International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Control of Active And reactive power flow in transmission line and power Osci...AM Publications
the continuous demand in electric power system network has caused the system to be heavily loaded
leading to voltage instability. This paper describe the active approach to series line compensation, in which static
voltage sourced converter, is used to provide controllable series compensation. This compensator is called as Static
synchronous series compensator (SSSC). It injects the compensating voltage in phase quadrature with line current, it
can emulate as inductive or capacitive reactance so as to influence the power flow in the line. With DC power supply it
can also compensate the voltage drop across the resistive component of the line impedance. In addition, the series
reactive compensation can greatly increase the power oscillation damping.
Simulations have been done in MATLAB SIMULINK. Simulation results obtained for selected bus-2 in two machine
power system. From the result we can investigate the effect of this device in controlling active and reactive power as
well as damping power system oscillations in transient mode.
Augmentation of Real & Reactive Power in Grid by Unified Power Flow ControllerIJERA Editor
In this paper, a Power Flow Control in transmission line with respect to voltage condition (L-G, L-L-G, L-L)
over come by using unified power flow controller. The existing system employs UPFC with transformer less
connection with both series and shunt converter. This converter have been cascaded with multilevel inverters
which is more complicated to enhance the performance of UPFC.A proposed system consist of three terminal
transformer for shunt converter and six terminal transformer for series converter. Shunt converter & series
converter is coupled with common DC capacitor. DC link capacitor voltage is maintained using PID controller
and synchronous reference frame theory (SRF) is used to generate reference voltage & current signal.
Simulation studies are carried out for (L-G, L-L-G, L-L real & reactive power compensation results will be
shown in this paper)
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT BY SSSC AND STATCOM USING PI CONTROLLERJournal For Research
This paper presents the enhancement of voltage stability using Static Synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and Static Synchronous series compensator (SSSC). In recent past years, along with the rapid increasing electrical power requirement has caused system to be heavily loaded leading to voltage instability. Under this condition there may be insufficient reactive power causing voltage to drop at various buses. The result would be the occurrence of voltage collapse which leads to total blackout of the whole system. FACT controllers have been used for solving various stability control problems. In this paper, SSSC and STATCOM are used to investigate the effect of these devices in controlling active and reactive powers to maintain voltage stability. The PI Controller is used to tune the circuit and to provide the zero signal error. Simulation results have been presented in MATLAB/Simulink environment for two machines four buses system.
LOAD BALANCING AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION FOR MULTIPHASE POWERIAEME Publication
In recent years the area of multi-phase (phase order more than three) machines is popular. A multi-phase source may be derived from transformer connection (3- phase to 4-phase) or by DC link 4-phase inverters. There are problem of unbalance, harmonic distortion and poor power factor operation. This paper proposes the supply side load balancing and power factor correction .The proposed compensation scheme uses the shunt current source compensation whose instantaneous values are determined by the instantaneous symmetrical component theory. An ideal compensator in place of physical realization of the compensator has been proposed in form of a current controlled voltage source inverter. The compensation schemes developed in the paper are tested for their validity on 4-phase (4-wire & 5-wire) circuits through extensive simulations.
Control of Active And reactive power flow in transmission line and power Osci...AM Publications
the continuous demand in electric power system network has caused the system to be heavily loaded
leading to voltage instability. This paper describe the active approach to series line compensation, in which static
voltage sourced converter, is used to provide controllable series compensation. This compensator is called as Static
synchronous series compensator (SSSC). It injects the compensating voltage in phase quadrature with line current, it
can emulate as inductive or capacitive reactance so as to influence the power flow in the line. With DC power supply it
can also compensate the voltage drop across the resistive component of the line impedance. In addition, the series
reactive compensation can greatly increase the power oscillation damping.
Simulations have been done in MATLAB SIMULINK. Simulation results obtained for selected bus-2 in two machine
power system. From the result we can investigate the effect of this device in controlling active and reactive power as
well as damping power system oscillations in transient mode.
Augmentation of Real & Reactive Power in Grid by Unified Power Flow ControllerIJERA Editor
In this paper, a Power Flow Control in transmission line with respect to voltage condition (L-G, L-L-G, L-L)
over come by using unified power flow controller. The existing system employs UPFC with transformer less
connection with both series and shunt converter. This converter have been cascaded with multilevel inverters
which is more complicated to enhance the performance of UPFC.A proposed system consist of three terminal
transformer for shunt converter and six terminal transformer for series converter. Shunt converter & series
converter is coupled with common DC capacitor. DC link capacitor voltage is maintained using PID controller
and synchronous reference frame theory (SRF) is used to generate reference voltage & current signal.
Simulation studies are carried out for (L-G, L-L-G, L-L real & reactive power compensation results will be
shown in this paper)
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT BY SSSC AND STATCOM USING PI CONTROLLERJournal For Research
This paper presents the enhancement of voltage stability using Static Synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and Static Synchronous series compensator (SSSC). In recent past years, along with the rapid increasing electrical power requirement has caused system to be heavily loaded leading to voltage instability. Under this condition there may be insufficient reactive power causing voltage to drop at various buses. The result would be the occurrence of voltage collapse which leads to total blackout of the whole system. FACT controllers have been used for solving various stability control problems. In this paper, SSSC and STATCOM are used to investigate the effect of these devices in controlling active and reactive powers to maintain voltage stability. The PI Controller is used to tune the circuit and to provide the zero signal error. Simulation results have been presented in MATLAB/Simulink environment for two machines four buses system.
LOAD BALANCING AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION FOR MULTIPHASE POWERIAEME Publication
In recent years the area of multi-phase (phase order more than three) machines is popular. A multi-phase source may be derived from transformer connection (3- phase to 4-phase) or by DC link 4-phase inverters. There are problem of unbalance, harmonic distortion and poor power factor operation. This paper proposes the supply side load balancing and power factor correction .The proposed compensation scheme uses the shunt current source compensation whose instantaneous values are determined by the instantaneous symmetrical component theory. An ideal compensator in place of physical realization of the compensator has been proposed in form of a current controlled voltage source inverter. The compensation schemes developed in the paper are tested for their validity on 4-phase (4-wire & 5-wire) circuits through extensive simulations.
In the modern power system the reactive power compensation is one of the main issues, the transmission of active power requires a difference in angular phase between voltages at the sending and receiving points (which is feasible within wide limits), whereas the transmission of reactive power requires a difference in magnitude of these same voltages (which is feasible only within very narrow limits). The reactive power is consumed not only by most of the network elements, but also by most of the consumer loads, so it must be supplied somewhere. If we can't transmit it very easily, then it ought to be generated where it is needed." (Reference Edited by T. J. E. Miller, Forward Page ix).Thus we need to work on the efficient methods by which VAR compensation can be applied easily and we can optimize the modern power system. VAR control technique can provides appropriate placement of compensation devices by which a desirable voltage profile can be achieved and at the same time minimizing the power losses in the system. This report discusses the transmission line requirements for reactive power compensation. In this report thyristor switched capacitor is explained which is a static VAR compensator used for reactive power management in electrical systems.
Seminar Topic For Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Design of a 3-phase FC-TCR Static Var Compensator for Power factor correction...Hardik Parikh, E.I.T.
The research has shown that SVC has been proved successful to prevent negative sequence current more over it also has capabilities for Power factor correction.
• Negative-sequence current causes some problems in generator systems. Though every generator is capable of withstanding a certain level of negative-sequence current, excess and/or persistent amounts of negative sequence current may cause rotor overheating and serious damage.
• Since its frequency quite matches the natural mechanical frequency of turbine blades and the zero sequence current is blocked by delta connected step-up transformer, the negative sequence current becomes the only reason for the super synchronous resonance of a generator due to an unbalanced system, especially in an isolated power system.
• SVC has the potential to overcome some adverse effects of the negative sequence current to the turbine generator systems
The transmission of electric power has to take place in the most efficient way in addition to providing flexibility in the process. Flexible A.C. Transmission System (FACTS) promotes the use of static controllers to enhance the controllability and increase the power transfer capability. Providing reactive shunt compensation with shunt-connected capacitors and reactors is a well-established technique to get a better voltage profile in a power system. Shunt Capacitors are inexpensive but lack dynamic capabilities, thus some form of dynamically controlled reactive power compensation becomes essential. In this paper, three phase Distribution Static Var Compensator (D-SVC) has been developed and studied under different conditions. Open loop mode and closed loop mode of operation of D-SVC is simulated and studied. The work presented here is very much useful for distribution system, for effective reactive power management and better Voltage control.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
POWER SYSTEM STABILITY OF MULTI MACHINE BY USING STATIC SYNCHRONOUS SERIES CO...ijiert bestjournal
In this paper the problem of modeling and simulati on of voltage stability is improved using Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). Due t o the continuous demand in electric power system,the system is heavily loaded,this ca uses to voltage instability. In this work,a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is use d to minimize the effect of this device in controlling active and reactive powers as well as d amping power system oscillations in transient mode. The PI controller is used to achiev e the zero signal error. The result is obtained from simulation using MATLAB. In short whe n any disturbances occur in transmission line,if SSSC is connected then distur bance in the system is minimized & system will reach the steady state condition very quickly.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
A Threshold fuzzy entropy based feature selection method applied in various b...IJMER
Large amount of data have been stored and manipulated using various database
technologies. Processing all the attributes for the particular means is the difficult task. To avoid such
difficulties, feature selection process is processed.In this paper,we are collect a eight various benchmark
datasets from UCI repository.Feature selection process is carried out using fuzzy entropy based
relevance measure algorithm and follows three selection strategies like Mean selection strategy,Half
selection strategy and Neural network for threshold selection strategy. After the features are selected,
they are evaluated using Radial Basis Function (RBF) network,Stacking,Bagging,AdaBoostM1 and Antminer
classification methodologies.The test results depicts that Neural network for threshold selection
strategy works well in selecting features and Ant-miner methodology works best in bringing out better
accuracy with selected feature than processing with original dataset.The obtained result of this
experiment shows that clearly the Ant-miner is superiority than other classifiers.Thus, this proposed Antminer
algorithm could be a more suitable method for producing good results with fewer features than
the original datasets.
In the modern power system the reactive power compensation is one of the main issues, the transmission of active power requires a difference in angular phase between voltages at the sending and receiving points (which is feasible within wide limits), whereas the transmission of reactive power requires a difference in magnitude of these same voltages (which is feasible only within very narrow limits). The reactive power is consumed not only by most of the network elements, but also by most of the consumer loads, so it must be supplied somewhere. If we can't transmit it very easily, then it ought to be generated where it is needed." (Reference Edited by T. J. E. Miller, Forward Page ix).Thus we need to work on the efficient methods by which VAR compensation can be applied easily and we can optimize the modern power system. VAR control technique can provides appropriate placement of compensation devices by which a desirable voltage profile can be achieved and at the same time minimizing the power losses in the system. This report discusses the transmission line requirements for reactive power compensation. In this report thyristor switched capacitor is explained which is a static VAR compensator used for reactive power management in electrical systems.
Seminar Topic For Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Design of a 3-phase FC-TCR Static Var Compensator for Power factor correction...Hardik Parikh, E.I.T.
The research has shown that SVC has been proved successful to prevent negative sequence current more over it also has capabilities for Power factor correction.
• Negative-sequence current causes some problems in generator systems. Though every generator is capable of withstanding a certain level of negative-sequence current, excess and/or persistent amounts of negative sequence current may cause rotor overheating and serious damage.
• Since its frequency quite matches the natural mechanical frequency of turbine blades and the zero sequence current is blocked by delta connected step-up transformer, the negative sequence current becomes the only reason for the super synchronous resonance of a generator due to an unbalanced system, especially in an isolated power system.
• SVC has the potential to overcome some adverse effects of the negative sequence current to the turbine generator systems
The transmission of electric power has to take place in the most efficient way in addition to providing flexibility in the process. Flexible A.C. Transmission System (FACTS) promotes the use of static controllers to enhance the controllability and increase the power transfer capability. Providing reactive shunt compensation with shunt-connected capacitors and reactors is a well-established technique to get a better voltage profile in a power system. Shunt Capacitors are inexpensive but lack dynamic capabilities, thus some form of dynamically controlled reactive power compensation becomes essential. In this paper, three phase Distribution Static Var Compensator (D-SVC) has been developed and studied under different conditions. Open loop mode and closed loop mode of operation of D-SVC is simulated and studied. The work presented here is very much useful for distribution system, for effective reactive power management and better Voltage control.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
POWER SYSTEM STABILITY OF MULTI MACHINE BY USING STATIC SYNCHRONOUS SERIES CO...ijiert bestjournal
In this paper the problem of modeling and simulati on of voltage stability is improved using Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). Due t o the continuous demand in electric power system,the system is heavily loaded,this ca uses to voltage instability. In this work,a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is use d to minimize the effect of this device in controlling active and reactive powers as well as d amping power system oscillations in transient mode. The PI controller is used to achiev e the zero signal error. The result is obtained from simulation using MATLAB. In short whe n any disturbances occur in transmission line,if SSSC is connected then distur bance in the system is minimized & system will reach the steady state condition very quickly.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
A Threshold fuzzy entropy based feature selection method applied in various b...IJMER
Large amount of data have been stored and manipulated using various database
technologies. Processing all the attributes for the particular means is the difficult task. To avoid such
difficulties, feature selection process is processed.In this paper,we are collect a eight various benchmark
datasets from UCI repository.Feature selection process is carried out using fuzzy entropy based
relevance measure algorithm and follows three selection strategies like Mean selection strategy,Half
selection strategy and Neural network for threshold selection strategy. After the features are selected,
they are evaluated using Radial Basis Function (RBF) network,Stacking,Bagging,AdaBoostM1 and Antminer
classification methodologies.The test results depicts that Neural network for threshold selection
strategy works well in selecting features and Ant-miner methodology works best in bringing out better
accuracy with selected feature than processing with original dataset.The obtained result of this
experiment shows that clearly the Ant-miner is superiority than other classifiers.Thus, this proposed Antminer
algorithm could be a more suitable method for producing good results with fewer features than
the original datasets.
Numerical Analysis of Fin Side Turbulent Flow for Round and Flat Tube Heat E...IJMER
Numerical three dimensional simulation of turbulent flow in round and flat tube fin heat exchangers having two rows of staggered arrangement has been carried out to investigate fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics using ANSYS Fluent 14® software. HYPERMESH10® Software has been
used for the creation of models as well for meshing. The cases have been simulated for different fin side Reynolds number in turbulent regime to observe the effect of various parameters like fin pitch, tube pitch and fin temperature on Colburn j factor and Friction factor f for both round and flat tubes. Fin side flow has been simulated using various steady flow models in the software for same velocity range. As simulation using k-ε model resulted in close agreement with that of experimental in turbulent regime, it is considered for further analysis. The performance of round tubes is compared with that of flat tubes with same flow area and geometrical parameters. For both round and flat tube domains with all the geometrical configurations simulated in this work Colburn j factor varied inversely with the inlet air velocity. The heat transfer is more with the higher fin spacing for both round and flat tubes following the above said trend. On the other hand, the pressure drop across the tubes is more with the lesser fin spacing
in contrast to the heat transfer. Due to lesser turbulent intensity in flat tubes, they exhibit slightly lesser
Colburn j factor and considerably lesser pressure drop compared to round tubes. Although flat tubes
exhibit slightly lesser Colburn j factor, due to larger exposed tube area increase in the air temperature in
the fin side is comparable with that of round tubes. Higher fin temperatures result with lesser Colburn j factor and higher pressure drop across the tubes although the fin temperature affects the pressure drop to lesser extent.
Stability of the Equilibrium Position of the Centre of Mass of an Inextensibl...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Seasonal Variational Impact of the Physical Parameters On Mohand Rao River F...IJMER
The paper depicts the seasonal variational impact on water quality of Doon Valley . Study was
proposed to analyze the various water sample of Mohand-Rao river flowing in the Mohand Anticline in
the lower parts of Shiwalik hills in Doon Valley for physico-chemical characteristics of water quality
parameters such as pH; Temperature; Conductivity; Hardness; Alkalinity; Total Solids; Total Dissolved
Solids; Total Suspended Solids..To analyze the physical, chemical, and toxicological parameters of
Streams and rivers.
Numerical Modelling of Wind Patterns around a Solar Parabolic Trough CollectorIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
A Survey of User Authentication Schemes for Mobile DeviceIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
The determination of this paper is to introduce two new spaces , namely 𝑆𝑔
∗
-compact and 𝑆𝑔
∗
-
connected spaces. Additionally some properties of these spaces are investigated.
Mathematics Subject Classification: 54A05
Fast Data Collection with Interference and Life Time in Tree Based Wireless S...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Comparing: Routing Protocols on Basis of sleep modeIJMER
The architecture of ad hoc wireless network consists of mobile nodes for communication
without the use of fixed-position routers. The communication between them takes place without
centralized control. Routing is a very crucial issue, so to deal with this routing algorithms must deliver
the packet in significant delay. There are different protocols for handling the mobile environment like
AODV, DSR and OLSR. But this paper will focus on performance of AODV and OLSR routing protocols.
The performance of these protocols is analyzed on two metrics: time and throughput
Nanotechnology: Shaping the world atom by atomIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
A Review on Implementation of TPM in Manufacturing IndustryIJMER
The intent of the study is to appraise the challenges faced by manufacturing industries to
implement Total Productive Maintenance (TPM). The scheme of this research is to critically
analyze the factors influencing TPM implementation in manufacturing organizations, and to
formulate comprehensive strategy for overcoming impediments to successful TPM implementation .
The introduction of several philosophies such as Corrective Maintenance (CM), Preventive
Maintenance (PM) or Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) have allowed extra solutions to a
process planning problem faced by company in comparison to the conventional fire-fighting syndrome.
This main purpose of this study was to focus on developing a framework of maintenance strategy
TPM initiatives to confront exponential global challenges.
A Review on Brain Disorder Segmentation in MR ImagesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
The Impact of Line Resistance on the Performance of Controllable Series Compe...Editor Jacotech
In recent years controllable FACTS devices are increasingly
integrated into the transmission system. FACTS devices that
provide series control such as Controllable Series Compensator
(CSC) has significant effect on the voltage stability of Electric
Power system. In this work impact of line resistance on the
performance of CSC in a single-load infinitive-bus (SLIB)
model is investigated. The proposed framework is applied to
SLIB model and obtained results demonstrates that line
resistance has considerable effect on voltage stability limits and
performance of CSC.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
VSC BASED HVDC SYTEM DESIGN AND PROTECTION AGAINST OVER VOLTAGESIJERD Editor
High Voltage Direct Current system based on voltage source converter (VSC-HVDC) is becoming
more effective solution for offshore wind plants and supplying power to remote regions. In this paper, the
control of a VSC-based HVDC system (VSC-HVDC) is described. Based on this control strategy, appropriate
controllers utilizing PI controllers are designed to control the active and reactive power at each end station.The
operation performance of a voltage source converter (VSC) based HVDC (VSC-HVDC system) system is
explained under some characteristic faulted conditions with and without protection measures. A protection
strategy is proposed to enhance the continuous operation performance of the VSC-HVDC system. The strategy
utilizes a voltage chopper to suppress over-voltages on the DC side of the VSC. Digital simulation is done to
verify the validity of the proposed control strategy and protection strategy
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Influence of Static VAR Compensator for Undervoltage Load Shedding to Avoid V...IJAPEJOURNAL
In the recent years, operation of power systems at lower stability margins has increased the importance of system protection methods that protect the system stability against various disturbances. Among these methods, the load shedding serves as an effective and last-resort tool to prevent system frequency/voltage instability. The analysis of recent blackouts suggests that voltage collapse and voltage-related problems are also important concerns in maintaining system stability. For this reason, voltage also needs to be taken into account in load shedding schemes. This paper considers both parameters in designing a load shedding scheme to determine the amount of load to be shed and its appropriate location .The amount of load to be shed from each bus is decided using the fixed step size method and it’s location has been identified by using voltage collapse proximity index method. SVC is shunt connected FACTS device used to improve the voltage profile of the system. In this paper impact of SVC on load shedding for IEEE 14 bus system has been presented and analyzed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Reactive Power Compensation in 132kv & 33kv Grid of Narsinghpur Areaijceronline
Power Sector is considered to be very important and priority sector as it leads to overall development of country. The cost of installation of new generating units is rising; hence generated electrical energy has to be utilized carefully and efficiently, which changes through each AC cycle. It is proposed to study the effect of group shunt compensation provided for the mix of rural and urban loads, catered from grid sub-stations in the district of Narsinghpur, to assess its adequacy and saving in transmission losses. An optimum combination of compensators which yields maximum benefits in the system shall be worked out. Load Flow Study for the effect of group shunt compensation provided on 132KV bus of 220KV sub-station Narsinghpur and on 33KV buses of 132KV sub stations Srinagar, Narsinghpur, Gadarwara and Burman sub-stations for the mix of rural and urban loads, catered from partial grid network in Narsinghpur district. If reactive power is supplied near the load, the line current can be reduced or minimized, reducing power losses and improving voltage regulation at the load terminals. The leading current drawn by the shunt capacitors compensates the lagging current drawn by the load. The selection of shunt capacitors depends on many factors, the most important of which is the amount of lagging reactive power taken by the load. Objective was to study the effect of group shunt compensation provided for the mix of rural and urban loads, catered from grid sub-stations in the district of Narsinghpur and to assess the adequacy and saving in transmission losses & to work out an optimum combination of compensators which yields maximum benefits in the system. Depending on the stages of 'ON' and 'OFF', operations to be carried out in various permutations and combinations of shunt compensators i.e. switchable capacitor banks provided on 132 KV bus of 220KV substation Narsinghpur and on 33KV buses of 132 KV substations
Locating Facts Devices in Optimized manner in Power System by Means of Sensit...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a new method to find the optimal location of facts devices by analyzing sensitivity . The optimal location and capability of Static Var Compensator (SVC) and Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) in transmission line is investigated for enchasing the power transfer capability and stability of the system. The method firstly put all the buses in the order by voltage reactive power sensitivity and then chooses the optimal location and appropriate capability of the facts devices. It is simple in computation and suitable for large scale interconnection power grid. The results obtained are satisfying and will be useful for enhancing the power system reliability
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Locating Facts Devices in Optimized manner in Power System by Means of Sensit...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a new method to find the optimal location of facts devices by analyzing sensitivity . The optimal location and capability of Static Var Compensator (SVC) and Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) in transmission line is investigated for enchasing the power transfer capability and stability of the system. The method firstly put all the buses in the order by voltage reactive power sensitivity and then chooses the optimal location and appropriate capability of the facts devices. It is simple in computation and suitable for large scale interconnection power grid. The results obtained are satisfying and will be useful for enhancing the power system reliability
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish Caching
A High Performance PWM Voltage Source Inverter Used for VAR Compensation and Utility Grid Stability Improvement
1. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com
Vol. 3, Issue. 5, Sep - Oct. 2013 pp-2631-2639
ISSN: 2249-6645
A High Performance PWM Voltage Source Inverter Used for
VAR Compensation and Utility Grid Stability Improvement
Azeddine Draou1
Department of Electrical and Electronics, College of Engineering/ University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
ABSTRACT: A high performance advanced static VAR compensator (ASVC) which uses a Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM) voltage source inverter is presented and analyzed in this paper. A fast control approach of the ASVC system has
been implemented for applications that require leading or lagging power compensation. The proposed control strategy is
based on an explicit control of the reactive power, implicit of the voltage amplitude of the capacitor of the dc side and is
more flexible. The analysis of the simulation results, inserted in this paper, reveal the technical feasibility of using such an
ASVC to improve the stability of the infinite bus system and allow us to conclude that the use of the inverter as compensator
of reactive power brings better performances than classical ones.
Keywords: VAR Compensation. PWM inverter, ASVC, Control, Utility Grid, Stability
I.
INTRODUCTION
The requirement to design and operate power systems with highest degree of efficiency, security, and reliability
have been central focus for the power system designer, ever since the interconnected networks came into existence. To
satisfy these requirements, various advances in technology of AC power transmission have taken place in the context of
effective control of reactive power and its compensation [1].
In the past, synchronous condensers, mechanically switched capacitors and inductors, and saturated reactors have
been applied to control the system voltage in this manner[1,2]. Since the late 1960s, thyristor controlled reactor (TCR)
devices together with fixed capacitor or thyristor switched capacitor have been used to inject or absorb reactive power[3,4].
The controllable series compensator such as the thyristor controlled series compensation (TCSC) has been developed to
change the apparent impedance of a line by either inductive or capacitive compensation, facilitating active power transfer
control. It suffers from the disadvantages that it generates low order harmonic components into the power system. Recently,
voltage source converter has been developed to operate as static VAR compensators [5-7]. Such compensators are dynamic
reactive power compensation devices which use a voltage source inverter transforming a DC component to AC through a
capacitor seen here as a power storage device. They have also the advantage of reduced size and weight, precise control and
very fast response. The advanced static VAR compensator i.e. known as ASVC may resemble the operation of synchronous
condensers but in a static manner. The converter supplies reactive power to the network by increasing the synthesized
inverter output voltage. And similarly, it absorbs VARs from the network by reducing the output voltage below the network
voltage, i.e., no large power components such as capacitor banks or reactors are used. Only a small capacitor is employed to
provide the required reference voltage level to the inverter. The possibility of PWM voltage source converters with high
switching frequency for reactive power compensation is also reported [8,9]. In this paper, the operating principles of the
advanced static VAR compensator (ASVC) which is developed in this work is based on the technique of the exact
equivalence with the conventional rotating synchronous compensator. The ASVC system has been modeled using the d-q
transform. Computer simulation results are provided and discussed to validate the performance of the proposed model.
II.
REACTIVE POWER PHENOMENA
2.1 Reactive Power in Electrical Systems
In order to enhance the quality of the power and energy in the grid transmission system we have to control the
reactive power by usually compensating individual or group of loads. Moreover, the voltage and frequency must be constant
everywhere and display a pure sine wave and a near unity power factor, and must be independent of the size and kind of the
consumer loads. This can only be achieved by inserting reactive power compensators and may lead to a better power factor
correction; improvement of the voltage regulation; and a good load balancing [14-15].
2.2 Classical Solutions for Compensating the Reactive Power
Classical reactive power compensators are an essential part of the power system in order to minimize transmission
losses, maximize power transmission capability, and maintain the supply voltage. In the following, a brief description of
some of these classical compensators is given:
Synchronous compensator: the cost of such system is high and encumbering [16].
Bank of capacitors are generally designed for compensating parameters that vary slowly, usually fractioned so to
adjust the reactive power to be compensated.
The thyristor-Switched capacitor type of compensator consists of switching on and off capacitors by using static
switches. It may be slow since equating the supply-capacitors voltages will lead to a delay in the action.
Thyristor controlled reactor is constituted of an inductance supplied through an AC-AC converter made of two
thyristors in anti-parallel. In general TCR is associated with batteries so that it can absorb or supply reactive power.
www.ijmer.com
2631 | Page
2.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com
Vol. 3, Issue. 5, Sep - Oct. 2013 pp-2631-2639
ISSN: 2249-6645
Figure 1 shows the typical method of static VAR compensation. The leading reactive current necessary for VAR
compensation is actually supplied by connecting capacitor banks across the AC lines. A capacitor bank connected in
this way is called a thyristor switched capacitor (TSC).
2.3 Proposed Advanced Static VAR Compensator
After introducing classical methods for compensating the reactive power, we propose a new concept of the
advanced static var compensation [10] based on the exact equivalence with the classical rotating synchronous compensator.
This type of compensator uses a source voltage type inverter with a capacitor in the DC side used as energy storage element.
The dynamic behavior of the system in open loop will be the key of the synthesis of such an approach of control, and it will
be
shown
that
this
control
approach
is
more
efficient
for
industry
applications
[11-13].
The major ASVC system component is a three phase PWM forced commutated voltage source inverter as shown in Figure 2.
The ac terminals of the inverter are connected to the ac mains through a first order low pass filter. Its function is to minimize
the damping of current harmonics on utility lines. The dc side of the converter system is connected to a dc capacitor, which
carries the input ripple current of the inverter and is the main reactive energy storage element. The dc supply provides a
constant dc voltage and the real power
necessary to cover the losses of the system.
Figure 3 shows a simplified equivalent circuit of the ASVC. In this representation, the series inductance Ls accounts for the
leakage of the transformer and Rs represents the active losses of the inverter and transformer. C is the capacitor on the dc
side. The inverter is assumed to be loss less. Voa and Vsa are the amplitude of the fundamental of the output voltage of the
converter and phase voltage of the supply, respectively. The operating principles of the ASVC can be explained by using its
phasor diagram . When the amplitude of the inverter output voltage Voa is smaller than the supply voltage Vsa, the reactive
power is absorbed by the ASVC. Otherwise, the ASVC generate the reactive power when the amplitude of the supply
voltage is larger than the output voltage of the inverter.
III.
BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS OF THE ASVC SYSTEM
To achieve an easier modeling of the system, the original circuit is subdivided in several basic sub-circuits as shown
in
Figure
3.
Detailed
analysis
are
given
in
[18].
Collecting all parts of the system, while introducing the model of the dc part in the system, the complete mathematical model
of the ASVC in d-q axis will be as follows:
Rs 0
iq
iq Ls
d id Rs m id Vs sin
cos
dt vdc
Ls Ls vdc Ls 0
0 m 0
C
(1)
From equation system (1), we can extricate the expressions for id, iq, vdc
Expressions of real and reactive power are given by:
(2)
pc(p)vsq iq vsd id Vsiq sin id cos
qc(p)vsq id vsd iq Vsid sin iq cos
(3)
3.1 The ASVC behavior in steady state
Equations governing the steady state behavior of the ASVC can be obtained by equating the term of derivatives in
the mathematical model given by equations (1) to zero, which comes to similarly having to short-circuit inductors and to
open the capacitor. We note that the active and reactive power depend only on the square of the supply voltage and the
resistor of coupling of the ASVC to the ac mains, and independent of the other parameters of the circuits (Ls and C).
In addition, the dc side voltage depends on α, the modulation index, and the resistor and inductor of the coupling, but
independent of the value of the dc capacitor. While the system parameters are given by: Supply: Vs =220 V, f = 50 HZ,
Rs = 1Ω , Ls = 5 mH DC side : C = 50µF,
m = 1.12
3
By varying the angle α in an interval of -30° to +30° which is the linear zone for sine and cosine, we obtain the following
responses.
Figure 4 shows that iq, id and vdc values for different values of α, where we can note that the real current id is always zero, on
the other hand the reactive current iq and the dc voltage vdc are linear according to α .
3.2 The ASVC behavior in transient state:
Taking as an initial condition for the DC side voltage, the maximum voltage of the supply, a series of dynamic
responses of the system to step changes of 10° of the angle α have been established [16]:
Figure 5 shows the response of the reactive current iq to a step change of α =-10°, which after a short transient state attains a
stable value of 38 A supplied to the network.
Figure 6 shows the response of the active current id, α =-10° which after the voltage vdc reaches its stable value, it goes to
zero, because its action on the transient state is only for charging and discharging the DC side capacitor.
www.ijmer.com
2632 | Page
3. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com
Vol. 3, Issue. 5, Sep - Oct. 2013 pp-2631-2639
ISSN: 2249-6645
3.3 Programmed PWM generation pattern
Two methods of PWM generating pattern were thoroughly investigated and the method which offers better voltage
utilization and lower switching frequencies thus less stress on switching devices and reduction of the switching losses was
used in the paper. The set of non linear equations might be solved by the method of Newton Raphson. The expressions of
the slopes are :
m p 5.0391e 0.07125M
mn 6.4384 e 0.05672M
Hence, we give the approximations of the angles of initial commutation as a function of the modulation index as :
K m p IM c K
K 1, 2, 4, ...etc.
K mn IM c K
K 3, 5, 7, ...etc.
with :
for
MI 0 c1 0 c2
c K c K 1
c M 2
et
K 160
M 1
M 160
M 1
c M 1 60
120
M 1
3 K M 2, K odd
cM
M 360
M 1
For our case, we took M=11, that is to eliminate the harmonics having the following order :
5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 25, 27, and 29.
Hence, Figure 7 shows the trajectories of the angle of commutations for modulation index varying between 0 to 1.15.
Figure 8 shows the switching pattern, and the corresponding line to neutral output inverter voltage.
The switching angles of the programmed PWM pattern are obtained by the resolution of a set of nonlinear equations as
shown in [8], [9].
A programmed PWM switching pattern which allows the elimination of selected number of harmonics [1] is continuously
applied to the six controlled switches. This method is used because it offers better voltage utilization and lower switching
frequencies thus less stress on switching devices and reduction of the switching losses (increase of the efficiency of the
converter).
The parameters of the programmed PWM pattern used in this paper are given by: MI (modulation index) = 1.12
3.4 Controller design [18]
The controller design of the ASVC is based on the linearized model of the system under some assumptions such as
disturbance being small, the second-order terms are dropped, and the quiescent operating 0 is near zero. Thus the PI
controller is conceived so that the ASVC has a desired dynamic performance. The PI transfer function is:
The closed loop transfer function of PI associated to the transfer function of the ASVC is given by:
FPI .GBF p
FPI .G
1 FPI .G
(4)
The parameters of the PI controller can be shown to be:
K p K 7.5 106
KI
IV.
K
2.5 10 3
Ti
CONTROL STRATEGY AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED ASVC
3.1 Proposed control block diagram
Figure 9 shows the main control circuit of the system, it represents the different blocks constituting the control
system. The source voltage and the ASVC's currents are transformed in the d-q axis for calculating the reactive power
generated by the system which is compared to the reference, the vector PLL detect the phase angle of the supply which is
added to the control variable α (output of the PI controller). This sum adjusts the reading frequency of the counter connected
to the EPROM where switching pattern is stored.
3.2 Simulation results of the ASVC acting alone
To verify analytical key results and the validity of the proposed control scheme [16], the aforementioned ASVC
structure was tested on Pentium personal computer. Computer simulation was carried out using Mat lab, with the system
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parameters given by: Supply: Vs =220 V, f = 50 HZ, Rs = 1Ω , Ls = 5 mH; Dc side : C = 500 µF; PI controller : KP =7.5
10-6 , KI=2.5 10-3
Testing of the ASVC system shown in Figure 9 was performed for dynamic response. The amplitude of the
reference was adjusted to cause the system to swing from leading to lagging mode.
Figure 10 shows the simulated reactive power response to a reference change from 10 kVar lagging to 10 kVar leading.
Performance evaluation of the subject model has also been tested for current and voltage responses to step changes.
Figure11 shows the simulated current and voltage waveforms to a step reference change from 10 kVar lagging to 10 kVar
leading, this figure confirms that the compensator time response is fast (about 10 ms).
3.3 Application of the advanced static VAR compensator for the improvement of stability of a turbo alternator
Recent developments in the solid state VAR compensators have opened a very optimistic door towards achieving a
very efficient control of reactive power. This stems from the fact that the voltage is maintained constant within a specified
level, to improve the dynamic stability of the power system and its power factor as well as correcting the phase unbalance.
In this section, we will study the case when disturbances occur at the studied machine without affecting the behaviour of the
other machines that is (speed and E.M.F are constants). This means that the voltage and frequency of the network can be
considered constants. The turbo-alternator is then connected to a distribution network called 'infinite'.
3.3.1
Proposed control strategy of the network-ASVC
Based on Figure12 we can establish various equations [19], hence our model will be made up of ten differential
equations, seven for the alternator and three for the ASVC. For the initialisation of the system, we take for the machine the
same conditions given in [16], and for the ASVC the following initial conditions:
vdC
2v
m
idC 0
iqC 0
Figure 12 shows the main principles of the proposed control of the ASVC, the reactive power demanded is always
compensated partly by the capacitive reactive power generated by the ASVC, this method of compensation help ease the
alternator and increase the security boundary for the heating of the rotor circuit. The reactive power demanded being
inductive must be compensated by a capacitive reactive power generated by the ASVC. A PI regulator controls this
compensation, which synthesize the control variable which is added to the angle that is necessary for synchronizing
with the voltages of the bus bar considered. This sum being
c
is applied to the ASVC to generate the necessary reactive
power; the control variable being limited by two upper and lower levels will allow preserving the stability of the
compensator. If we suppose that the reference is always the voltage of the bus bar connected to the ASVC, the transfer
function relating the reactive power to the control angle is given by [17]. As for the PI regulator, it is designed similarly
as given in section 29.3.5 with the same constant of time of integration, but the voltage level will change. Hence by using
the root locus method, the parameters of the regulator are given as follows:
K p 2.3 10-9
K I 7.7 10 7
3.3.2
Simulation results
To further demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed ASVC, we used it with a turbo alternator to analyze the
performance of its stability. A series of simulation tests have been carried out and will be give below. To analyze the
performance of the stability of the turbo-alternator with ASVC, a series of simulation tests have been carried out, by taking
the compensator parameters as follows: AC side : Rs = 1Ω, Ls = 5 mH; DC side : C = 500 μF.
Figure13 represents the variation of the load angle of the turbo alternator group with and without compensation after clearing
the fault of 0.08 s, we notice that the response with the compensation is more damped and the load angle is smaller than that
of
the
turbo
alternator
without
compensation.
Figure14 represents the variation of the voltage of the first bus bar with and without compensation, the voltage of the system
compensated is higher than that without compensation, this is due to the decrease in reactive power in the lines by the ASVC
which generates a capacitive reactive current which annuls a part of the inductive reactive current absorbed by the line.
Figure15 shows the variation of the load angle of the turbo-alternator with and without compensation after the clearing of the
fault of 0.3 s, which is the critical time for clearing the fault for the alternator without compensation. We notice that the
introduction of the ASVC has allowed to improve this clearing time and to increase the level of stability of the system.
V.
CONCLUSION
A new model of advanced static VAR compensator has been developed. A fast control approach of the ASVC system has
been
implemented
for
applications
that
require
leading
or
lagging
power
compensation.
The proposed control strategy is based on an explicit control of the reactive power, implicit of the voltage amplitude of the
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Vol. 3, Issue. 5, Sep - Oct. 2013 pp-2631-2639
ISSN: 2249-6645
capacitor
of
the
dc
side
and
is
more
flexible.
The simulation results show that this control strategy has good dynamic performances for generating or consuming of the
reactive
power.
In this paper a new approach to improve the stability of a turboalternator using a static VAR compensator has been
presented. The proposed system has been analyzed and a fast current controller been implemented for reactive power
applications. The mathematical model derived and the transient simulated results obtained are included to confirm the
applicability of the proposed control scheme.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
REFERENCES
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Compensators‟‟, Proc. of PESC‟97, 1997, pp.344-350.
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Fig.1 Static VAR compensation using TSC and TC
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Fig.7 Main circuit of ASVC
Fig.3 Equivalent circuit
Circuit
Fig.4 Steady state values
Fig.5 Transient reactive current response
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Fig.6 Active current response to change of
Fig.7 Switching angle trajectories for eliminating 13harmonics
Fig. 8 Switching pattern and line to neutral
voltage
Fig.9 Main and control circuit of the proposed system.
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Fig.10 Simulated reactive power response
Fig. 11 Simulated current and voltage waveforms
Fig.12 Main circuit configuration of the proposed system
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Fig.13 Load angle variation
Fig. 14 Variation of the voltage of the first busbar
Fig. 15 Variation of the load angle of the turboalternator
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