Myocardial infaction
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Mistry Shivangi, M.pharm in Pharmacology, Assistance Professor in BMCP, Introduction, Epidermiology, Etiology, Pathophysiology, Treatment
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Cardiomyopathy,myocarditis,pericarditi,tumor
Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by the slow, progressive dilation of all four heart chambers and impaired systolic function. It can occur at any age but is most common between 20-60 years old. The cause is often unknown but may be related to alcohol toxicity, pregnancy, genetic defects, heavy metal ingestion or cytotoxic drugs. Grossly, the heart is enlarged and flabby with poor contractility that can lead to thrombus formation. Microscopically, features include myocyte nuclear enlargement, reduced myocyte width, loss of myofibrils, interstitial fibrosis, and increased lymphocytes.
Thrombosis
a haemodynamic disorder which has serious consequences. useful for pathology students and health-concerned people.
PATHOLOGY - Arteriosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis is the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup. The three main types are arteriolosclerosis (small arteries), Monckeberg medial sclerosis (calcification of muscular arteries), and atherosclerosis (most common). Atherosclerosis features atheromas that protrude into the vessel lumen. Risk factors like age, gender, genetics, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes accelerate atherosclerosis. Inflammation and infection also contribute to plaque formation and rupture, which can cause acute issues like heart attack or stroke.
Cardiomyopathies
Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common type of cardiomyopathy and is characterized by left ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction. Causes include genetic factors in 20-50% of cases as well as myocarditis, alcohol toxicity, and peripartum cardiomyopathy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is caused by mutations in sarcomeric genes and is characterized by asymmetric hypertrophy of the ventricular septum. Restrictive cardiomyopathy results in stiff ventricles with impaired diastolic filling and is associated with conditions causing fibrosis like radiation, amyloidosis, and sarcoidosis. The main types of cardiomyopathy are dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.
Ischemic Heart Disease:Pathophysiology
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) caused by atherosclerosis of the epicardial vessels leading to coronary heart disease (CHD) is the main etiology of IHD.
Leading cause of death
Resulting from myocardial ischemia—an imbalance between the supply (perfusion) and demand of the heart for oxygenated blood.
90% of cases, the cause of myocardial ischemia is reduced blood flow due to obstructive atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries.
IHD is often termed coronary artery disease (CAD) or coronary heart disease.
There is a long period (up to decades) of silent, slow progression of coronary lesions before symptoms appear.
IHD are only the late manifestations of coronary atherosclerosis that may have started during childhood or adolescence
Thrombosis, embolism and infarction
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel or cavity of the heart. Virchow identified three main factors that contribute to thrombosis: endothelial injury, changes in blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Thrombi can propagate or embolize, becoming lodged in another vessel and resulting in infarction of downstream tissue. Infarctions appear pale/white in solid organs and red/hemorrhagic in lungs/other tissues. Over time, infarcted tissue progresses from coagulative necrosis to phagocytosis and scar formation.
Heart Failure
Heart failure is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It has many potential causes, but is often due to problems with the heart muscle itself or valves. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms with diuretics, and slowing progression with ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and aldosterone antagonists. Other therapies aim to improve heart function or treat underlying causes. Prognosis depends on severity but ranges from 5-50% annual mortality.
Recommended
Cardiomyopathy,myocarditis,pericarditi,tumor
Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by the slow, progressive dilation of all four heart chambers and impaired systolic function. It can occur at any age but is most common between 20-60 years old. The cause is often unknown but may be related to alcohol toxicity, pregnancy, genetic defects, heavy metal ingestion or cytotoxic drugs. Grossly, the heart is enlarged and flabby with poor contractility that can lead to thrombus formation. Microscopically, features include myocyte nuclear enlargement, reduced myocyte width, loss of myofibrils, interstitial fibrosis, and increased lymphocytes.
Thrombosis
a haemodynamic disorder which has serious consequences. useful for pathology students and health-concerned people.
PATHOLOGY - Arteriosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis is the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup. The three main types are arteriolosclerosis (small arteries), Monckeberg medial sclerosis (calcification of muscular arteries), and atherosclerosis (most common). Atherosclerosis features atheromas that protrude into the vessel lumen. Risk factors like age, gender, genetics, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes accelerate atherosclerosis. Inflammation and infection also contribute to plaque formation and rupture, which can cause acute issues like heart attack or stroke.
Cardiomyopathies
Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common type of cardiomyopathy and is characterized by left ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction. Causes include genetic factors in 20-50% of cases as well as myocarditis, alcohol toxicity, and peripartum cardiomyopathy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is caused by mutations in sarcomeric genes and is characterized by asymmetric hypertrophy of the ventricular septum. Restrictive cardiomyopathy results in stiff ventricles with impaired diastolic filling and is associated with conditions causing fibrosis like radiation, amyloidosis, and sarcoidosis. The main types of cardiomyopathy are dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.
Ischemic Heart Disease:Pathophysiology
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) caused by atherosclerosis of the epicardial vessels leading to coronary heart disease (CHD) is the main etiology of IHD.
Leading cause of death
Resulting from myocardial ischemia—an imbalance between the supply (perfusion) and demand of the heart for oxygenated blood.
90% of cases, the cause of myocardial ischemia is reduced blood flow due to obstructive atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries.
IHD is often termed coronary artery disease (CAD) or coronary heart disease.
There is a long period (up to decades) of silent, slow progression of coronary lesions before symptoms appear.
IHD are only the late manifestations of coronary atherosclerosis that may have started during childhood or adolescence
Thrombosis, embolism and infarction
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel or cavity of the heart. Virchow identified three main factors that contribute to thrombosis: endothelial injury, changes in blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Thrombi can propagate or embolize, becoming lodged in another vessel and resulting in infarction of downstream tissue. Infarctions appear pale/white in solid organs and red/hemorrhagic in lungs/other tissues. Over time, infarcted tissue progresses from coagulative necrosis to phagocytosis and scar formation.
Heart Failure
Heart failure is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It has many potential causes, but is often due to problems with the heart muscle itself or valves. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms with diuretics, and slowing progression with ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and aldosterone antagonists. Other therapies aim to improve heart function or treat underlying causes. Prognosis depends on severity but ranges from 5-50% annual mortality.
Shock
This document provides an overview of shock, including its definition, types, etiology, pathogenesis, stages, and pathophysiological changes. It discusses the classification of shock into types such as hypovolemic, septic, traumatic, neurogenic, and distributive shock. For septic shock specifically, it covers the etiology as severe infection, pathophysiology involving the immune response and release of toxins, and key features including hypotension, tissue hypoperfusion, and high mortality rates. Treatment focuses on fluid resuscitation and source control for hypovolemic and septic shock.
Cardiac murmur
Cardiac murmur is an abnormal heart sounds. can be heard with stethoscope or auscultation. the etiology of the cardiac murmur may be septal defect, valvular defects or vascular defects. the two main causes that lead to cardiac murmur, like stenosis and incompetence.
Pathophysiology of edema
This document discusses the pathophysiology of edema. It defines edema as swelling caused by excess fluid in the interstitial spaces between tissues. Edema can be classified as transudate or exudate based on protein content, and as localized or generalized based on location. The key mechanisms that can cause edema are increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, and sodium and water retention. The movement of fluid between blood vessels and tissues is normally regulated by the balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures according to Starling's forces, but imbalances in these forces can result in excess fluid accumulation in the tissues and cause edema.
Virchow´s triad
This document discusses genetic and acquired risk factors for thrombosis. Common genetic risk factors include mutations in factor V Leiden, prothrombin, and MTHFR genes. Acquired risk factors with high thrombosis risk are tissue injury, cancer, prosthetic heart valves, disseminated intravascular coagulation, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Additional acquired factors with lower risk include cardiomyopathy, nephrotic syndrome, pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, sickle cell anemia, and smoking.
Atrophy
This document defines atrophy and discusses its causes and prevention. It begins by defining atrophy as a decrease in size of an organ resulting from a decrease in both the number and size of cells. It then discusses the microscopic and macroscopic signs of atrophy and the cellular changes that occur. The document classifies atrophy into physiological types, such as the natural atrophy of certain organs with age, and pathological types caused by factors like starvation, loss of innervation, pressure, ischemia, or decreased workload. It concludes by recommending a healthy diet, regular exercise, avoiding smoking, and changing positions frequently to prevent atrophic changes.
Embolism
This document defines and describes different types of embolism. It states that an embolism is a detached solid, liquid, or gas mass carried by the bloodstream to a distant site. It then lists and provides details on various types of embolisms including venous (pulmonary), arterial, paradoxical, fat, amniotic fluid, air, and septic embolisms. For pulmonary embolisms, it notes they most commonly arise from deep vein thromboses in the legs and can cause further recurrent embolic episodes. It also provides information on symptoms and causes of fat, air, and amniotic fluid embolisms.
Pathology of Myocardial Infarction
The document discusses myocardial infarction (MI) including its pathogenesis, clinical features, complications, pathology findings at different time points, and case studies. It provides details on coronary artery anatomy, atherosclerosis, infarction morphology on gross and microscopic examination over time, and complications of MI such as cardiac rupture and aneurysm formation.
Oedema new edited
Edema is an excessive accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces or body cavities. There are several types and causes of edema. Cardiac edema is caused by congestive heart failure which increases venous pressure and hydrostatic pressure, pulling fluid from blood vessels into tissues. Renal edema can be caused by nephritic syndrome which causes salt and water retention, or nephrotic syndrome which decreases plasma protein levels. Hepatic edema manifests as ascites and is caused by portal hypertension or low plasma proteins in conditions like liver cirrhosis. Pulmonary edema can result from left heart failure or inflammation while cerebral edema includes cytotoxic edema from cell injury or vesogenic edema from blood brain barrier disruption.
hemodynamics
1. Hemodynamic disorders involve changes in blood flow and pressure that can result in edema, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, or shock.
2. Edema occurs when fluid moves from blood vessels into tissues, and can be caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma protein levels, lymphatic obstruction, or sodium retention.
3. Hemorrhage is the extravasation of blood from vessels, and can range from small petechiae to life-threatening hematomas depending on location and severity. Rapid or large blood losses can cause shock.
PATHOLOGY OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
This document summarizes several bone and musculoskeletal disorders including osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget's disease, and infectious diseases of bones such as osteomyelitis. It describes the pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical features, and complications of these conditions. In particular, it notes that osteoporosis involves loss of bone mass, osteomalacia is a softening of bone due to mineralization defects, Paget's disease results in excessive and disorganized bone remodeling, and osteomyelitis is an infectious inflammation of bone tissue.
Hypertensive heart disease
Hypertension can lead to hypertensive heart disease, damaging the heart over time. Left untreated, hypertensive heart disease can cause heart failure, thickening of the heart muscle, coronary artery disease, or cardiac arrhythmias. Symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, and leg swelling. Diagnosis involves medical tests like electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, and stress tests. Treatment focuses on lowering blood pressure through lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, and medication to prevent further heart damage.
Edema
Edema is the accumulation of excessive body fluid in interstitial spaces or serous cavities due to diseases rather than being a disease itself. It can be classified based on its range (generalized vs local) or cause (renal, hepatic, cardiac, etc.). Edema develops due to an imbalance in fluid exchange between plasma and tissues or due to renal sodium and water retention. Causes include increased capillary pressure, decreased plasma proteins, obstructed lymphatics, increased capillary permeability, and renal issues. Edema fluid characteristics depend on capillary permeability and it can be pitting or recessive with distribution influenced by factors like gravity. Edema generally harms tissues but may help dilute toxins in
Causes of edema
This document discusses the causes and types of edema. It categorizes the pathophysiologic causes of edema into increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, sodium retention, and increased capillary permeability. Specific conditions are provided as examples for each category. The document also describes characteristics of generalized versus localized edema and pitting versus non-pitting edema.
Thromboembolism
This document discusses various types of thromboembolism including definitions, pathogenesis, and histopathology findings. It covers topics such as normal hemostasis, thrombosis (arterial and venous), embolism (types like thromboembolism, fat, amniotic fluid), and complications. Specific conditions discussed include pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, and fat, amniotic fluid, and cholesterol embolism. Gross and microscopic pathology photos are also presented.
General Examination of The Patient.
Each examining system can be described using four elements;
- looking/inspection
- feeling/palpation
- tapping/percussion
- listening/auscultation
- assessment of function
Etiology, pathogenesis & Morphology of thrombosis.pptx
This document discusses thrombosis, including its etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, and fate. Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. The three main factors that lead to thrombosis are endothelial injury, changes in blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Thrombi form initially at the site of injury and then can propagate or embolize. Over time thrombi may dissolve, organize through recanalization, or remain as fibrous tissue within the blood vessel wall.
Pathologic Calcification
Pathological calcification involves the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissues other than bone. There are two main types: dystrophic calcification occurs in dead or damaged tissue with normal calcium levels, while metastatic calcification affects normal tissues and results from disorders that increase calcium levels in the blood (hypercalcemia). Dystrophic calcification is seen in areas of necrosis, atherosclerotic plaques, and infarcts. Metastatic calcification commonly involves the kidneys, lungs, blood vessels, and stomach, and is caused by hyperparathyroidism, bone destruction, or excessive vitamin D intake.
Pathology of Hypertension
The document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its classification, pathogenesis, complications, and pathological features. It notes that essential (primary) hypertension accounts for 95% of cases and has unknown etiology, while secondary hypertension makes up 5-10% of cases and has a known cause such as renal or endocrine disorders. Complications of long-term high blood pressure include damage to organs like the heart, brain, kidneys and eyes due to reduced blood flow and vessel damage over time.
Heart murmurs
This document provides an overview of different types of heart murmurs:
1. It describes systolic murmurs which occur during ventricular contraction and can be early, mid, or late systolic. Common causes are aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, and mitral valve prolapse.
2. It also describes diastolic murmurs which occur during ventricular relaxation and include early diastolic murmurs from aortic regurgitation and rumbling mid to late diastolic murmurs from mitral stenosis.
3. Continuous murmurs that begin in systole and continue into diastole are also discussed, along with how to characterize location and timing of different murmurs.
Pathologic calcification
Pathologic calcification occurs when calcium salts abnormally deposit in tissues. There are two types: dystrophic calcification occurs in dead or dying tissues with normal calcium levels, while metastatic calcification deposits calcium in healthy tissues due to problems that cause high blood calcium levels. Dystrophic calcification is seen in areas of tissue damage like atherosclerosis or valve stenosis. Metastatic calcification's main causes include parathyroid hormone increases, bone destruction, vitamin D disorders, and kidney failure, and it notably affects lungs, kidneys, and blood vessels. Both types appear as basophilic calcium deposits that can impact organ function.
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Cardiac murmur
Cardiac murmur is an abnormal heart sounds. can be heard with stethoscope or auscultation. the etiology of the cardiac murmur may be septal defect, valvular defects or vascular defects. the two main causes that lead to cardiac murmur, like stenosis and incompetence.
Pathophysiology of edema
This document discusses the pathophysiology of edema. It defines edema as swelling caused by excess fluid in the interstitial spaces between tissues. Edema can be classified as transudate or exudate based on protein content, and as localized or generalized based on location. The key mechanisms that can cause edema are increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, and sodium and water retention. The movement of fluid between blood vessels and tissues is normally regulated by the balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures according to Starling's forces, but imbalances in these forces can result in excess fluid accumulation in the tissues and cause edema.
Virchow´s triad
This document discusses genetic and acquired risk factors for thrombosis. Common genetic risk factors include mutations in factor V Leiden, prothrombin, and MTHFR genes. Acquired risk factors with high thrombosis risk are tissue injury, cancer, prosthetic heart valves, disseminated intravascular coagulation, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Additional acquired factors with lower risk include cardiomyopathy, nephrotic syndrome, pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, sickle cell anemia, and smoking.
Atrophy
This document defines atrophy and discusses its causes and prevention. It begins by defining atrophy as a decrease in size of an organ resulting from a decrease in both the number and size of cells. It then discusses the microscopic and macroscopic signs of atrophy and the cellular changes that occur. The document classifies atrophy into physiological types, such as the natural atrophy of certain organs with age, and pathological types caused by factors like starvation, loss of innervation, pressure, ischemia, or decreased workload. It concludes by recommending a healthy diet, regular exercise, avoiding smoking, and changing positions frequently to prevent atrophic changes.
Embolism
This document defines and describes different types of embolism. It states that an embolism is a detached solid, liquid, or gas mass carried by the bloodstream to a distant site. It then lists and provides details on various types of embolisms including venous (pulmonary), arterial, paradoxical, fat, amniotic fluid, air, and septic embolisms. For pulmonary embolisms, it notes they most commonly arise from deep vein thromboses in the legs and can cause further recurrent embolic episodes. It also provides information on symptoms and causes of fat, air, and amniotic fluid embolisms.
Pathology of Myocardial Infarction
The document discusses myocardial infarction (MI) including its pathogenesis, clinical features, complications, pathology findings at different time points, and case studies. It provides details on coronary artery anatomy, atherosclerosis, infarction morphology on gross and microscopic examination over time, and complications of MI such as cardiac rupture and aneurysm formation.
Oedema new edited
Edema is an excessive accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces or body cavities. There are several types and causes of edema. Cardiac edema is caused by congestive heart failure which increases venous pressure and hydrostatic pressure, pulling fluid from blood vessels into tissues. Renal edema can be caused by nephritic syndrome which causes salt and water retention, or nephrotic syndrome which decreases plasma protein levels. Hepatic edema manifests as ascites and is caused by portal hypertension or low plasma proteins in conditions like liver cirrhosis. Pulmonary edema can result from left heart failure or inflammation while cerebral edema includes cytotoxic edema from cell injury or vesogenic edema from blood brain barrier disruption.
hemodynamics
1. Hemodynamic disorders involve changes in blood flow and pressure that can result in edema, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, or shock.
2. Edema occurs when fluid moves from blood vessels into tissues, and can be caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma protein levels, lymphatic obstruction, or sodium retention.
3. Hemorrhage is the extravasation of blood from vessels, and can range from small petechiae to life-threatening hematomas depending on location and severity. Rapid or large blood losses can cause shock.
PATHOLOGY OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
This document summarizes several bone and musculoskeletal disorders including osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget's disease, and infectious diseases of bones such as osteomyelitis. It describes the pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical features, and complications of these conditions. In particular, it notes that osteoporosis involves loss of bone mass, osteomalacia is a softening of bone due to mineralization defects, Paget's disease results in excessive and disorganized bone remodeling, and osteomyelitis is an infectious inflammation of bone tissue.
Hypertensive heart disease
Hypertension can lead to hypertensive heart disease, damaging the heart over time. Left untreated, hypertensive heart disease can cause heart failure, thickening of the heart muscle, coronary artery disease, or cardiac arrhythmias. Symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, and leg swelling. Diagnosis involves medical tests like electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, and stress tests. Treatment focuses on lowering blood pressure through lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, and medication to prevent further heart damage.
Edema
Edema is the accumulation of excessive body fluid in interstitial spaces or serous cavities due to diseases rather than being a disease itself. It can be classified based on its range (generalized vs local) or cause (renal, hepatic, cardiac, etc.). Edema develops due to an imbalance in fluid exchange between plasma and tissues or due to renal sodium and water retention. Causes include increased capillary pressure, decreased plasma proteins, obstructed lymphatics, increased capillary permeability, and renal issues. Edema fluid characteristics depend on capillary permeability and it can be pitting or recessive with distribution influenced by factors like gravity. Edema generally harms tissues but may help dilute toxins in
Causes of edema
This document discusses the causes and types of edema. It categorizes the pathophysiologic causes of edema into increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, sodium retention, and increased capillary permeability. Specific conditions are provided as examples for each category. The document also describes characteristics of generalized versus localized edema and pitting versus non-pitting edema.
Thromboembolism
This document discusses various types of thromboembolism including definitions, pathogenesis, and histopathology findings. It covers topics such as normal hemostasis, thrombosis (arterial and venous), embolism (types like thromboembolism, fat, amniotic fluid), and complications. Specific conditions discussed include pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, and fat, amniotic fluid, and cholesterol embolism. Gross and microscopic pathology photos are also presented.
General Examination of The Patient.
Each examining system can be described using four elements;
- looking/inspection
- feeling/palpation
- tapping/percussion
- listening/auscultation
- assessment of function
Etiology, pathogenesis & Morphology of thrombosis.pptx
This document discusses thrombosis, including its etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, and fate. Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. The three main factors that lead to thrombosis are endothelial injury, changes in blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Thrombi form initially at the site of injury and then can propagate or embolize. Over time thrombi may dissolve, organize through recanalization, or remain as fibrous tissue within the blood vessel wall.
Pathologic Calcification
Pathological calcification involves the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissues other than bone. There are two main types: dystrophic calcification occurs in dead or damaged tissue with normal calcium levels, while metastatic calcification affects normal tissues and results from disorders that increase calcium levels in the blood (hypercalcemia). Dystrophic calcification is seen in areas of necrosis, atherosclerotic plaques, and infarcts. Metastatic calcification commonly involves the kidneys, lungs, blood vessels, and stomach, and is caused by hyperparathyroidism, bone destruction, or excessive vitamin D intake.
Pathology of Hypertension
The document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its classification, pathogenesis, complications, and pathological features. It notes that essential (primary) hypertension accounts for 95% of cases and has unknown etiology, while secondary hypertension makes up 5-10% of cases and has a known cause such as renal or endocrine disorders. Complications of long-term high blood pressure include damage to organs like the heart, brain, kidneys and eyes due to reduced blood flow and vessel damage over time.
Heart murmurs
This document provides an overview of different types of heart murmurs:
1. It describes systolic murmurs which occur during ventricular contraction and can be early, mid, or late systolic. Common causes are aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, and mitral valve prolapse.
2. It also describes diastolic murmurs which occur during ventricular relaxation and include early diastolic murmurs from aortic regurgitation and rumbling mid to late diastolic murmurs from mitral stenosis.
3. Continuous murmurs that begin in systole and continue into diastole are also discussed, along with how to characterize location and timing of different murmurs.
Pathologic calcification
Pathologic calcification occurs when calcium salts abnormally deposit in tissues. There are two types: dystrophic calcification occurs in dead or dying tissues with normal calcium levels, while metastatic calcification deposits calcium in healthy tissues due to problems that cause high blood calcium levels. Dystrophic calcification is seen in areas of tissue damage like atherosclerosis or valve stenosis. Metastatic calcification's main causes include parathyroid hormone increases, bone destruction, vitamin D disorders, and kidney failure, and it notably affects lungs, kidneys, and blood vessels. Both types appear as basophilic calcium deposits that can impact organ function.
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This document provides an overview of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). It begins with definitions of cardiomyopathy and HCM. It then discusses the historical perspective, genetic basis, morphology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of HCM. Some key points include:
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(1) The document discusses heart failure, including its definition, signs and symptoms, and classification systems.
(2) It describes the pathophysiology of heart failure, including factors that affect cardiac output and the ways the body compensates, such as neurohormonal changes that increase heart rate and blood volume.
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Bems Kiran presentation1
Ischemic heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease, refers to a group of syndromes caused by an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. The most common cause is atherosclerotic narrowing of the coronary arteries. Risk factors include age, male sex, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and smoking. Angina occurs when ischemia is reversible, while a myocardial infarction involves cell death due to prolonged ischemia. Diagnosis involves symptoms, electrocardiogram changes, and elevated cardiac enzymes. Chronic ischemic heart disease can lead to heart failure over time due to multifocal scarring.
Shock
Shock is characterized by a reduction in systemic tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery to tissues, leading to cellular hypoxia. Prolonged hypoxia initially causes reversible cell damage but can progress to irreversible multi-system organ failure and death if shock is not promptly recognized and reversed. The main types of shock are hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, and distributive. Clinical features include hypotension, oliguria, altered mental status, cool clammy skin, and metabolic acidosis. Additional historical or physical exam findings can provide clues to the specific type of shock.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
A 17-year-old male basketball player collapsed during practice and suffered cardiac arrest. An autopsy later revealed he had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a genetic heart condition where the heart muscle becomes abnormally thick. HCM is a leading cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes. The patient had previously noticed some shortness of breath with exertion but it did not limit his activity. He was found to have a heart murmur as a child but it was never investigated. HCM causes the left ventricle to become thickened and stiff, which can obstruct blood flow out of the heart and cause heart failure, chest pain, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death.
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Shock
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Shock
This document defines and describes the different types of shock:
1) Hypovolemic shock occurs when there is severe bleeding, fluid loss, or reduced circulating blood volume leading to decreased cardiac output and blood flow.
2) Cardiogenic shock results from heart failure or damage that prevents the heart from pumping effectively.
3) Septic shock is caused by an overwhelming systemic infection where toxic substances impair blood flow.
4) Anaphylactic shock involves an allergic reaction that causes blood vessel dilation and low blood pressure through histamine release.
M4 - Heart failure
Heart failure is a complex syndrome where the heart cannot pump enough blood due to structural or functional abnormalities. It is characterized by reduced cardiac output and blood congestion leading to edema. The main types are systolic dysfunction where the heart cannot contract properly, and diastolic dysfunction where the heart cannot relax adequately. In heart failure, compensatory mechanisms attempt to increase cardiac output through neurohormonal responses and ventricular remodeling but eventually fail as the disease progresses.
SHOCK[1].pptx
Shock is defined as a failure of the circulatory system to maintain adequate perfusion and oxygenation of vital organs. There are several stages and classifications of shock. The stages include compensated, progressive, and refractory stages. Classifications include hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, distributive, and endocrine shock. Diagnosis involves symptoms, signs, and labs. Treatment depends on the shock classification but generally involves fluid resuscitation and treating the underlying cause. Goals are to restore perfusion and oxygen delivery while avoiding complications like multiple organ failure.
Shock
Shock is a condition where the cardiovascular system fails to adequately perfuse tissues. It can be caused by an impaired pump (cardiogenic shock), reduced circulating volume (hypovolemic shock), or maldistribution of blood flow (distributive shock). The main effects are cellular hypoxia, impaired metabolism, and organ damage or failure if not treated. Compensatory mechanisms aim to increase perfusion but eventually fail, leading to irreversible cellular damage and death if shock persists.
ICU @ ACUTE HEART FAILURE.ppt and a document
Acute heart failure is a sudden decrease in blood output from the ventricles causing a reduction in oxygen supply. It can be caused by damage to cardiac muscles from ischemia or embolism, inflammation of the myocardium, arrhythmias, rupture of heart structures, or alcoholism. Signs include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling, irregular heartbeat, and chest pain. Complications are chronic heart failure, heart attack, stroke, or cardiac arrest. Physiotherapy management includes aerobic exercise, massage, flexibility training, positioning, medication, oxygen, monitoring vitals, and CPR.
presentation on CHF,orchitis,shock,anemia
This document provides information on various types of shock, congestive heart failure, anaemia, and orchitis. It discusses the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and management of each condition. The main types of shock described are hypovolemic, cardiogenic, and distributive shock. Congestive heart failure results from the heart's inability to pump sufficiently. The signs of left and right sided heart failure are outlined. Anaemia is classified based on red blood cell morphology and causes. Orchitis is testicular inflammation that can result from infection, trauma, or parasites.
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- 3. DIFFERENCES Hypertension CHF (Cogestive heart failure) Angina pectoris Myocardial infaction Increase B.P When the heart fails to sustain an adequate delivery of blood and therefore oxygen and nutrients to tissues. Chest discomfort that attribute insufficient oxygen supply in myocardium Reduced blood flow in coronary artery due to atherosclerosis Defect in left ventricular filling and /or emptying, including shortness of breath (A) spam of vascular smooth muscle (B) Obstuction of blood vessels caused by atherosclerosis Irreversible damage of myocardial tissue
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