A novel low power and Positive Feedback Adiabatic Logic (PFAL) combinational low power circuit is presented in this paper. The power consumption and general characteristics of the PFAL combinationallow power circuit arethen compared against two combinational low power circuit Efficient Charge Recovery Logic (ECRL), Conventional CMOS. The proposed PFAL combinational low power circuit design was proven to be superior to the other two designs in power dissipation and area. The combination of low power and low transistor count makes the new PFAL cell a viable option for low power design.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MODIFIED QSERL CIRCUITVLSICS Design
The document summarizes the performance analysis of a modified quasi-static energy recovery logic (MQSERL) circuit. Some key points:
1) MQSERL aims to improve energy efficiency over previous quasi-static energy recovery logic (QSERL) circuits by reducing non-adiabatic losses. It replaces diodes with transistors to minimize voltage drop.
2) The circuit uses two complementary sinusoidal power clocks for evaluation and hold phases. During evaluation, the load capacitance is slowly charged or discharged via transistors.
3) Simulation results show the MQSERL inverter has 30% lower energy dissipation than CMOS and 20% lower than QSERL up to 20MHz and 20fF
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
SIMULTANEOUS OPTIMIZATION OF STANDBY AND ACTIVE ENERGY FOR SUB-THRESHOLD CIRC...VLSICS Design
Increased downscaling of CMOS circuits with respect to feature size and threshold voltage has a result of dramatically increasing in leakage current. So, leakage power reduction is an important design issue for active and standby modes as long as the technology scaling increased. In this paper, a simultaneous active and standby energy optimization methodology is proposed for 22 nm sub-threshold CMOS circuits. In the first phase, we investigate the dual threshold voltage design for active energy per cycle minimization. A
slack based genetic algorithm is proposed to find the optimal reverse body bias assignment to set of noncritical
paths gates to ensure low active energy per cycle with the maximum allowable frequency at the optimal supply voltage. The second phase, determine the optimal reverse body bias that can be applied to all gates for standby power optimization at the optimal supply voltage determined from the first phase.
Therefore, there exist two sets of gates and two reverse body bias values for each set. The reverse body bias is switched between these two values in response to the mode of operation. Experimental results are obtained for some ISCAS-85 benchmark circuits such as 74L85, 74283, ALU74181, and 16 bit RCA. The optimized circuits show significant energy saving ranged (from 14.5% to 42.28%) and standby power
saving ranged (from 62.8% to 67%)
This document discusses the design of an energy efficient full adder cell using double pass transistor asynchronous adiabatic logic (DPTAAL). It first provides background on asynchronous circuits and adiabatic logic for low power applications. It then describes an existing DPTAAL full adder cell design and proposes a new design that uses a carry save adder to reduce addition of 3 numbers to 2 numbers. The document concludes that the new asynchronous adiabatic full adder cell design consumes less energy than conventional logic designs for frequencies from 100-200MHz, confirming its feasibility for low power applications.
Adiabatic Logic Based Low Power Carry Select Adder for future TechnologiesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses the design of an energy efficient carry save adder using asynchronous adiabatic logic. It first discusses existing work on using double pass transistor logic with asynchronous adiabatic logic to design an energy efficient full adder cell. It then proposes using a carry save adder which can add 3 n-bit numbers using only 2 numbers of additions, reducing delay and improving performance. The document discusses the design of a static energy recovery full adder cell and use of double pass transistor logic to avoid signal degradation. It also provides background on asynchronous adiabatic logic which aims to reduce power dissipation by reusing stored energy.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MODIFIED QSERL CIRCUITVLSICS Design
The document summarizes the performance analysis of a modified quasi-static energy recovery logic (MQSERL) circuit. Some key points:
1) MQSERL aims to improve energy efficiency over previous quasi-static energy recovery logic (QSERL) circuits by reducing non-adiabatic losses. It replaces diodes with transistors to minimize voltage drop.
2) The circuit uses two complementary sinusoidal power clocks for evaluation and hold phases. During evaluation, the load capacitance is slowly charged or discharged via transistors.
3) Simulation results show the MQSERL inverter has 30% lower energy dissipation than CMOS and 20% lower than QSERL up to 20MHz and 20fF
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
SIMULTANEOUS OPTIMIZATION OF STANDBY AND ACTIVE ENERGY FOR SUB-THRESHOLD CIRC...VLSICS Design
Increased downscaling of CMOS circuits with respect to feature size and threshold voltage has a result of dramatically increasing in leakage current. So, leakage power reduction is an important design issue for active and standby modes as long as the technology scaling increased. In this paper, a simultaneous active and standby energy optimization methodology is proposed for 22 nm sub-threshold CMOS circuits. In the first phase, we investigate the dual threshold voltage design for active energy per cycle minimization. A
slack based genetic algorithm is proposed to find the optimal reverse body bias assignment to set of noncritical
paths gates to ensure low active energy per cycle with the maximum allowable frequency at the optimal supply voltage. The second phase, determine the optimal reverse body bias that can be applied to all gates for standby power optimization at the optimal supply voltage determined from the first phase.
Therefore, there exist two sets of gates and two reverse body bias values for each set. The reverse body bias is switched between these two values in response to the mode of operation. Experimental results are obtained for some ISCAS-85 benchmark circuits such as 74L85, 74283, ALU74181, and 16 bit RCA. The optimized circuits show significant energy saving ranged (from 14.5% to 42.28%) and standby power
saving ranged (from 62.8% to 67%)
This document discusses the design of an energy efficient full adder cell using double pass transistor asynchronous adiabatic logic (DPTAAL). It first provides background on asynchronous circuits and adiabatic logic for low power applications. It then describes an existing DPTAAL full adder cell design and proposes a new design that uses a carry save adder to reduce addition of 3 numbers to 2 numbers. The document concludes that the new asynchronous adiabatic full adder cell design consumes less energy than conventional logic designs for frequencies from 100-200MHz, confirming its feasibility for low power applications.
Adiabatic Logic Based Low Power Carry Select Adder for future TechnologiesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses the design of an energy efficient carry save adder using asynchronous adiabatic logic. It first discusses existing work on using double pass transistor logic with asynchronous adiabatic logic to design an energy efficient full adder cell. It then proposes using a carry save adder which can add 3 n-bit numbers using only 2 numbers of additions, reducing delay and improving performance. The document discusses the design of a static energy recovery full adder cell and use of double pass transistor logic to avoid signal degradation. It also provides background on asynchronous adiabatic logic which aims to reduce power dissipation by reusing stored energy.
Basics of Power systems
Network topology
Transmission and Distribution
Load and Resource Balance
Economic Dispatch
Steady State System Analysis
Power flow analysis
Dynamic System Analysis
Transient stability
In power engineering the power flow analysis (also known as load flow study) is an important tool involving numerical analysis applied to a powe r system. This project deals with a model of existing power system using the actual data taking care of all parameters required for the simulation and analysis. With the help of Maharasht ra State Electricity Transmission co. Ltd.,a model of 220KV lines,of Solapur District grid usin g MATLAB software will be modeled. In this project,an algorithm will be used for power f low study and data collection and coding required for modeling. Load flow studies will be ca rried out using Newton Raphson method and voltage profile of buses will be analyzed. New meth od for the improvement of voltage profile will be suggested and analyze using the developed m odel. The optimization techniques include power factor compensation,tap changing,up gradati on of substation,up gradation of line and load shifting will be analyzed. Importance of power flow or Load flow studies is in planning future expansion of power system as well as determi ning the best operation of existing systems. From results of simulation buses with low voltage p rofile will be identified and possible solutions can be suggested.
INTRODUCTION BASIC TECHNIQUES TYPE OF BUSES
Y BUS MATRIX POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
Power (Load) flow study is the analysis of a power system in normal steady-state operation
This study will determine:
This document discusses strategies to achieve low power dissipation in integrated circuits. It discusses several techniques:
1) Reducing dynamic power by minimizing transistor sizes, lowering supply voltage, and optimizing manufacturing processes.
2) Reducing static power by lowering subthreshold leakage through multiple threshold voltages and separating logic into high and low power groups.
3) Introducing a new logic style called Energy Economized Pass Transistor Logic (EEPL) that provides reductions in power and delay compared to other pass transistor logic styles like CPL and SRPL through regenerative feedback.
4) EEPL has been shown to perform well in combinational and sequential circuits like multipliers and counters with advantages of lower energy consumption.
The document discusses power flow analysis, which determines voltages, currents, real power, and reactive power in a power system under steady-state load conditions. It describes the different types of buses in a power system and how they are modeled. The key component of power flow is the bus admittance matrix, which relates nodal voltages to branch currents based on Kirchhoff's current law. Solving the matrix equations provides the voltage magnitude and angle at each bus.
This document describes an asynchronous fine-grain power gated logic (AFPL) circuit for reducing power dissipation in asynchronous circuits. Each stage of the AFPL circuit contains an efficient charge recovery logic (ECRL) gate to perform logic functions and a handshake controller. The handshake controller provides power to the ECRL gate and handles handshaking between pipeline stages. A partial charge reuse mechanism can be integrated to reuse charge from one ECRL gate to power another, reducing energy. The AFPL circuit uses a novel C-element design called a Sutherland pull-up pull-down to allow ECRL gates to enter sleep mode earlier. Simulation results show the AFPL circuit achieves significant power savings compared to
Cascaded Multilevel Inverter Based Active Power Filters: A Survey of ControlsIOSR Journals
This document summarizes several control strategies for cascaded multilevel inverter based active power filters, including:
1. P-q theory with PI controller, which calculates real and reactive power to generate reference currents but has errors when voltages are distorted.
2. Average power method with carrier phase shifted PWM, which gives accurate results even with distorted voltages by using a PLL and calculating average power.
3. Instantaneous real-power theory with triangular-sampling current modulator, which generates reference currents to compensate for harmonics and reactive power in real-time using simple calculations. It maintains the DC bus voltage and works for generic power systems.
The document discusses the Fast Decoupled Load Flow (FDLF) method for solving load flow problems. FDLF is based on the Newton-Raphson method but further simplifies the load flow equations by assuming that active power changes are more sensitive to voltage angle changes and reactive power changes are more sensitive to voltage magnitude changes. This allows the Jacobian matrix to be separated into two square submatrices related to voltage angle and magnitude. FDLF requires fewer iterations than Newton-Raphson, has higher reliability, and is faster and uses less storage. The method is physically justifiable and can be used in optimization studies involving multiple load flow solutions.
Synchronverters: Inverters that Mimic Synchronous GeneratorsQing-Chang Zhong
1) Synchronverters are inverters that mimic the behavior of synchronous generators through control algorithms. They can help address challenges from increasing distributed renewable generation connected to the grid.
2) A synchronverter model is presented that electrically and mechanically mimics the behavior of a synchronous generator. The electrical model includes flux linkages and back EMF equations. The mechanical model includes inertia and torque equations.
3) The implementation of a synchronverter consists of an electronic part that generates the back EMF signal and a power part with an inverter and filter. The electronic and power parts interact through current feedback and PWM control to generate voltages matching the back EMF.
Load Flow Analysis of Jamshoro Thermal Power Station (JTPS) Pakistan Using MA...sunny katyara
This article summarizes a study analyzing the load flow of Jamshoro Thermal Power Station (JTPS) in Pakistan using MATLAB programming. The study models the power plant and transmission network in MATLAB to calculate active and reactive power flows, line losses, voltage profiles and angles at different buses. This provides information for efficient scheduling and future planning of the power system. MATLAB code was developed using the Gauss-Siedel iterative method to solve the load flow equations. The results provide voltage magnitudes and angles at each bus and active/reactive power flows on each transmission line. This analysis can help optimize the economic operation and future expansion of the JTPS power system.
This document summarizes a research paper on minimizing total harmonic distortion (THD) in a three-phase, five-level cascaded H-bridge inverter. It first describes the configuration and operation of a cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter. It then reviews the generalized formulation of selective harmonic elimination (SHE) for multilevel inverters. The document presents a MATLAB/Simulink model of a three-phase, five-level inverter that compares sinusoidal pulse width modulation to SHE for harmonic reduction. Simulation results show that SHE reduces THD from 71.2% to 4.66% by eliminating specific lower-order harmonics through optimization of the switching angles.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document provides an overview and summary of different load flow analysis methods. It begins with an introduction to load flow studies and the power flow equations. It then summarizes three classical iterative methods: Gauss-Seidel, Newton-Raphson, and Fast Decoupled. The document also briefly discusses other optimization methods like fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, and particle swarm optimization that can be applied to load flow problems. Case studies are presented at the end to demonstrate the different techniques.
Design and implementation of Closed Loop Control of Three Phase Interleaved P...IJMTST Journal
A single-phase, three-level, single-stage power-factor corrected AC/DC converter operated under closed
loop manner is presented. That operates with a single controller to regulate the output voltage and the input
inductor act as a boost inductor to have a single stage power factor correction with good output response. The
paper deals with a new single stage three level ac-dc converter which performs both power factor correction
and voltage regulation in a single stage. The proposed converter has two separate controllers, one for power
factor correction and the other for regulating the output voltage. A comprehensive review of the existing single
stage topologies has been carried out. Then the operating principle, control scheme and the design of the new
converter are presented. The proposed converter is having an input power factor close to unity and better
voltage regulation compared to the conventional ac-dc converter topologies. Proposed topology is evaluated
through Matlab/Simulink platform and simulation results are conferred.
Mitigation of Power Quality Issues by Nine Switches UPQC Using PI & ANN with ...MABUSUBANI SHAIK
Abstract—A nine-switch power converter having two sets of output terminals was recently proposed in place of the traditional back-to-back power converter that uses 12 switches in total. The nine-switch converter has already been proven to have certain advantages, in addition to its component saving topological feature. Despite these advantages, the nine-switch converter has so far found limited applications due to its many perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring an oversized dc-link capacitor, limited amplitude sharing, and constrained phase shift between its two sets of output terminals. Instead of accepting these tradeoffs as limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is proposed here that virtually “converts” most of these topological short comings into interesting performance advantages. Aiming further to reduce its switching losses, Harmonics, Voltage Sag & Swell an appropriate discontinuous modulation scheme is proposed and studied here in detail to doubly ensure that maximal reduction of commutations is achieved. With an appropriately designed control scheme with PI and ANN with Hysteresis controller then incorporated, the nine-switch converter is shown to favorably raise the overall power quality in Simulation, hence justifying its role as a power conditioner at a reduced cost.
Index Terms—Discontinuous pulse-width modulation, nine switch converter, power conditioner, power quality.
1. The document discusses power factor correction by adding a capacitor to an existing load to make the power factor closer to 1.
2. It provides equations to calculate the current drawn by the original load, the supply current after adding a capacitor, and the current drawn by the capacitor.
3. As an example, it calculates the current values for a 2 kW mud pump with an original power factor of 0.5 that is corrected to 0.95 by adding a capacitor, and draws a phasor diagram to illustrate the current values and phase angles.
Design of High Speed Low Power 15-4 Compressor Using Complementary Energy Pat...CSCJournals
This paper presents the implementation of a novel high speed low power 15-4 Compressor for high speed multiplication applications using single phase clocked quasi static adiabatic logic namely CEPAL (Complementary Energy Path Adiabatic Logic). The main advantage of this static adiabatic logic is the minimization of the 1/2CVth2 energy dissipation occurring every cycle in the multi-phase power-clocked adiabatic circuits. The proposed Compressor uses bit sliced architecture to exploit the parallelism in the computation of sum of 15 input bits by five full adders. The newly proposed Compressor is also centered around the design of a novel 5-3 Compressor that attempts to minimize the stage delays of a conventional 5-3 Compressor that is designed using single bit full adder and half adder architectures. Firstly, the performance characteristics of CEPAL 15-3 Compressor with 14 transistor and 10 transistor adder designs are compared against the conventional static CMOS logic counterpart to identify its adiabatic power advantage. The analyses are carried out using the industry standard Tanner EDA design environment using 250 nm technology libraries. The results prove that CEPAL 14T 15-4 Compressor is 68.11% power efficient, 75.31% faster over its static CMOS counterpart.
M U S I C A N D S U P E R H E A L T H D Rdrsolapurkar
Music can profoundly influence both the apparent and inner universes in beneficial ways beyond just superficial entertainment. Specific ragas in Indian classical music can be used to heal medical conditions associated with the five principles (elements) in the universe - for example, deep raga can heal hypothyroidism associated with Kapha, and Mghamalhar raga can heal hyperacidity. However, the effects of different ragas on the five elements need to be verified through suitable experiments, as this is currently just a hypothesis. Holistic growth and development across all sciences and arts, including music, can blossom through regular Namasmaran practice.
Dokumen tersebut berisi kisi-kisi ujian nasional tahun pelajaran 2014-2015 untuk SMP/MTs. Terdiri dari kompetensi dan indikator untuk mata pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia, Bahasa Inggris, Matematika, IPA, dan jumlahnya 14 kompetensi.
Basics of Power systems
Network topology
Transmission and Distribution
Load and Resource Balance
Economic Dispatch
Steady State System Analysis
Power flow analysis
Dynamic System Analysis
Transient stability
In power engineering the power flow analysis (also known as load flow study) is an important tool involving numerical analysis applied to a powe r system. This project deals with a model of existing power system using the actual data taking care of all parameters required for the simulation and analysis. With the help of Maharasht ra State Electricity Transmission co. Ltd.,a model of 220KV lines,of Solapur District grid usin g MATLAB software will be modeled. In this project,an algorithm will be used for power f low study and data collection and coding required for modeling. Load flow studies will be ca rried out using Newton Raphson method and voltage profile of buses will be analyzed. New meth od for the improvement of voltage profile will be suggested and analyze using the developed m odel. The optimization techniques include power factor compensation,tap changing,up gradati on of substation,up gradation of line and load shifting will be analyzed. Importance of power flow or Load flow studies is in planning future expansion of power system as well as determi ning the best operation of existing systems. From results of simulation buses with low voltage p rofile will be identified and possible solutions can be suggested.
INTRODUCTION BASIC TECHNIQUES TYPE OF BUSES
Y BUS MATRIX POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX
Power (Load) flow study is the analysis of a power system in normal steady-state operation
This study will determine:
This document discusses strategies to achieve low power dissipation in integrated circuits. It discusses several techniques:
1) Reducing dynamic power by minimizing transistor sizes, lowering supply voltage, and optimizing manufacturing processes.
2) Reducing static power by lowering subthreshold leakage through multiple threshold voltages and separating logic into high and low power groups.
3) Introducing a new logic style called Energy Economized Pass Transistor Logic (EEPL) that provides reductions in power and delay compared to other pass transistor logic styles like CPL and SRPL through regenerative feedback.
4) EEPL has been shown to perform well in combinational and sequential circuits like multipliers and counters with advantages of lower energy consumption.
The document discusses power flow analysis, which determines voltages, currents, real power, and reactive power in a power system under steady-state load conditions. It describes the different types of buses in a power system and how they are modeled. The key component of power flow is the bus admittance matrix, which relates nodal voltages to branch currents based on Kirchhoff's current law. Solving the matrix equations provides the voltage magnitude and angle at each bus.
This document describes an asynchronous fine-grain power gated logic (AFPL) circuit for reducing power dissipation in asynchronous circuits. Each stage of the AFPL circuit contains an efficient charge recovery logic (ECRL) gate to perform logic functions and a handshake controller. The handshake controller provides power to the ECRL gate and handles handshaking between pipeline stages. A partial charge reuse mechanism can be integrated to reuse charge from one ECRL gate to power another, reducing energy. The AFPL circuit uses a novel C-element design called a Sutherland pull-up pull-down to allow ECRL gates to enter sleep mode earlier. Simulation results show the AFPL circuit achieves significant power savings compared to
Cascaded Multilevel Inverter Based Active Power Filters: A Survey of ControlsIOSR Journals
This document summarizes several control strategies for cascaded multilevel inverter based active power filters, including:
1. P-q theory with PI controller, which calculates real and reactive power to generate reference currents but has errors when voltages are distorted.
2. Average power method with carrier phase shifted PWM, which gives accurate results even with distorted voltages by using a PLL and calculating average power.
3. Instantaneous real-power theory with triangular-sampling current modulator, which generates reference currents to compensate for harmonics and reactive power in real-time using simple calculations. It maintains the DC bus voltage and works for generic power systems.
The document discusses the Fast Decoupled Load Flow (FDLF) method for solving load flow problems. FDLF is based on the Newton-Raphson method but further simplifies the load flow equations by assuming that active power changes are more sensitive to voltage angle changes and reactive power changes are more sensitive to voltage magnitude changes. This allows the Jacobian matrix to be separated into two square submatrices related to voltage angle and magnitude. FDLF requires fewer iterations than Newton-Raphson, has higher reliability, and is faster and uses less storage. The method is physically justifiable and can be used in optimization studies involving multiple load flow solutions.
Synchronverters: Inverters that Mimic Synchronous GeneratorsQing-Chang Zhong
1) Synchronverters are inverters that mimic the behavior of synchronous generators through control algorithms. They can help address challenges from increasing distributed renewable generation connected to the grid.
2) A synchronverter model is presented that electrically and mechanically mimics the behavior of a synchronous generator. The electrical model includes flux linkages and back EMF equations. The mechanical model includes inertia and torque equations.
3) The implementation of a synchronverter consists of an electronic part that generates the back EMF signal and a power part with an inverter and filter. The electronic and power parts interact through current feedback and PWM control to generate voltages matching the back EMF.
Load Flow Analysis of Jamshoro Thermal Power Station (JTPS) Pakistan Using MA...sunny katyara
This article summarizes a study analyzing the load flow of Jamshoro Thermal Power Station (JTPS) in Pakistan using MATLAB programming. The study models the power plant and transmission network in MATLAB to calculate active and reactive power flows, line losses, voltage profiles and angles at different buses. This provides information for efficient scheduling and future planning of the power system. MATLAB code was developed using the Gauss-Siedel iterative method to solve the load flow equations. The results provide voltage magnitudes and angles at each bus and active/reactive power flows on each transmission line. This analysis can help optimize the economic operation and future expansion of the JTPS power system.
This document summarizes a research paper on minimizing total harmonic distortion (THD) in a three-phase, five-level cascaded H-bridge inverter. It first describes the configuration and operation of a cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter. It then reviews the generalized formulation of selective harmonic elimination (SHE) for multilevel inverters. The document presents a MATLAB/Simulink model of a three-phase, five-level inverter that compares sinusoidal pulse width modulation to SHE for harmonic reduction. Simulation results show that SHE reduces THD from 71.2% to 4.66% by eliminating specific lower-order harmonics through optimization of the switching angles.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document provides an overview and summary of different load flow analysis methods. It begins with an introduction to load flow studies and the power flow equations. It then summarizes three classical iterative methods: Gauss-Seidel, Newton-Raphson, and Fast Decoupled. The document also briefly discusses other optimization methods like fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, and particle swarm optimization that can be applied to load flow problems. Case studies are presented at the end to demonstrate the different techniques.
Design and implementation of Closed Loop Control of Three Phase Interleaved P...IJMTST Journal
A single-phase, three-level, single-stage power-factor corrected AC/DC converter operated under closed
loop manner is presented. That operates with a single controller to regulate the output voltage and the input
inductor act as a boost inductor to have a single stage power factor correction with good output response. The
paper deals with a new single stage three level ac-dc converter which performs both power factor correction
and voltage regulation in a single stage. The proposed converter has two separate controllers, one for power
factor correction and the other for regulating the output voltage. A comprehensive review of the existing single
stage topologies has been carried out. Then the operating principle, control scheme and the design of the new
converter are presented. The proposed converter is having an input power factor close to unity and better
voltage regulation compared to the conventional ac-dc converter topologies. Proposed topology is evaluated
through Matlab/Simulink platform and simulation results are conferred.
Mitigation of Power Quality Issues by Nine Switches UPQC Using PI & ANN with ...MABUSUBANI SHAIK
Abstract—A nine-switch power converter having two sets of output terminals was recently proposed in place of the traditional back-to-back power converter that uses 12 switches in total. The nine-switch converter has already been proven to have certain advantages, in addition to its component saving topological feature. Despite these advantages, the nine-switch converter has so far found limited applications due to its many perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring an oversized dc-link capacitor, limited amplitude sharing, and constrained phase shift between its two sets of output terminals. Instead of accepting these tradeoffs as limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is proposed here that virtually “converts” most of these topological short comings into interesting performance advantages. Aiming further to reduce its switching losses, Harmonics, Voltage Sag & Swell an appropriate discontinuous modulation scheme is proposed and studied here in detail to doubly ensure that maximal reduction of commutations is achieved. With an appropriately designed control scheme with PI and ANN with Hysteresis controller then incorporated, the nine-switch converter is shown to favorably raise the overall power quality in Simulation, hence justifying its role as a power conditioner at a reduced cost.
Index Terms—Discontinuous pulse-width modulation, nine switch converter, power conditioner, power quality.
1. The document discusses power factor correction by adding a capacitor to an existing load to make the power factor closer to 1.
2. It provides equations to calculate the current drawn by the original load, the supply current after adding a capacitor, and the current drawn by the capacitor.
3. As an example, it calculates the current values for a 2 kW mud pump with an original power factor of 0.5 that is corrected to 0.95 by adding a capacitor, and draws a phasor diagram to illustrate the current values and phase angles.
Design of High Speed Low Power 15-4 Compressor Using Complementary Energy Pat...CSCJournals
This paper presents the implementation of a novel high speed low power 15-4 Compressor for high speed multiplication applications using single phase clocked quasi static adiabatic logic namely CEPAL (Complementary Energy Path Adiabatic Logic). The main advantage of this static adiabatic logic is the minimization of the 1/2CVth2 energy dissipation occurring every cycle in the multi-phase power-clocked adiabatic circuits. The proposed Compressor uses bit sliced architecture to exploit the parallelism in the computation of sum of 15 input bits by five full adders. The newly proposed Compressor is also centered around the design of a novel 5-3 Compressor that attempts to minimize the stage delays of a conventional 5-3 Compressor that is designed using single bit full adder and half adder architectures. Firstly, the performance characteristics of CEPAL 15-3 Compressor with 14 transistor and 10 transistor adder designs are compared against the conventional static CMOS logic counterpart to identify its adiabatic power advantage. The analyses are carried out using the industry standard Tanner EDA design environment using 250 nm technology libraries. The results prove that CEPAL 14T 15-4 Compressor is 68.11% power efficient, 75.31% faster over its static CMOS counterpart.
M U S I C A N D S U P E R H E A L T H D Rdrsolapurkar
Music can profoundly influence both the apparent and inner universes in beneficial ways beyond just superficial entertainment. Specific ragas in Indian classical music can be used to heal medical conditions associated with the five principles (elements) in the universe - for example, deep raga can heal hypothyroidism associated with Kapha, and Mghamalhar raga can heal hyperacidity. However, the effects of different ragas on the five elements need to be verified through suitable experiments, as this is currently just a hypothesis. Holistic growth and development across all sciences and arts, including music, can blossom through regular Namasmaran practice.
Dokumen tersebut berisi kisi-kisi ujian nasional tahun pelajaran 2014-2015 untuk SMP/MTs. Terdiri dari kompetensi dan indikator untuk mata pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia, Bahasa Inggris, Matematika, IPA, dan jumlahnya 14 kompetensi.
Automatic Road Extraction from Airborne LiDAR : A ReviewIJERA Editor
LiDAR is the powerful Remote Sensing Technology for the acquisition of 3D information from terrain surface. This paper surveys the state of the art on automated road feature extraction from airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data. It presents a bibliography of nearly 50 references related to this topic. This includes work related to various main approaches used for extracting road from LiDAR data, Feature extraction based on classification and filtering.
Treatment of Sugarcane Industry Effluents: Science & Technology issuesIJERA Editor
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Design of a Low Power Combinational Circuit by using Adiabatic Logic
1. B.Jeevan Rao Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part – 1 ), December 2014, pp.85-88
www.ijera.com 85 | P a g e
Design of a Low Power Combinational Circuit by using Adiabatic
Logic
B.Jeevan Rao#1
P.Satyanarayana*2
#
M.Tech,VLSI & Embedded Systems, Vizag Institute of Technology .
*
Asst. Professor,M.Tech,Vizag Institute of Technology.
Abstract-
A novel low power and Positive Feedback Adiabatic Logic (PFAL) combinational low power circuit is
presented in this paper. The power consumption and general characteristics of the PFAL combinationallow
power circuit arethen compared against two combinational low power circuit Efficient Charge Recovery Logic
(ECRL), Conventional CMOS. The proposed PFAL combinational low power circuit design was proven to be
superior to the other two designs in power dissipation and area. The combination of low power and low
transistor count makes the new PFAL cell a viable option for low power design.
Keywords -Adiabatic Logic, Power Dissipation, power clock.
I.INTRODUCTION
Adiabatic logic is an attractive low-power
approach by utilizing AC voltage supplies (power-
clocks) to recycle the energy of circuits instead of
being dissipated as heat. Several adiabatic logic
architectures, such as ECRL (Efficient Charge
Recovery Logic, it consists of one cross coupled
PMOS transistors for precharge and evaluate), PFAL
(Positive Feedback Adiabatic Logic), have been
reported and achieved considerable energy savings.
Static CMOS circuits don't exist any direct path
between the power supply and ground rails under
steady-state operating conditions. The absence of
current flow (ignoring leakage currents) means that
the circuits don't consume any static power.
However, in the adiabatic circuits, energy dissipation
occurs even for constant input signals, because their
output nodes are always charged and discharged by
power-clocks, so that the energy savings of the
adiabatic circuits are limited. In conventional CMOS
circuits, disabling the power supply for the inactive
portions of the circuits is a useful approach for power
dissipation reduction. Similarly, idle adiabatic logic
blocks can be also shut down by switching off its
power-clocks. Several power-gating schemes for
adiabatic circuits have been proposed. Used the
bootstrapped complementary NMOS switches to shut
down idle adiabatic combinational logic blocks. A
power-gating scheme for adiabatic combinational
circuits has been also presented using
ECRLcombinational circuitwith four-phase power-
clocks. However, the adiabatic data-retention
reported in used more transistors because of its four-
phase scheme. In this paper, we propose adiabatic
combinational circuit, which are realized with the
PFAL and ECRL circuits using four-phase power-
clocks. Since clocking schemes and signal
waveforms of the four-phase adiabatic combinational
circuit ones, power-gating switches and schemes
should be also different. Thus, a power-gating
scheme for adiabatic combinational circuit using
four-phase power-clocks is also presented. All
circuits are verified using TSMC 0. 25µm CMOS
technology.
II.ADIABATIC SWITCHING
A.Conventional Charging
The dominant factor in the dissipation of a
CMOS circuit is the dynamic power required to
charge capacitive signal nodes within the circuit. Fig.
1 shows a basic CMOS inverter, together with an
equivalent circuit of the charging mechanism. Fig. 2
shows the voltage waveforms present when the input
of the inverter swings from high to low, causing the
capacitor C to begin charging. At the instant of
switching, the full supply potential appears across the
on-resistance R of the p-type devicethe waveform
then decays as the capacitor is charged to supply. To
charge the signal node capacitance c from a supply
of potential Vdd, a charge Q = CVddis taken from the
supply through the p-type device. The total energy
ET = Q = C . Only half of the energy is
applied to storing the signal on the capacitor-the
other , is dissipated as heat, primarily in the
device on-resistance R. Note that the dissipation is
independent of this resistance: it is a result of the
capacitor charge being obtained from a constant
voltage source Vdd. To drive the inverter output low,
the n-type device is used to discharge the
energy stored in capacitor C by short
circuiting the capacitor and dissipating energy as
heat. Hence, the total charge/discharge cycle has
required an energy ,-half being dissipated in
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. B.Jeevan Rao Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part – 1 ), December 2014, pp.85-88
www.ijera.com 86 | P a g e
charging, and half being used for information storage
before it too is dissipated during discharge [1-4].
Fig. 1 A Static CMOS inverter and its equivalent circuit for the
case where the capacitor C is being charged through a device of
on-resistance R.
Fig. 2 Voltage waveforms present in the equivalent circuit when
charging the capacitor from 0 V to supply in the conventional
manner.
B.Adiabatic Charging
Adiabatic switching [5-8] can be achieved by
ensuring that the potential across the switching
devices is kept arbitrarily small. In Fig. 2, it can be
seen that the potential V, across the switch
Resistance is high in the conventional case because
of the abrupt application of to the RC circuit.
Adiabatic charging may be achieved by charging the
capacitor from a time-varying source, as shown in
Fig. 3. This source has an initial value of = 0 V the
ramp increases towards at a slow rate that
ensures , is kept arbitrarily small. This
rate is set by ensuring that the period of the ramp
T>>RC.
The energy for a charging event is calculated by
Integrating the power p (t) during the transition time
T
In fact, the energy dissipated is
A linear increase in T causes a linear decrease in
power dissipation. Adiabatic discharge can be
arranged in a similar manner with a descending
ramp. Now, if T is sufficiently larger than RC,
energy dissipation during charging , and so
the total energyremovedfrom the supply is the
minimum required to charge the capacitor and hence
hold the logic state. This energy may be removed
from the capacitor and returned to the power supply
adiabatically by ramping , back down from to 0
V. As a result, given a suitable supply, it should be
possible then to charge and discharge signal node
capacitances with only marginal net losses. Note that
the RC time constant of a typical CMOS process is
about 20ns.
Fig. 3 Voltage waveforms present in the equivalent circuit when
charging the capacitor from 0V to in the adiabatic manner.
III.ADIABATIC LOGIC FAMILIES
In my literature survey practical adiabatic
families can be classified as either PARTIALLY
ADIABATIC or FULLY ADIABATIC. In a
PARTIALLY ADIABATIC CIRCUIT, some charge
is allowed to be transferred to the ground, while in a
FULLY ADIABATIC CIRCUIT, all the charge on
the load capacitance is recovered by the power
supply. Fully adiabatic circuitsfacea lot
ofproblemswith respect to the operating speedand the
inputs power clock synchronization [10-11]. Now I
can choose the partial adiabatic circuits i.e., ECRL
(Energy Charge Recovery Logic) and PFAL
(Positive Feedback Adiabatic Logic).
A.Efficient Charge Recovery Logic(ECRL)
Efficient Charge Recovery Logic (ECRL) proposed
by Moon and Jeong, shown in Fig 4, uses cross-
coupled PMOS transistors. It has the structure similar
to Cascode Voltage Switch Logic (CVSL) with
differential signaling. It consists of two cross-
coupled transistors and two pull down transistors in
the N-functional blocks for the ECRLadiabatic logic
block.
Fig. 4 Basic Structure of Adiabatic ECRL Logic
B.Positive Feedback Adiabatic Logic(PFAL)
The partial energy recovery circuit structure named
Positive Feedback Adiabatic Logic (PFAL) has been
used, since it shows the lowest energy consumption
if compared to other similar families, and a good
robustness against technological parameter
variations. It is a dual-rail circuit with partial energy
recovery. The general schematic of the PFAL gate is
shown in Figure 5. The core of all the PFAL[5-6]
gates is an adiabatic amplifier, a latch made by the
3. B.Jeevan Rao Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part – 1 ), December 2014, pp.85-88
www.ijera.com 87 | P a g e
two PMOS cross coupled transistors and two NMOS
transistors,that avoids a logic level degradation on
the output nodes out and /out. The two n-trees realize
the logic functions.
Fig. 5 Basic structure of adiabatic PFAL Logic
IV.DESIGN OF COMBINATIONAL CIRCUIT
USING ADIABATIC LOGIC FAMILIES
Based on the basic structures of adiabatic
ECRL [9] logic, I can design the ECRL
combinational circuit. Initially, input A is high and
input B is low. When power clock (pclk) rises from
zero to VDD then output carry remains ground level.
Output sum follows the pclk. When pclk reaches at
VDD, outputs sum and carry hold logic value VDD and
zero respectively. This output values can be used for
the next stage as an inputs. Now pclk falls from VDD
to zero, high outputs returns its energy to pclk hence
delivered charge is recovered.
Based on the basic structures of adiabatic PFAL
logic, I can design the PFALcombinational circuit.
Initially, input A is high and input B is low. When
power clock (pclk) rises from zero to VDD then
output carry remains ground level. Output sum
follows the pclk. When pclk reaches at VDD, outputs
sum and carry hold logic value VDD and zero
respectively. This output values can be used for the
next stage as an inputs. Now pclk falls from VDD to
zero, high outputs returns its energy to pclk hence
delivered charge is recovered.
V.PARAMETER VARIATIONS ONPOWER
CONSUMPTION
Power consumption in adiabatic circuits
strongly depends on the parameter variations. The
impact of parameter variations on the power
consumption for the two logic families is
investigated with respect of CMOS logic circuit, by
means of TSPICE simulations. Simulations are
carried out at 250nm technology node.
A.Transition Frequency Variation
Fig.6 shows the power dissipation per cycle
versus switching frequency of the two adiabatic logic
families and CMOS for the combinational circuit
logic. It is seen that for high frequency the behavior
is no more adiabatic and therefore the power
dissipation increases. Thus the simulations are
carried out only at useful range of the frequencies to
show better result with respect to CMOS.
Fig. 6 Power consumption per cycle versus frequency for
acombinational circuit
At VDD = 2.5V
B.Supply Voltage Variation
Fig.7 shows the power dissipation per cycle versus
supply voltage of the two adiabatic logic families and
CMOS for the combinational circuit. It is seen that
supply voltage decreases, the gap between CMOS
and logic families is reduced. But ECRL and PFAL
still shows large power savings over wide range of
supply voltage.
Fig. 7 Power consumption per cycle versus frequency for a
combinational circuit At frequency= 100MHz
VI.SIMULATION AND RESULTS
In the below schematic waveform of CMOS
combinational circuit is shown in below figure 8.
Fig. 8 Simulated waveform for the CMOS Combinational circuit
4. B.Jeevan Rao Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part – 1 ), December 2014, pp.85-88
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In the below schematic waveform of
ECRLcombinational circuit is shown in below figure
9.
Fig. 9 Simulated waveform for Adiabatic ECRL Combinational
circuit.
In the below schematic waveform of PFAL
combinational circuit is shown in below figure 10.
Fig. 10 Simulated waveform for Adiabatic PFAL Combinational
circuit.
NO .OF
GATES
POWER
DISSIPATION
SUPLLY
VOLTAGE
CMOS 6
PMOS,
6
NMOS
26 µW 2.5V
ECRL 2
PMOS,
10
NMOS
5 µW 2.5V
PFAL 2
PMOS,
12
NMOS
1µW 2.5V
TABLE 1 Comparison Power Dissipation at the frequency
100MHz
VII.CONCLUSION
Large scale system development using
adiabatic technologies is more complex than
conventional CMOS circuit development because of
data synchronization and simulation issues Moreover
adiabatic circuits have largelatencies due to the
dynamic nature of their gates. In this paper adiabatic
technique is best for the design the low power
circuits from the above results. In this paper design
the low power combinational circuit by using ECRL
and PFAL. In adiabatic switching principle a power-
clock supply plays an important role in adiabatic
switching. Hence adiabatic logic families can be used
for low power application over the wide range of
parameter variation that is frequency and supply
voltage.
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