This document provides information about the Human Anatomy and Physiology course for the B.Sc. MLT program. It includes details about the course code, faculty, topics covered, program structure, course objectives, outcomes, syllabus overview divided into six units, and materials to be used. The second unit focuses on the muscular skeletal system, respiratory system, and cardiovascular system. It provides learning objectives and an overview of topics to be covered including the structure and function of these three body systems.
Connective tissue is found throughout the body and performs important functions like protection, support, and binding of other tissues. It contains both living cells and non-living matrix components. The main cells are fibroblasts, adipocytes, and wandering cells. Fibers include collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers. Ground substance contains glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. Connective tissue is classified based on cell types, fiber composition, and ground substance amount. Disorders can affect its formation and function.
Betty Newman's System Model provides a holistic and flexible framework for nursing. It focuses on a client system's response to stressors in the environment. The model views clients as unique composites of variables and uses primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention to support optimal wellness.
Betty Neumann developed the model in the 1970s based on general system theory. She viewed clients as open systems composed of physiological, psychological, socio-cultural, developmental, and spiritual variables that interact with internal and external environments. Health is defined as harmony among all client variables. Nursing aims to reduce stressors and support reconstitution through primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions.
Cells are the basic units of life and come in two main types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus while eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus. Plant and animal cells also differ in that plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts, allowing them to perform photosynthesis, while animal cells do not. The organelles in cells such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and vacuoles each have distinct structures and functions that allow the cell to carry out its basic processes.
The document provides an overview of cell physiology by describing the key components and organelles of the cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and how cells carry out functions of living organisms like nutrition, respiration and growth through these cellular structures. It also discusses cell replication through mitosis and meiosis and how chromosomes are passed from parents to offspring.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the body and its parts, while physiology is the study of how the body and its parts function. The document describes the different levels of organization in the human body from the chemical level to the organismal level. It also outlines several important life processes for humans, including metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction. Homeostasis and feedback systems that maintain equilibrium in the body are explained. Key anatomical terms are defined to describe body positions, directions, and planes used to divide the body. The major body cavities - thoracic and abdominopelvic - are also outlined.
Pathology is the study of diseases through the examination of abnormalities in structure and function. It involves studying abnormal anatomy, histology, biochemistry, and physiology. The main aspects of any disease that pathology examines include its definition, causes, clinical presentation, progression over time, and prognosis. Cell and tissue injuries can result from various causes and lead to outcomes like cell damage, inflammation, repair, accumulations, and abnormal cell growth. Diagnosing a disease involves considering the clinical picture through history and examination, developing a differential diagnosis, and performing investigations like labs, imaging, and examining pathological specimens. Inflammation is the body's reaction to injury and is characterized by local vascular and cellular responses that help remove the cause of injury, though
Development,structure and organization of boneadityachakri
This document provides an overview of bone development, structure, and types. It discusses that bone is a mineralized connective tissue composed of cells and an intercellular matrix. There are two main types of bone tissue: compact bone, which makes up the hard outer surface and is made up of concentric lamellae; and spongy or cancellous bone, which is found in the interior and has a sponge-like appearance. Bone is also classified based on shape into long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones. The document outlines the development of bone through two processes: intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones; and endochondral ossification which replaces cartilage models with bone in
Blood is a fluid tissue with a complex structure.
Blood consists of plasma (55%) and blood cells (45%).
Blood cells are of three types. i.e.
RBC, WBC & Platelets.
WBC: WBC also known as Leucocytes.
Do not possess any pigment, they appear colorless.
Provide immunity to the body, is the main function of WBC.
Connective tissue is found throughout the body and performs important functions like protection, support, and binding of other tissues. It contains both living cells and non-living matrix components. The main cells are fibroblasts, adipocytes, and wandering cells. Fibers include collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers. Ground substance contains glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. Connective tissue is classified based on cell types, fiber composition, and ground substance amount. Disorders can affect its formation and function.
Betty Newman's System Model provides a holistic and flexible framework for nursing. It focuses on a client system's response to stressors in the environment. The model views clients as unique composites of variables and uses primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention to support optimal wellness.
Betty Neumann developed the model in the 1970s based on general system theory. She viewed clients as open systems composed of physiological, psychological, socio-cultural, developmental, and spiritual variables that interact with internal and external environments. Health is defined as harmony among all client variables. Nursing aims to reduce stressors and support reconstitution through primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions.
Cells are the basic units of life and come in two main types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus while eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus. Plant and animal cells also differ in that plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts, allowing them to perform photosynthesis, while animal cells do not. The organelles in cells such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and vacuoles each have distinct structures and functions that allow the cell to carry out its basic processes.
The document provides an overview of cell physiology by describing the key components and organelles of the cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and how cells carry out functions of living organisms like nutrition, respiration and growth through these cellular structures. It also discusses cell replication through mitosis and meiosis and how chromosomes are passed from parents to offspring.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the body and its parts, while physiology is the study of how the body and its parts function. The document describes the different levels of organization in the human body from the chemical level to the organismal level. It also outlines several important life processes for humans, including metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction. Homeostasis and feedback systems that maintain equilibrium in the body are explained. Key anatomical terms are defined to describe body positions, directions, and planes used to divide the body. The major body cavities - thoracic and abdominopelvic - are also outlined.
Pathology is the study of diseases through the examination of abnormalities in structure and function. It involves studying abnormal anatomy, histology, biochemistry, and physiology. The main aspects of any disease that pathology examines include its definition, causes, clinical presentation, progression over time, and prognosis. Cell and tissue injuries can result from various causes and lead to outcomes like cell damage, inflammation, repair, accumulations, and abnormal cell growth. Diagnosing a disease involves considering the clinical picture through history and examination, developing a differential diagnosis, and performing investigations like labs, imaging, and examining pathological specimens. Inflammation is the body's reaction to injury and is characterized by local vascular and cellular responses that help remove the cause of injury, though
Development,structure and organization of boneadityachakri
This document provides an overview of bone development, structure, and types. It discusses that bone is a mineralized connective tissue composed of cells and an intercellular matrix. There are two main types of bone tissue: compact bone, which makes up the hard outer surface and is made up of concentric lamellae; and spongy or cancellous bone, which is found in the interior and has a sponge-like appearance. Bone is also classified based on shape into long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones. The document outlines the development of bone through two processes: intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones; and endochondral ossification which replaces cartilage models with bone in
Blood is a fluid tissue with a complex structure.
Blood consists of plasma (55%) and blood cells (45%).
Blood cells are of three types. i.e.
RBC, WBC & Platelets.
WBC: WBC also known as Leucocytes.
Do not possess any pigment, they appear colorless.
Provide immunity to the body, is the main function of WBC.
This document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It begins with the cell theory proposed by Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann stating that all living organisms are made of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and new cells are formed from existing cells. It then discusses the organization of eukaryotic cells, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. The document also covers intercellular junctions, the physical structure of the cell membrane, and processes of endocytosis, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
1. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms. They can exist as single cells or be made up of billions of cells organized into complex organisms.
2. At the cellular level, even the most diverse organisms share remarkable similarities. All cells contain DNA, membranes, and organelles, and perform basic metabolic functions, though prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles.
3. Plant cells have additional structures that animal cells lack, including a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a central vacuole. The cell wall provides structure and protection, while chloroplasts and vacuoles play important roles in photosynthesis, water storage, and other functions.
The document discusses the skeletal system, including:
1. The functions of bone such as protection, movement, and blood production.
2. Methods of classifying bones by shape (long, short, flat), structure (compact, spongy), and location (axial, appendicular).
3. The structure of long bones including the diaphysis, epiphysis, and growth plates.
Bone develops through two main processes: endochondral and intramembranous ossification. Endochondral ossification involves the development of a cartilage model that is later replaced by bone tissue. It occurs in long bones and involves chondroblasts forming cartilage, blood vessels infiltrating and bringing osteoprogenitor cells, and the formation of primary and secondary ossification centers. Intramembranous ossification occurs in flat bones where mesenchymal cells directly develop into bone, forming woven bone that matures into lamellar bone. Bone is made up of an organic collagen matrix and inorganic hydroxyapatite, with three main cell types involved in formation and maintenance.
This document provides an overview of human physiology. It defines physiology as the study of functional activities and mechanisms in the biological body. It discusses the history of physiology from Aristotle to Claude Bernard, who established physiology as the scientific basis of medicine. The document outlines the major fields and levels of organization in physiology from viral to human. It also covers organ systems, body fluids, transport mechanisms, homeostasis, and feedback loops. Key concepts covered include the roles and interactions of organ systems in maintaining homeostasis as well as passive and active transport processes and negative and positive feedback regulation.
Connective tissue is one of the primary tissue types and has several important functions including binding and supporting other tissues, protecting organs, insulating the body, storing energy, and transporting substances. There are four main categories of connective tissue - connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood. Connective tissue proper includes loose connective tissue like areolar and adipose tissue, as well as dense connective tissue. Cartilage is a flexible tissue found in joints, ribs, and other structures. Bone tissue forms the skeletal system and is made of both bone tissue and marrow. Blood is considered a specialized form of connective tissue composed of blood cells suspended in plasma.
The two largest body cavities are the ventral cavity and dorsal cavity. The ventral cavity is located in the front of the trunk and contains organs like the lungs, heart, stomach and intestines. It is subdivided into the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity. The thoracic cavity holds the lungs and heart. The abdominopelvic cavity contains the digestive organs, kidneys, and reproductive organs. The dorsal cavity is located in the back and is subdivided into the cranial cavity which holds the brain, and the spinal cavity which contains the spinal cord running down the length of the vertebral column.
This document provides information on the histology of cartilage. It discusses the different types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. It describes their microscopic appearance, including the arrangement of cells and matrix. Key points are highlighted for each cartilage type. Locations of different cartilages in the body are also listed. The document concludes with some clinical applications and references.
Anatomy and physiology of nervous systemShweta Sharma
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system contains approximately 10 million sensory neurons that send information to the brain and 500,000 motor neurons that control muscles and glands. The brain is protected by three layers of tissue called meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. The brain controls functions like sensation, memory, movement, vision, respiration, temperature regulation and more. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body and contains sensory and motor neurons.
BONE – AN INTRODUCTION
A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton.
There are around 270 to 300+ bones in Infants which gets reduced to 206 bones in adults.
Bones are dynamic structures that are undergoing constant change and remodelling in
response to the ever-changing environment.
Bones support and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells,
store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility.
It has a honeycomb-like matrix internally, which helps to give the bone rigidity.
The largest bone in the body is the femur or thigh-bone, and the smallest is the stapes in
the middle ear.
Hematopoiesis is the process by which blood cells are produced throughout life from hematopoietic stem cells located in the bone marrow. It begins early in embryonic development in the yolk sac and later moves to the liver and spleen before full establishment in the bone marrow. In the bone marrow, hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into various blood cell types including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets to replenish the blood supply on a continuous basis. The rate of hematopoiesis is regulated by the body's needs to replace old or damaged blood cells.
The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function. It describes that cells have three main parts - the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. The plasma membrane encloses the cell and regulates what enters and exits. The cytoplasm contains organelles that carry out metabolic functions, and the nucleus houses genetic material and controls cellular activities. Specific organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum are discussed in detail. The mechanisms of passive transport like diffusion and osmosis, as well as active transport processes, are also summarized.
This PPT covers the entire concepts in Muscular System. It includes details of 3 types of muscular tissue like Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. Concepts of contraction cycle, sliding filament mechanism, neuromuscular junction, muscle metabolism, muscle tone and Different types of contraction.
The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls most body functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech and memory. The spinal cord is connected to the brain at the brain stem and is covered by the vertebrae of the spine.
Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform specialized functions. There are four main types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous. Epithelial tissue forms coverings and linings throughout the body. It is classified based on cell arrangement (simple, pseudostratified, stratified) and cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar). The major epithelial tissues include simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar, and stratified squamous epithelium.
Epithelial tissue covers the surfaces and lines organs throughout the body. It is classified based on the number of cell layers (simple vs stratified) and cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar). Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue and binds other tissues together. It includes loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, fibrous tissue, cartilage and bone. Muscle tissue includes cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle. Nervous tissue forms the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Review of Anatomy and Physiology of Musculoskeletal System / NursingAby Thankachan
Precise guide for DGNM, B.Sc Nursing & M.Sc Nursing Students .. regarding Review of Anatomy and Physiology of Musculoskeletal System . Highly recommended for II B.Sc Nursing Students.
This document summarizes a lecture on cell physiology given by Dr. Nilesh Kate on February 20, 2015. The lecture covers cell structure, including the cell membrane, organelles like mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, and intercellular junctions. It describes the basic components and functions of cells, provides a brief history of cell discovery, and discusses various cellular structures like organelles, the cytoskeleton, the nucleus, and the plasma membrane in detail.
The document provides an overview of basic histology. It discusses the four fundamental tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous. It focuses on epithelial tissue, describing its characteristics, functions, and classification into covering/surface epithelium and glandular epithelium. Covering epithelium is further classified based on cell layers and cell shapes. Glandular epithelium is classified based on cell number, secretion, fate of secretory cells, type of secretion, and morphology. Connective tissue is also summarized, focusing on its characteristics, functions, cells, fibers and classification.
This document outlines the course details for Human Anatomy and Physiology. It includes:
- The course code, name, faculty, and program.
- An overview of the units covering the muscular skeletal system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, and other body systems.
- Course objectives focused on developing knowledge of body structures and functions.
- A breakdown of the syllabus with details on topics covered in each of the 6 units over 12 weeks.
- Suggested materials and references for further studying respiratory system topics in Unit 2, such as the structure of lungs and mechanisms of breathing.
This document outlines the course details for Human Anatomy and Physiology taught at the School of Medical and Allied Sciences. The course code is BMLS2004 and is taught by A. Vamsi Kumar. The course is divided into 6 units that cover topics such as cells and tissues, the musculoskeletal system, and body systems like the digestive and urinary systems. The goals are for students to gain knowledge of human anatomy and physiology, be able to discuss body structures and functions, and identify any anomalies. Reference materials and YouTube videos are provided to aid student learning.
This document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It begins with the cell theory proposed by Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann stating that all living organisms are made of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and new cells are formed from existing cells. It then discusses the organization of eukaryotic cells, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. The document also covers intercellular junctions, the physical structure of the cell membrane, and processes of endocytosis, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
1. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms. They can exist as single cells or be made up of billions of cells organized into complex organisms.
2. At the cellular level, even the most diverse organisms share remarkable similarities. All cells contain DNA, membranes, and organelles, and perform basic metabolic functions, though prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles.
3. Plant cells have additional structures that animal cells lack, including a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a central vacuole. The cell wall provides structure and protection, while chloroplasts and vacuoles play important roles in photosynthesis, water storage, and other functions.
The document discusses the skeletal system, including:
1. The functions of bone such as protection, movement, and blood production.
2. Methods of classifying bones by shape (long, short, flat), structure (compact, spongy), and location (axial, appendicular).
3. The structure of long bones including the diaphysis, epiphysis, and growth plates.
Bone develops through two main processes: endochondral and intramembranous ossification. Endochondral ossification involves the development of a cartilage model that is later replaced by bone tissue. It occurs in long bones and involves chondroblasts forming cartilage, blood vessels infiltrating and bringing osteoprogenitor cells, and the formation of primary and secondary ossification centers. Intramembranous ossification occurs in flat bones where mesenchymal cells directly develop into bone, forming woven bone that matures into lamellar bone. Bone is made up of an organic collagen matrix and inorganic hydroxyapatite, with three main cell types involved in formation and maintenance.
This document provides an overview of human physiology. It defines physiology as the study of functional activities and mechanisms in the biological body. It discusses the history of physiology from Aristotle to Claude Bernard, who established physiology as the scientific basis of medicine. The document outlines the major fields and levels of organization in physiology from viral to human. It also covers organ systems, body fluids, transport mechanisms, homeostasis, and feedback loops. Key concepts covered include the roles and interactions of organ systems in maintaining homeostasis as well as passive and active transport processes and negative and positive feedback regulation.
Connective tissue is one of the primary tissue types and has several important functions including binding and supporting other tissues, protecting organs, insulating the body, storing energy, and transporting substances. There are four main categories of connective tissue - connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood. Connective tissue proper includes loose connective tissue like areolar and adipose tissue, as well as dense connective tissue. Cartilage is a flexible tissue found in joints, ribs, and other structures. Bone tissue forms the skeletal system and is made of both bone tissue and marrow. Blood is considered a specialized form of connective tissue composed of blood cells suspended in plasma.
The two largest body cavities are the ventral cavity and dorsal cavity. The ventral cavity is located in the front of the trunk and contains organs like the lungs, heart, stomach and intestines. It is subdivided into the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity. The thoracic cavity holds the lungs and heart. The abdominopelvic cavity contains the digestive organs, kidneys, and reproductive organs. The dorsal cavity is located in the back and is subdivided into the cranial cavity which holds the brain, and the spinal cavity which contains the spinal cord running down the length of the vertebral column.
This document provides information on the histology of cartilage. It discusses the different types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. It describes their microscopic appearance, including the arrangement of cells and matrix. Key points are highlighted for each cartilage type. Locations of different cartilages in the body are also listed. The document concludes with some clinical applications and references.
Anatomy and physiology of nervous systemShweta Sharma
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system contains approximately 10 million sensory neurons that send information to the brain and 500,000 motor neurons that control muscles and glands. The brain is protected by three layers of tissue called meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. The brain controls functions like sensation, memory, movement, vision, respiration, temperature regulation and more. The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and body and contains sensory and motor neurons.
BONE – AN INTRODUCTION
A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton.
There are around 270 to 300+ bones in Infants which gets reduced to 206 bones in adults.
Bones are dynamic structures that are undergoing constant change and remodelling in
response to the ever-changing environment.
Bones support and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells,
store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility.
It has a honeycomb-like matrix internally, which helps to give the bone rigidity.
The largest bone in the body is the femur or thigh-bone, and the smallest is the stapes in
the middle ear.
Hematopoiesis is the process by which blood cells are produced throughout life from hematopoietic stem cells located in the bone marrow. It begins early in embryonic development in the yolk sac and later moves to the liver and spleen before full establishment in the bone marrow. In the bone marrow, hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into various blood cell types including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets to replenish the blood supply on a continuous basis. The rate of hematopoiesis is regulated by the body's needs to replace old or damaged blood cells.
The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function. It describes that cells have three main parts - the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. The plasma membrane encloses the cell and regulates what enters and exits. The cytoplasm contains organelles that carry out metabolic functions, and the nucleus houses genetic material and controls cellular activities. Specific organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum are discussed in detail. The mechanisms of passive transport like diffusion and osmosis, as well as active transport processes, are also summarized.
This PPT covers the entire concepts in Muscular System. It includes details of 3 types of muscular tissue like Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. Concepts of contraction cycle, sliding filament mechanism, neuromuscular junction, muscle metabolism, muscle tone and Different types of contraction.
The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls most body functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech and memory. The spinal cord is connected to the brain at the brain stem and is covered by the vertebrae of the spine.
Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform specialized functions. There are four main types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous. Epithelial tissue forms coverings and linings throughout the body. It is classified based on cell arrangement (simple, pseudostratified, stratified) and cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar). The major epithelial tissues include simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar, and stratified squamous epithelium.
Epithelial tissue covers the surfaces and lines organs throughout the body. It is classified based on the number of cell layers (simple vs stratified) and cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar). Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue and binds other tissues together. It includes loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, fibrous tissue, cartilage and bone. Muscle tissue includes cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle. Nervous tissue forms the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Review of Anatomy and Physiology of Musculoskeletal System / NursingAby Thankachan
Precise guide for DGNM, B.Sc Nursing & M.Sc Nursing Students .. regarding Review of Anatomy and Physiology of Musculoskeletal System . Highly recommended for II B.Sc Nursing Students.
This document summarizes a lecture on cell physiology given by Dr. Nilesh Kate on February 20, 2015. The lecture covers cell structure, including the cell membrane, organelles like mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, and intercellular junctions. It describes the basic components and functions of cells, provides a brief history of cell discovery, and discusses various cellular structures like organelles, the cytoskeleton, the nucleus, and the plasma membrane in detail.
The document provides an overview of basic histology. It discusses the four fundamental tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous. It focuses on epithelial tissue, describing its characteristics, functions, and classification into covering/surface epithelium and glandular epithelium. Covering epithelium is further classified based on cell layers and cell shapes. Glandular epithelium is classified based on cell number, secretion, fate of secretory cells, type of secretion, and morphology. Connective tissue is also summarized, focusing on its characteristics, functions, cells, fibers and classification.
This document outlines the course details for Human Anatomy and Physiology. It includes:
- The course code, name, faculty, and program.
- An overview of the units covering the muscular skeletal system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, and other body systems.
- Course objectives focused on developing knowledge of body structures and functions.
- A breakdown of the syllabus with details on topics covered in each of the 6 units over 12 weeks.
- Suggested materials and references for further studying respiratory system topics in Unit 2, such as the structure of lungs and mechanisms of breathing.
This document outlines the course details for Human Anatomy and Physiology taught at the School of Medical and Allied Sciences. The course code is BMLS2004 and is taught by A. Vamsi Kumar. The course is divided into 6 units that cover topics such as cells and tissues, the musculoskeletal system, and body systems like the digestive and urinary systems. The goals are for students to gain knowledge of human anatomy and physiology, be able to discuss body structures and functions, and identify any anomalies. Reference materials and YouTube videos are provided to aid student learning.
The document provides an introduction to anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy and physiology, reviews the subtypes of each, and explains the six levels of structural organization in the human body. The document also lists and describes the 11 major systems of the human body. It concludes by outlining the six basic life processes in the human body and providing references.
Chapter 8 Fundamentals of Anatomy and PhysiologyVibha Choudhary
The document discusses the structure and function of various body systems including the skeletal, muscular, respiratory and circulatory systems. It defines anatomy and physiology, describes the important bones and joints of the skeletal system, and explains the three main types of muscles - skeletal, smooth and cardiac - in terms of their structure and function. It also outlines the key parts of the respiratory system and describes both external and internal respiration.
Blood properties, components and compositionVamsi kumar
The document provides information about the Human Anatomy and Physiology course for B.Sc. MLT students. It includes details about the course code, faculty, program, units, topics to be covered, syllabus, learning objectives, and materials. The course aims to provide knowledge about cell and cell organelles, tissues, and various body systems like the muscular skeletal, respiratory, cardiovascular, lymphatic, sensory, digestive, urinary, reproductive, nervous and endocrine systems. It will also discuss anomalies of the human body. The topics will be taught over 12 weeks through lectures and practical sessions.
This document provides information about the Human Anatomy and Physiology course for the B.Sc. MLT program. It includes details about the course code, faculty, program, units, topics, objectives, outcomes, structure, and materials. The key points are:
1. The course is titled Human Anatomy and Physiology, with code BMLS2004, and is part of the B.Sc. MLT program. It is taught by faculty member A. Vamsi Kumar.
2. The course is divided into 6 units covering topics like cells, tissues, organ systems, and human body anomalies.
3. The objectives are for students to gain knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and classify
The document provides an overview of the nervous system unit from a General Physiology course. It includes the course outcomes, syllabus, and individual topics to be covered related to the nervous system, including the structure of neurons, classification of nerve fibers, neuroglia, receptors, synapses, spinal cord, and more. The unit aims to teach students the functions of the nervous system through various lectures and learning tools.
The document provides information about the nervous system unit from a general physiology course syllabus. It includes 6 units covering the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, nervous system, reproductive system, and special senses. For the nervous system unit, it lists topics that will be covered like the neuron, classification of nerve fibers, neuroglia, receptors, synapses, spinal cord, brainstem, thalamus, and more. The faculty in charge is identified and reference books are provided.
There are four main types of tissue in the body - epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue covers the body and internal organs, connective tissue provides support and protection, muscle tissue allows for movement via contraction, and nervous tissue transmits signals around the body. Each tissue type has variations and works together to carry out essential functions.
This document provides an overview of a course on human anatomy and physiology. The course description indicates it will cover the structures and functions of the human body and the relationship between anatomy and physiology. The learning outcomes include being able to name body parts and systems, define anatomical terms, and explain various body processes. The grading system divides assessments between lecture, lab, midterm, and final exams. Rules for the class are also outlined, along with required materials and an orientation to anatomy and physiology.
The document provides an introduction to the study of human anatomy. It discusses that anatomy is the study of the structures of the human body and understanding anatomy is key to medicine. It outlines the course contents which will cover topics like the muscular, skeletal, respiratory, circulatory, and nervous systems. It describes the different levels of structural organization in the human body from the chemical level to the tissue and organ levels. Overall, the document introduces the field of anatomy and provides an overview of the body systems and structures that will be covered in the course.
This document provides an overview of muscles and joints in the human body. It discusses the basic parts and types of muscles, including skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles. It also describes the different components of muscles like origin, fleshy belly, and tendon. Additionally, it covers the classification and types of joints, including fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints. Specifically, it details the seven types of synovial joints like hinge, pivot, ball and socket joints. The document aims to introduce students to the key structures and functions of muscles and joints in the musculoskeletal system.
This document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology concepts relevant for massage therapy students. It defines anatomy as the study of body structure and physiology as the study of body function. It describes the levels of structural organization from atoms to cells to tissues to organs to systems to the whole organism. It then provides more detail on specific topics like muscles, inflammation, and anatomical terminology.
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR BEGINNERSissabbafoussam
This document provides an overview of a course on human anatomy and physiology for medical students. The course introduces students to the concepts of anatomy and physiology and how the body is organized from the chemical to organism levels. It describes the main objectives of the course as helping students learn the basic anatomical structures of the body and understand how the organs function and interact with each other. The course also aims to equip students with knowledge of anatomy and physiology to assist them in understanding health issues.
This document provides an introduction to anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy and physiology and describes their branches and relationship. The document outlines the levels of structural organization in the human body from atoms to the organism. It also describes the 11 organ systems that make up the human body and their functions. Finally, it discusses the necessary life functions that must be carried out to maintain life, including maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, and reproduction.
UNIT - 8 Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology and Kinesiology in SportsMahendra Rajak
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of anatomy, physiology, and kinesiology as they relate to physical education and sports. It defines anatomy and physiology, describing anatomy as the study of body structures and physiology as the study of how body systems function. It then covers key topics like the skeletal system, muscles, respiration, circulation, and kinesiology principles. The skeletal system section classifies bones and describes joints. Muscle properties and structure are outlined. Respiration and circulation explain how the respiratory and cardiovascular systems work. Kinesiology principles cover concepts like equilibrium, centers of gravity, and their applications to sports.
The document defines anatomy and its main subdivisions:
1) Gross anatomy includes regional, systemic, and surface anatomy.
2) Microscopic anatomy includes cytology and histology.
3) Developmental anatomy includes embryology and fetology.
4) Pathological anatomy studies structural changes during disease.
5) Radiographic anatomy uses imaging techniques like X-rays and MRI to study body structures.
This document provides an overview of the key topics covered in a course on the muscular system. It begins with learning outcomes related to muscle tissue, including the ability to compare the three muscle types and explain muscle contraction. It then discusses the structure of skeletal muscle tissue in depth, focusing on the sarcomere as the basic contractile unit. Finally, it outlines how the course will cover the major skeletal muscles in the body, identifying their attachments, innervation, and functions in producing movement. The document emphasizes developing a working knowledge of muscle anatomy to understand normal movement and support work in allied health fields.
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This comprehensive PowerPoint presentation offers a detailed exploration of the dynamic field of embryology and its significant role in medical science. Titled "Navigating the Future of Embryology: Innovations and Ethical Considerations," it delves into the history, current practices, and future prospects of embryology. It covers the evolution of embryological studies, the vital role of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in shaping guidelines, and the impact of technological advancements on the discipline. With a focus on predictions and trends, the presentation also contemplates potential future amendments to guidelines in response to evolving technologies and ethical considerations. This resource is invaluable for medical professionals, researchers, and students keen on understanding the trajectory of embryology and its implications for future medical practices.
I am Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Academician in Medical Laboratory Sciences of highly successful job experience and a strong desire to improve OBE structured MLT education. I am constantly focusing on building an academic atmosphere that is set high standards with strong multi blended teaching pedagogy models. Contact me at 7416660584.
Notes of Shape and Size of RBCs, Structure of RBCs, Life Cycle of RBCs, Funct...Vamsi kumar
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Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
Welcome to the Hematology Laboratory Practical Manual, an essential tool in your journey as a Medical Laboratory Technology student. This manual has been meticulously curated to provide an effective foundation for your practical skills in hematology and enhance your understanding of the human blood system's dynamics.
Hematology, a branch of medicine, focuses on the study of blood, blood-forming organs, and blood diseases. It includes the study of etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of blood diseases. The manual bridges the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application, intending to prepare you to perform and interpret various laboratory tests related to blood.
The manual introduces you to laboratory practices, standard operating procedures, and safety protocols. It explores a wide range of topics from the basic blood collection techniques, preparation of blood smears, and staining techniques to complex tests like complete blood count (CBC), coagulation tests, bone marrow examination, hemoglobinopathies, and blood group typing, to name a few.
Understanding the principles and methods used in hematology laboratory tests is crucial for any Medical Laboratory Technologist (MLT). You will find this manual to be instrumental in developing the necessary skillset and cultivating the meticulous approach required in laboratory practice. Each practical in this manual is supplemented with objectives, materials required, procedures, observations, precautions, and viva questions to enrich your learning experience.
The laboratory is a place where the theories you learn in the classroom come alive. Here, you will understand the importance of accuracy, precision, and repeatability. You will learn to calibrate equipment, handle samples, observe reactions, record data, analyze results, and generate reports. You will become acquainted with the microscope, centrifuge, pipettes, hemocytometers, reagents, and other laboratory tools.
To further enhance your learning experience, case studies and clinical correlation sections are incorporated, connecting the dots between laboratory findings and clinical symptoms. You will be challenged to interpret results and provide a plausible explanation for various hematological conditions.
This manual is designed to stimulate your curiosity, encourage critical thinking, and prepare you for your future role as a Medical Laboratory Technologist. It is not merely a collection of laboratory procedures but a practical guide to understanding the human blood system and its associated disorders.
The path to becoming a competent MLT involves understanding and respecting the significance of laboratory practices. It's about knowing that each sample represents a person awaiting diagnosis, treatment, or confirmation of health stat
This course provides an in-depth exploration of blood bank laboratory practices and procedures, introducing students to the core concepts and technical skills involved in blood banking. The program uses a case-based approach to facilitate the application of theoretical knowledge to practical scenarios, encouraging problem-solving skills and clinical reasoning. The curriculum spans from basic principles and safety considerations to advanced testing techniques and current trends in blood banking, providing comprehensive coverage of this essential area of medical lab technology.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
This course provides an extensive study of research methodologies in the field of Medical Lab Technology. Students will learn the fundamentals of research, how to design their research, and methods of data collection. Further, they will gain insights into data analysis, interpretation of results, and the essentials of writing a research report. The course integrates theoretical learning with practical case studies to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the subject.
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51_Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and its applications.pdfVamsi kumar
This course provides an in-depth understanding of the fundamentals, applications, and future trends of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of medical lab technology. It covers the role of AI in clinical lab diagnostics, predictive analysis, big data interpretation, precision medicine, and ethical considerations in AI deployment. Through case studies, students will gain practical insights into the use of AI in healthcare.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
This Medical Lab Technology Internship syllabus is intended to provide students with the opportunity to apply and enhance their knowledge and skills in the context of real-world laboratory settings. Over the course of six months, interns will gain hands-on experience in essential and advanced laboratory techniques, laboratory safety practices, quality assurance processes, and professional and ethical considerations in the field. Through practical learning and critical examination of case studies, students will emerge better prepared for their careers as Medical Lab Technologists.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
This course aims to provide students with an in-depth understanding of blood banking, including the concepts of blood grouping, compatibility testing for transfusion, and the management of blood resources. It also delves into the fundamental principles of genetics, focusing on inheritance patterns, chromosomal basis of inheritance, and the role of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis. Through practical exercises, students will gain hands-on experience on various techniques used in blood banking and genetics.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
This course in "Virology and Mycology" (701) is designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the medically important fungi and viruses. The content includes an introduction, general characteristics, life cycle, laboratory diagnosis, and the various techniques used in the identification and study of these microbes. This course will also equip students with practical skills, from preparing culture media to processing clinical samples for diagnosis.
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50_Research methodology and Biostatistics.pdfVamsi kumar
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Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
This course is designed to provide Medical Lab Technology students with a comprehensive understanding of the medical microbiology laboratory's operation. It starts with foundational knowledge in laboratory safety, equipment, and microbial classification and then advances to diagnostic microbiology techniques, immunology, and serology. Lastly, it explores more sophisticated lab procedures such as molecular diagnostics, virology, and recent trends in the field. Each unit comes with real-life case studies to further reinforce the application of theoretical knowledge.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
44_Program Elective course - III (Introduction to NABL).pdfVamsi kumar
This course provides an in-depth understanding of the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) accreditation process, its quality management system (QMS), and the practical aspects of implementing the NABL standards. The course includes an analysis of case studies to enhance the understanding of real-world applications of the NABL accreditation process.
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49_Immunopathology and Molecular Biology.pdfVamsi kumar
This course aims to provide students with an in-depth understanding of Immunopathology and Molecular Biology, with a focus on the immune system's role in health and disease, transplantation immunology, hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, and immune tolerance. Additionally, it introduces molecular biology, DNA structure, and replication, with practical applications of molecular techniques such as PCR, gel electrophoresis, and western blotting.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
This course, Applied Clinical Biochemistry- II, is designed to impart in-depth knowledge about the techniques and methods used in clinical biochemistry. The curriculum focuses on automation in clinical biochemistry, methods of estimation and assessment, enzyme principles and estimation, gastric analysis, renal function tests, qualitative tests, and chemical examination. The students will engage in practical applications of these concepts through hands-on experimentation.
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45_Program Elective course - III (Laboratory and Hospital information syste...Vamsi kumar
The elective course "Hospital Information System and Laboratory Information System" aims to provide medical lab technology students with a comprehensive understanding of the design, implementation, and usage of health and laboratory information systems in the healthcare sector. It emphasizes the significance of these systems in ensuring effective patient care, data interoperability, and the integration of various systems for optimized healthcare delivery.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
43_Program Elective course - III (Community medicine).pdfVamsi kumar
This syllabus covers the principles and applications of Community Medicine and Epidemiology. Students will gain a comprehensive understanding of community health, disease control, health promotion, and the role of medical social work. They will apply knowledge to real-world case studies, fostering skills in critical analysis, problem-solving, and ethical decision-making.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
This course aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the field of Cytopathology. It begins with the basics of cryostat sectioning and enzyme cytochemistry, proceeding towards an in-depth study of cytological investigations, including vital staining and aspiration cytology. The course then focuses on advanced topics like exfoliative cytology, automation in cytology, liquid-based cytology, and immune-cytochemistry. Finally, it allows students to apply their theoretical knowledge to practical applications and master various techniques and staining methods used in a Cytology lab.
low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
Birth period, socioeconomical status, nutritional and intrauterine environment are the factors influencing low birth weight
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Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
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The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
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Musculoskeletal system
1. School of Medical and Allied Sciences
Course Code: BMLS2004 Course Name: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Faculty Name: A. Vamsi Kumar Program Name: B.Sc. MLT / Sem -II
UNIT -2
Topic
Muscular skeletal & System, Respiratory System,
Cardiovascular system.
2.
3. Sem – 2 Programme Structure
S.NO CODE TYPE COURSE NAME FACULTY INCHARGE
1 BMLS2001 Theory General Medical Microbiology Avinash
2 BMLS2002 Theory Basic Haematology Shubham
3 BMLS2003 Theory Basic Clinical Biochemistry Kajal
4 BMLS2004 Theory Human Anatomy and Physiology A. Vamsi Kumar
5 BLLUCT1002 Theory Professional Communication - 2 Fazil
6 BLLUCT1002 Practical Professional Communication - 2 Fazil
7 BMLS2051 Practical General Medical Microbiology – (Practical) P2 - Avinash / P1 - Shubham
8 BMLS2052 Practical Basic Haematology – (Practical) Srinivas P1 & P2
9 BMLS2053 Practical Basic Clinical Biochemistry – (Practical) P1 - Shubham/ P2 Kajal
10 BMLS2054 Practical
Human Anatomy and Physiology –
(Practical) Sankar P1 & P2
11 BCEUCT1001 Practical Environmental Studies Subhalaxmi Pradhan
4. Course Objectives
1. To gain knowledge about cell and cell organelles & Tissues.
2. To learn about muscular skeletal , Respiratory & Cardiovascular
system,lymphatic system & sense of organ.
3. To develop knowledge Body fluids and their significance &
Digestive system, Liver, Urinary system &Genital system, Nervous
system & Endocrine system.
Objectives:
5. CO1 Demonstrate Cell and cell organelles & Tissues.
CO2 Demonstrate the muscular skeletal , Respiratory & Cardiovascular
system.
CO3 Apply knowledge in lymphatic system & sense of organ.
CO4 Classify the Body fluids and their significance & Digestive
system,Liver.
CO5 Explain Urinary system &Genital system, Nervous system &
Endocrine system.
On completion of course student will be able to:
Course Outcomes
CO6 Discuss the anomalies of human body
6. Syllabus Overview
Unit-1: Introduction to human Anatomy and Physiology,Cell and cell organelles,Tissues,Blood.
hours: 12
Introduction to human Anatomy and Physiology:Cell and cell organelles,Structure and
classification,Function,Cell division (Mitosis and Meiosis).Tissues: Definition,Classification with
structure and Functions,Epithelial tissues,Connective tissues,Muscular tissues,Nervous
tissue.:Blood:Composition,Function of blood.
Unit-2: Muscular skeletal & system,Respiratory system,Cardiovascular system. hours: 12
Muscular skeletal system: Introduction,Classification,Structure and function of skeletal system,
muscles and joints,Various movements of body.Respiratory system: Introduction, Structure,
Function,Mechanism of breathing and respiration,Various terms involved in respiratory
System,Vital capacity,Total Volume,Reserve volume,Total lung capacity. Cardiovascular system:
Anatomy and physiology of heart,Blood circulation,Arteries and veins,Conductive system of
heart,Cardiac cycle,Introduction to ECG.
7. Syllabus Overview
Unit – 3 Lymphatic system & Structure and function of sense organ. hours:12
Lymphatic system:Introduction, Structure and function, Lymph nodes,Spleen,Thymus gland,
Tonsils.Structure and function of sense organ: Eye, Ear,Nose,Tongue.
Unit-4: Body fluids and their significance & Digestive system,Liver. hours: 12
Body fluids and their significance: Important terms, types of body fluid, total body water, avenues by
which water leaves and enters body, general principles for fluid balance, cardinal principle, How body
fluids maintain Homeostasis, Electrolytes & ions Function of electrolytes, How electrolyte imbalance
leads to fluid imbalance. Digestive system: Organization; accessory organs; structure & function (Mouth,
Tongue, Teeth, Esophagus, Pharynx, Stomach, Intestine, Rectum, Anus); Digestive glands; physiology of
digestion of carbohydrates, lipids & proteins.Liver: structure and function.
8. Unit-5: Urinarysystem &Genital system,Nervous system & Endocrine system. hours: 12
Urinarysystem:Mainparts,Structure&functionofkidney,structureof nephron, physiology of excretion &
urine formation,urine,additional excretory organs.
Genital system: Structure of male and female reproductive system, Gametogenesis in male & female,
menstrual cycle. Placenta and extra embryonic membranes.Nervous system: Parts, function & structure;
brain, spinal cord, spinal & cranial nerves; all & none principle, role of neurotransmitters in transmission of
nerve impulse,Endocrine system: Endocrine & exocrine glands, their location, structure & functions.
Syllabus Overview
Unit-6 Anomalies of human body 8 Hours
Human body anomalies-General ,Developmental ,Congenital
10. Unit -2 Syllabus
Unit-2: Muscular skeletal & system,Respiratory system,Cardiovascular system.
hours: 12
Muscular skeletal system: Introduction,Classification,Structure and function of skeletal
system, muscles and joints,Various movements of body.Respiratory system:
Introduction, Structure, Function,Mechanism of breathing and respiration,Various
terms involved in respiratory System,Vital capacity,Total Volume,Reserve volume,Total
lung capacity. Cardiovascular system: Anatomy and physiology of heart,Blood
circulation,Arteries and veins,Conductive system of heart,Cardiac cycle,Introduction to
ECG.
12. Functions of skeletal muscle
11/19/2011 Jipmer Physiologist
1
2
Human body contains over 400 skeletal muscles
40-50% of total bodyweight
Functions of skeletal muscle
Body movement (Locomotion)
Maintenance of posture
Respiration
Diaphragm and intercostalcontractions
Communication (Verbal and Facial)
Constriction of organs and vessels
Peristalsis of intestinal tract
Vasoconstriction of b.v. and other structures (pupils)
Production of body heat (Thermogenesis)
22. Skeletal muscle structure
Composed of musclecells (fibers),
connective tissue, blood vessels,
nerves
Fibers are long, cylindrical, and
• multinucleated
Tend to be smaller diameter in small
muscles and larger in large muscles. 1
mm- 4 cm in length
11/19/2011 9
Jipmer Physiologist
23. •Develop from myoblasts;
numbers remain constant
•Striated appearance
•Nuclei are peripherally
located
11/19/2011 Jipmer Physiologist 23
25. Muscle fiber anatomy
11/19/2011 Jipmer Physiologist 25
Sarcolemma - cell membrane
Surrounds the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of fiber)
Contains many of the same organelles seen in other cells
An abundance of the oxygen-binding protein myoglobin
Punctuated by openings called the transverse tubules (T-tubules)
Narrow tubes that extend into the sarcoplasm at right angles to
the surface
Filled with extracellular fluid
Myofibrils -cylindrical structures within muscle fiber
Are bundles of protein filaments (=myofilaments)
Two types of myofilaments
1. Actin filaments (thinfilaments)
2. Myosin filaments (thick filaments)
– At each end of the fiber, myofibrils are anchored to the inner surface
of the sarcolemma
– When myofibril shortens, muscle shortens (contracts)
44. Introduction of Joints
Joint (or articulation)
The junction between
two or more bones.
With the exception
of the hyoid bone,
every bone in the
body is connected to or forms
a joint.
There are 230 joints in the
body
45. Joint Functions
1. Hold the skeletal bones together
2. Allow the skeleton some flexibility so
gross movement can occur
3. Make bone growth possible
46. Joint Classification
Joints are classified by:
movement or tissue type
Movement
1.Immovable
2.Slightly Movable
3.Freely Movable
Tissue (more common)
1.Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial
47. Three General Groups of Joints
• Fibrous: classified by Sutures,
Syndesmosis, and Gomphosis.
• Cartilaginous: Connected entirely
by cartilage
• Synovial: Most common and
most movable joint.
48. Structure of Synovial Joints
• Articular ends
covered in hyaline
cartilage and held
together by dense
connective tissue
• Joint capsules made
up of ligaments
(outer layer) and
synovial membranes
(inner layer)
• Some synovial joints
have shock-
absorbing pads
called menisci and
fluid filled sacs
called bursae.
49. There are six types of synovial
joints…
• Ball-and-Socket Joint
• Condyloid Joint
• Gliding Joint
• Hinge Joint
• Pivot Joint
• Saddle Joint
50. Ball-and-Socket Joint
• Ball-and-Socket Joint:
consists of a bone with a
ball-shaped head that
attaches with the cup-
shaped cavity of another
bone. This type
of joint allows for a wider
range
of motion than any other
kind. It permits
movement in all planes, and
a rotational movement
around a central axis. Two
examples of this type of joint
would be the hip and
shoulder joints.
51. Condlyoid Joint
• Condyloid Joint: an oval-
shaped condyle of one
bone
fits into an elliptical cavity
of another bone. This
type of
joint permits a variety of
movements in different
planes.
It however, does not
permit rotational
movement.
Examples of this type of
joint would be the joints
between
the metacarpals and
the phalanges.
52. Gliding Joint
• Gliding Joint: has nearly flat
or slightly curved
articulating surfaces.
This type of joint
allows sliding and twisting
movements. Some
examples of this type of
joint include, the joints
within the wrists and the
ankles, the joints between
the articular processes of
adjacent
vertebrae, the sacroiliac
joints, and the joints formed
by ribs (2-7) connecting
with the sternum.
53. Hinge Joint
• Hinge Joint: the convex
surface of one bone fits
into
the concave surface of
another. This type of joint
permits movement in one
plane only. This
movement consists of
flexion and extension.
Two examples are
the elbow and the
phalanges.
54. Pivot Joint
• Pivot Joint: the cylindrical
surface of one bone
rotates within a ring
formed of bone and
ligament. Movement is
limited to the rotation
around a central axis.
• Examples of this type of
joint are the joints
between the proximal
ends of the radius and
ulna.
55. Saddle Joint
• Saddle Joint: forms
between bones whose
articulating surfaces
have both concave and
convex regions. The
surface of one bone fits
the
complementary surface of
the other bone. This
type of
joint permits a variety
of movements. An
example
would be the joint
between the trapezium
and the metacarpal bones
of the thumb.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61. Joint Movements
• and the parts comecloser
together
• Example: bending lower
limb at knee
• Extension: Straightening
parts at the joint so that the
angle between them
increase and the parts move
farther apart
• Example: straightening the
lower limb at the knee
• Flexion: Bending parts at
the joint so that the angle
between them decrease
Extension
Flexsion
62. Hyperextension: Excess
extension of the parts at a
joint beyond the
anatomical position
• Example: bending the
head back beyond the
upright position
• Dorsiflexion: Bending the
foot at the ankle toward
the shin
• Example: bending the foot
upward
• Plantar Flexion: Bending
the foot at the ankle
toward the sole
• Example: bending the foot
downward
63. • Abduction: Moving a
part away from the
midline
• Example: lifting the
upper limb horizontally
to form a right angle
with the side of the
body
• Adduction: Moving a
part toward the
midline
Example: returning
the upper limb from a
horizontal position to
the side of the body
64. Rotation: Moving a part around an axis
• Example: twisting the head
from side to side
• Circumduction: Moving a
part so that its end follows a
circular path
• Example: moving the finger in
a circular motion without
moving the hand
• Supination: Turning the
hand so that the palm is
upward or facing anteriorly (in
the anatomical position)
• Pronation: Turning the hand
so the palm is downward or
facing posteriorly (in the
anatomical position)
Pronation
Supination
65. Eversion: Turning the foot so
that the sole faces laterally
• Inversion: Turning the foot so
that the sole faces medially
• Protraction: Moving a part
forward
• Example: thrusting the chin
forward
• Retraction: Moving a part
backward
• Example: pulling the chin
backward
• Elevation: Raising a part
• Example: shrugging the
shoulders
• Depression: Lowering a part
• Example: drooping the
shoulders