into steam. For the
heating purpose, we use nuclear reaction. The heat emitted from nuclear reactors is used to heat
up the water stored in a container. But this method has the main disadvantage of a nuclear power
station is the risk factor. If leakages of these nuclear plants occur, it will cause high damage to
both biotic and abiotic factors in the surrounding. Also both of these have a disadvantage of
atmospheric pollution.
2.1: DISADVANTAGES OF CONVENTIONAL COMBUSTION GENERATORS
 It is costlier in running cost as compared to Hydro electric plants.
 It pollutes the atmosphere due to production of large amount of smoke and fumes.
 Over all capital investment is very high on account of turbines, condensers, boilers, re-
heaters etc. maintenance cost is also high on lubrication, fuel handling, fuel processing.
 It requires comparatively more space and more skilled operating staff as the operations are
complex and required precise execution

11. 4
CHAPTER 3
HYBRID POWER SYSTEMS
A hybrid power system is nothing but a system that uses more than one source to produces
electrical energy. Apart of the existing system in which tying up of outputs of different
generating stations, here the different sources of energy are tied up at the point of production that
is using two or more fuels for the same device, that when integrated, overcome limitations
inherent in either.
The different types of hybrid power systems that are commonly used are:
 Solar-wind hybrid power plant.
 Wave wind hybrid system.
 A wind-fuel cell hybrid system.
 Wind turbine with battery storage and diesel backup generator.
A hybrid power system should contain a controlled source like gasoline or diesel powered engine
generator in addition to the renewable energy sources like PV, wind or hydropower system. This
is because the energy produced from a renewable energy sources such as solar energy or wind
energy is fluctuating, so that it can’t meet the load demand efficiently at all the time. The diesel
engine generator ensures power generation whenever the former fails to operate. The hybrid
systems always contain a backup battery. Its main application is to ensure continuous energy
supply when the other two sources fail to operate. It also helps to smoothen the sharp
fluctuations in the output of a renewable energy source. In this seminar we have explained a
solar wind hybrid power plant as an example.

12. 5
CHAPTER 4
SOLAR-WIND HYBRID POWER STATION
Hybrid system is a combined system of wind and solar power generation system.
Aero turbines convert wind energy into rotary mechanical energy. A mechanical
interface, consisting of a step-up gear and a suitable coupling transmits the energy
to an electrical generator. The output of this generator is connected to the Battery
or system grid. The battery is connected to the inverter. The inverter is used to
convert DC voltages to AC voltages. The load is drawn current from the inverter.
Main parts of the wind mill section are:
 Generator
 Main shaft with Leafs
 Gear Wheel Arrangement
3.1 Hybrid Power station
Solar energy means all the energy that reaches the earth from the sun. It
provides daylight makes the earth hot and is the source of energy for
plants to grow. Solar energy is also put to two types of use to help our
lives directly solar heating and solar electricity.
Solar electricity is the technology of converting sunlight directly in to
electricity. It is based on photo-voltaic or solar modules, which are very
reliable and do not require any fuel or servicing. Solar electric systems are
suitable for plenty of sun and are ideal when there is no main electricity.

13. 6
4.1: SOLAR-WIND HYBRID SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
4.1: SOLAR-WIND HYBRID SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

14. 7
4.2. INTRODUCTION TO WIND ENERGY
Wind turbines produce rotational motion; wind energy is readily converted into electrical energy
by connecting the turbine to an electric generator. The combination of wind turbine and
generator is sometimes referred as an aero generator. A step-up transmission is usually required
to match the relatively slow speed of the wind rotor to the higher speed of an electric generator.
In India the interest in the windmills was shown in the last fifties and early sixties. A part from
importing a few from outside, new designs was also developed, but it was not sustained. It is
only in the last few years that development work is going on in many institutions. An important
reason for this lack of interest in wind energy must be that wind, in India area relatively low and
vary appreciably with the seasons. Data quoted by some scientists that for India wind speed
value lies between 5 km/hr to 15-20 km/hr. These low and seasonal winds imply a high cost of
exploitation of wind energy. Calculations based on the performance of a typical windmill have
indicated that a unit of energy derived from a windmill will be at least several times more
expensive than energy derivable from electric distribution lines at the standard rates, provided
such electrical energy is at all available at the windmill site.
4.2.1: ADVANTAGES
 The wind is free and with modern technology it can be captured efficiently.
 Once the wind turbine is built the energy it produces does not cause green
house gases or other pollutants.
 Although wind turbines can be very tall each takes up only a small plot of land. This
means that the land below can still be used. This is especially the case in agricultural
areas as farming can still continue
 Wind turbines have a role to play in both the developed and third world
4.2.2 : DISADVANTAGES
 The strength of the wind is not constant and it varies from zero to storm force. This
means that wind turbines do not produce the same amount of electricity all the time.
There will be times when they produce no electricity at all.
 Wind turbines are noisy. Each one can generate the same level of noise as a
family car travelling at 70 mph.

15. 8
4.1: Wind density map of INDIA

16. 9
4.3. INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR ENERGY
The most useful way of harnessing solar energy is by directly converting it into electricity by
means of solar photo-voltaic cells. Sunshine is incident on Solar cells, in this system of energy
Conversion that is direct conversion of solar radiation into electricity. In the stage of conversion
into thermodynamic from is absent. The photo-voltaic effect is defined as the generation of an
electromotive force as a result of the absorption of ionizing radiation. Energy conversion
devices, which are used to convert sunlight to electricity by use of the photo-voltaic effect, are
called solar cells.
4.3.1. SOLAR ENERGY ADVANTAGES
 The power source of the sun is absolutely free.
 The production of solar energy produces no pollution.
 The technological advancements in solar energy systems have made them extremely cost
effective.
 Most systems do not require any maintenance during their lifespan, which means you
never have to put money into them.
 Most systems have a life span of 30 to 40 years.
4.3.2. SOLAR ENERGY DISADVANTAGES
 There are locations in the world where this energy is collected efficiently and some of the
locations are not with the appropriate sunlight.
 The initial cost of the solar panels is an expensive investment.

17. 10
4.2:Solar resourcesofINDIA

18. 11
CHAPTER 5
COMBINING WIND TURBINE AND SOLAR PANELS
If the amount of energy consumption increases, it makes sense to combine PV with wind. The
reason is that these other technologies can provide lower cost per Kilowatt-hour if they are
scaled up to a certain level.
The hybrid PV-Wind systems offer the most adequate solutions for the electrification of small
rural settlements, the combination and the ratio of the two types of energy depending greatly on
the resources locally available in each geographical area. These resources can be accurately
evaluated only after a period of typically one year of monitoring the basic parameters (wind
speed, solar radiation), necessary for sizing and implementing such systems in the areas.
5.1: Street lighting using hybrid technology
Wind solar hybrid power system is an integrated system of solar energy and wind energy. The
rational allocation of every part’s capacity of generating system is very important to guarantee
the reliability of generating system. To satisfy the requirement of users’ electricity consumption,
our company will analyze the electricity consumption and local solar and wind resources
conditions to allocate the most suitable system for different users.

19. 12
5.1 PV-WIND HYBRID SYSTEM FUNCTION PROCEDURE.
During day time, DC power generated by the solar PV array is stored in the battery bank through
a hybrid controller, which maximizes charging current and prevents excessive
discharge/overcharge. Wind turbine generator started generating power when wind speed
exceeds cut-in speed of the mini wind turbine (above 2.7m/s). Out from the wind battery charger
is also stored in the battery bank through hybrid controller. The wind turbine is self-regulated
type with protection for over speed. Energy stored in the battery is draw by electrical loads
through the inverter, which convert DC into AC power. The inverter has in-built protection for
short-circuit, reverse polarity, low battery voltage and over load. The batter bank is sizing to feed
loads up to two days, during non sun/wind days.
5.2: Graphical representation of hybrid power plant

20. 13
5.2 ADVANTAGES OF A SOLAR WIND HYBRID POWER STATION
Wind speeds are often low in the summer season when the suns power availability is at its
best. Speculatively, the wind is often stronger in seasons winter months when the days are shorter
and offer less sunshine resources. This is why a solar-wind hybrid solution is an alternative to
consider. We notice that even during the same day there are different and opposite availabilities of
wind and solar power possibilities. And those different patterns can make the hybrid systems the
best option for electricity production.
 Fuel saving (up to 50%).
 The possibility to combine two or more renewable energy sources, based on the natural
local potential of the users
 Environmental protection, especially in terms of CO2 emissions reduction
 Low cost – wind energy, and also solar energy can be competitive with nuclear, coal and
gas especially considering possible future cost trends for fossil and nuclear energy
 Diversity and security of supply

21. 14
CHAPTER 6
FUTURE EXPANSION
The key to cost reductions of this order is, of course, the right sort of support for innovation and
development - something that has been lacking for the past, is still only patchy at present.
Research and development efforts in solar, wind, and other renewable energy technologies are
required to continue for:
 improving their performance
 Establishing techniques for accurately predicting their output reliably integrating them with
other conventional generating sources.
6.2: Vertical axis wind turbine
(A modified type of wind turbines)

22. 15
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
A hybrid power system is economic since when wind or sunlight is available, the fuel generator
will be shut down by reducing the fuel cost. Due to source diversity, these power systems are so
reliable. Hybrid power systems can offer solutions and value to customers that individual
technologies cannot match. HPS are a good way to have available sources of electricity which
optimize utilization of primary energy sources. Hybrids offer market entry strategies for
technologies that cannot currently compete with the lowest-cost traditional options. Some
renewable hybrid power systems are commercially available today. Many options for the
configuration of hybrid systems -Depend on load, resource, and costs. The overall performance
of the hybrid renewable energy system was as expected. We were able to determine that this
system would be a viable source of power production for outdoor and remote area applications.
Due to time constraints some additional alterations could not be made to the wind turbine in
order to get optimal performance. If time were available for further alterations the size of the
stepper motor used should have been increased. Further improvements that should be made are
in the portability. Economic aspects of these technologies are sufficiently promising to include
them in developing power generation capacity for developing countries.

23. 16
8. REFERENCES
Website references:
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_India
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_India
[3] http://www.academia.edu/3449447/Wind_-Solar_Hybrid_Power_Generation_Model
[4] http://www.nptel.ac.in/courses/108103009/
[5] http://www.slideshare.net/ViharModi/solar-wind-hybrid-power-system-ppt
[6] http://seminarprojects.com/Thread-hybrid-power-system-report
[7] http://www.ijcee.org/papers/466-N20019.pdf
[8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell