This chapter will focus on the optimization and security of a power system. basically it will focus on economic dispatch analysis without considering transmission line losses.
this chapter will deal with power system stability analysis. in this chapter transient stability of a power system is discussed and equal area criteria is used as a solution method to check the stability of a system.
This slide is an introductory part of the course Computer Application in Power system. it will describe the basic tasks of a computer and different computer application areas.
this chapter deals with fault analysis of a power system. under this topic, only symmetrical fault analysis is given. it will describe the methods used to determine fault current and voltage values.
This chapter will focus on the optimization and security of a power system. basically it will focus on economic dispatch analysis without considering transmission line losses.
this chapter will deal with power system stability analysis. in this chapter transient stability of a power system is discussed and equal area criteria is used as a solution method to check the stability of a system.
This slide is an introductory part of the course Computer Application in Power system. it will describe the basic tasks of a computer and different computer application areas.
this chapter deals with fault analysis of a power system. under this topic, only symmetrical fault analysis is given. it will describe the methods used to determine fault current and voltage values.
Power quality improvement using upqc with soft computing method: Fuzzy logicSakti Prasanna Muduli
Now a days problems regarding power quality is more in large inter connected power systems. There are many method to mitigate these problems but using the latest most efficient compensation method is some what impressive. Here is the brief explanations regarding UPQC using soft computing method(fuzzy logic). This was my academic project along with my friends.
This is the third slide set in series of Introductory course on Power Quality for undergraduates. This deals with transient over-voltages, Ferro Resonance, Over Voltage Protection, Switching Transients, Shielding
Electrical Technology was founded on the remarkable discovery by Faraday that a changing magnetic flux creates an electric field. Out of that discovery, grew the largest and most complex engineering achievement of man : the electric power system. Indeed, life without electricity is now unimaginable. Electric power systems form the basic infrastructure of a country. Even as we read this, electrical energy is being produced at rates in excess of hundreds of giga-watts (1 GW = 1,000,000,000 W). Giant rotors spinning at speeds up to 3000 rotations per minute bring us the energy stored in the potential energy of water, or in fossil fuels. Yet we notice electricity only when the lights go out!
While the basic features of the electrical power system have remained practically unchanged in the past century, but there are some significant milestones in the evolution of electrical power systems.
Power quality improvement using upqc with soft computing method: Fuzzy logicSakti Prasanna Muduli
Now a days problems regarding power quality is more in large inter connected power systems. There are many method to mitigate these problems but using the latest most efficient compensation method is some what impressive. Here is the brief explanations regarding UPQC using soft computing method(fuzzy logic). This was my academic project along with my friends.
This is the third slide set in series of Introductory course on Power Quality for undergraduates. This deals with transient over-voltages, Ferro Resonance, Over Voltage Protection, Switching Transients, Shielding
Electrical Technology was founded on the remarkable discovery by Faraday that a changing magnetic flux creates an electric field. Out of that discovery, grew the largest and most complex engineering achievement of man : the electric power system. Indeed, life without electricity is now unimaginable. Electric power systems form the basic infrastructure of a country. Even as we read this, electrical energy is being produced at rates in excess of hundreds of giga-watts (1 GW = 1,000,000,000 W). Giant rotors spinning at speeds up to 3000 rotations per minute bring us the energy stored in the potential energy of water, or in fossil fuels. Yet we notice electricity only when the lights go out!
While the basic features of the electrical power system have remained practically unchanged in the past century, but there are some significant milestones in the evolution of electrical power systems.
Soft power factor modification using staticchodachude
A good power quality at a system can optimize the efficiency of electrical energy utilization.
Comparison of active power and apparent power will produce a power factor (COS ø).Capacitors bank can
maintain optimum power factor with compensating some reactive power to the system. Static VAR
Compensator (SVC) is generally composed of a conventional capacitor bank in parallel with the load contactor
switch. This leads to a very large inrush current to the capacitor which will resulting damage to the
contactor switches and also capacitors. To reduce inrush current, thyristor is used as a replacement of
contactor switch. Switch can be set by adjusting the firing angle of thyristor. Power factor improvement consists
of a voltage sensor, current sensor, zero crossing detector, thyristor driver and the capacitor bank. The existing
load on the system consists of induction motor 125W, rectifier with load of series of incandescent lamp with
ballasts 85W and fluorescent lamp 20W.Cos phi variation of the load is 0.49 (lag), 0.99 (lag), 0.92 (lag) and 0.62
(lag) when all the loads connect to the system. Through the calculation, the value of capacitor that can
compensate the reactive power to the system is 5.12 µF, 2.71 µF, 2.41 µF and 9.55µF. The capacitor
installation obtain good response because it can increase the cos phi of system to 0.99 (lag) and the current
consumption of the system is smaller than the pre-installation of capacitors, which can reduce the line system
current up to 30% of the system current
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Capacitor current analysis of a three-level neutral point clamped converter u...IJECEIAES
A neutral point clamped (NPC) converter is considered a forefront in industrial applications. Supplying a typically balanced stand-alone load is one of those applications. However, the loading may become unbalanced which can impact the capacitors’ current and voltage ripple. In this work, an approach is proposed that analyze the capacitor current under unbalanced loading. The proposed method is based on a combination of two-dimensional Fourier series and symmetrical components. Since, two-dimensional Fourier series sectorize the spectrum into harmonics that are either defined by multiples of, fundamental, carrier or both frequencies, the method derives the Fourier coefficients for each sector, corresponding to a sequence current. Therefore, based on the presented approach, each harmonic amplitude in the spectrum sector is defined by three Fourier coefficients reflecting zero, positive and negative sequence current. The capacitor current spectrum is obtained by vector summing sequence coefficients. The method is tested on unbalanced load conditions with (out) a ground path. Results verify feasibility of the proposed method in deriving Fourier coefficients of capacitor currents that accurately reflects the loading status of the NPC. This is vital for converter design in terms of proper sizing of DC capacitor and can help in avoiding components failure.
A High Performance PWM Voltage Source Inverter Used for VAR Compensation and ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (DSTATCOM) is a shunt compensating device which is used
to improve current profile by exchanging of reactive power with unbalanced and nonlinear load. DSTATCOM is a
shunt compensating device used for power quality improvement in distribution systems. Relevant solutions are
applied for harmonics, fluctuation of voltage, voltage deviation, unbalance of three phase voltage and current and
frequency deviation. Different controlling schemes such as Phase Control Method (PCM), Fryze Power Theory
(FPT), Synchronous Reference Frame Theory (SRFT) and Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory (IRPT) are used
for reactive power compensation with the help of Voltage source Inverter (VSI). In this project we are going to
balance the source current using different control schemes. The results of different source currents are compared
with a different control schemes in terms of active and reactive power and in terms of Total Harmonic Distortion
(THD) for nonlinear load using Fryze Power Theory (FPT) and Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory (IRPT).
Reference currents are generated by the different control schemes have been dynamically traced in a hysteresis
current controller. The performance of DSTATCOM for different control schemes is validated for load balancing
and harmonic elimination by using simulation models in MATLAB/SIMULINK
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Novel Hybrid Dstatcom Topology for Load Compensation with Non-Stiff SourceIJERA Editor
The distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) is a shunt active filter, which injects currents into the point
of common coupling (PCC) (the common point where load, source, and DSTATCOM are connected) such that
the harmonic filtering, power factor correction, and load balancing can be achieved. The distribution static
compensator (DSTATCOM) is used for load compensation in power distribution network. A new topology for
DSTATCOM applications with non-stiff source is proposed. The proposed topology enables DSTATCOM to
have a reduced dc-link voltage without compromising the compensation capability. It uses a series capacitor
along with the interfacing inductor and a shunt filter capacitor. With the reduction in dc-link voltage, the
average switching frequency of the insulated gate bipolar transistor switches of the D-STATCOM is also
reduced. Consequently, the switching losses in the inverter are reduced. Detailed design aspects of the series and
shunt capacitors are discussed in this paper. A simulation study of the proposed topology has been carried out
using MATLAB environment and the results analyzed.
This paper proposed a new sparce matrix converter with Z-source network to provide unity voltage transfer ratio. It is an ac-to-ac converter with diode-IGBT bidirectional switches. The limitations of existing matrix converter like higher current THD and less voltage transfer ratio issues are overcome by this proposed matrix converter by inserting a Z-source. Due to this Z-source current harmonics are totally removed. The simulation is performed for different frequencies. The simulation results are presented to verify the THD and voltage transfer ratio and compared with the existing virtual AC/DC/AC matrix converter. The experimental output voltage amplitude can be varied with the variable frequencies.
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The high penetration of power electronic based distributed energy resources (DERs) has increased the importance and attention given to voltage security of distribution systems. Voltage control in the electrical power system is critical for a proper operating condition. Therefore, distribution systems must have the ability to maintain a secure voltage profile. Using inverters for Volt/VAR control (VVC) can provide a faster response for voltage regulation than traditional voltage regulation devices, such as transformer load tap changers and voltage regulators. The primary objective of this paper is to demonstrate how smart inverters can be used to eliminate the voltage deviation by solving a mixed-integer quadratic program to determine the amount of reactive power that should be injected or absorbed at the appropriate nodes. The proposed method incorporates capacitor banks connected to the network and determines whether to turn on or off the capacitor bank for voltage regulation. These processes will be demonstrated in several cases that are focused on mitigating voltage-dips and swells.
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This presentation deals about the basic theories about solar power generation. Solar power plant is one of the renewable energy source which has great advantage and environmental friendly. This presentation was prepared as a guideline to study about solar energy sources
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Computer Application in Power system: Chapter two - load flow analysis
1. ASTU
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND
COMPUTING
DEPT. OF POWER AND CONTROL ENGINEERING
COMPUTER APPLICATION IN POWER SYSTEM
(PCE5307)
CHAPTER TWO
LOAD FLOWANALYSIS
BY: MESFIN M.
3. INTRODUCTION
Under normal conditions electrical transmission systems
operate in their steady state mode and the basic calculation
required to determine the characteristics of this state is
termed as load flow (power flow) analysis.
The objective of load flow calculation is to determine the
steady state operating characteristics of the power
generation/transmission system for a given set of bus bar
loads
4. CONT.…
Active power generation is normally specified according to
economic dispatch practice.
The generation voltage magnitude is maintained at a
specified level by automatic voltage regulator acting on the
excitation system of the machine.
Loads are normally specified by their constant Active and
Reactive power requirement.
5. NETWORK MODELING
Transmission plant components are modelled by their
equivalent circuit in terms of inductance, capacitance and
resistance.
Among the many alternatives of describing transmission
system is to comply with the Kirchhoff's laws and two
methods Mesh and nodal analysis are used.
Nodal analysis is found to be particularly suitable for
digital computer work and is almost exclusively used for
routine network calculation.
6. CONT.…
Advantages of nodal analysis
Numbering of node is very simple,
Data preparation is easy
No. of variables and equations is less than mesh
Node voltage and current are easily calculated
Parallel branches doesn’t increase no. of
variable/equations
7. TRANSMISSION LINE MODELING
The total resistance and inductive reactance of the line
is included in series arm of the equivalent p model and
the total capacitance to the neutral is divided between
its shunt arms.
8. TRANSFORMER ON NOMINAL RATIO
MODELING
The p model of a transformer is illustrated below,
The impedance parameters are obtained from the open and
short circuit test of a transformer
9. BASIC NODAL METHOD
In the nodal method as applied to power system; the variables are
the complex node (busbar) voltages and currents, for which some
reference must be designated.
Two different refences are normally chosen; for voltage magnitude
the reference is the ground and for the angle the reference is chosen
as the busbar voltage angle which is fixed at zero.
In the nodal method it is convenient to use branch admittance rather
than impedance.
10. CONT.…
By KCL, for a given node the injected current must be
equal to the sum of the currents leaving the node.
In a power system there are three kinds bus corresponding
to the known variables, this are
Generator bus (PV bus):
Load Bus (PQ bus):
Slack (Swing bus): in power system the slack bus is the
generating station which has the responsibility of system
frequency control.
11. CONT.….
When node currents are specified, the set of linear equations can be
solved for the node equation.
However in power system the power are known rather than the
current, thus, resulting equation is in terms of power, known as
power flow equation. It is nonlinear and must be solved by iterative
method.
Power flow is back bone of power system analysis and design. They
are necessary for planning, operation, economic scheduling and
power exchange between utilities.
12. POWER SYSTEM MATRIX
In order to obtain the bus voltage equation, consider the
following sample 4 bus system.
For simplicity the resistance of the transmission line is
neglected and the per unit impedance values are shown.
13. CONT.….
Applying KCL at each node of the test system we can
develop the following admittance matrix.
𝐼1
𝐼2
𝐼3
𝐼4
=
𝑌11 𝑌12 𝑌13 𝑌14
𝑌21 𝑌22 𝑌23 𝑌24
𝑌31
𝑌41
𝑌32
𝑌42
𝑌33
𝑌43
𝑌34
𝑌44
.
𝑉1
𝑉2
𝑉3
𝑉4
In general
𝐼 𝑏𝑢𝑠 = 𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠
14. CONT.….
Diagonal elements of Y matrix is known as self admittance
or driving point admittance . i.e.
𝑌𝑖𝑖 =
𝑘=0
𝑛
𝑦𝑖𝑘 𝑖 ≠ 𝑘
Off diagonal elements are known as mutual admittances or
transfer admittance. i.e.
𝑌𝑖𝑘 = 𝑌𝑘𝑖 = −𝑦𝑖𝑘
𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠 = 𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠
−1
𝐼 𝑏𝑢𝑠
15. DECOUPLE METHOD
Transmission lines of a power systems have a very low R/X ratio.
For such system, real power mismatch DP are less sensitive to
changes in voltage magnitude and are very sensitive to changes in
phase angle Dd.
Similarly, reactive power mismatch DQ is less sensitive to changes
in angle and are very much sensitive on changes in voltage
magnitude.
Thus, the Jacobian matrix elements J2 and J3 are set to zero.